Geography of Odisha

 Odisha shares boarders with four states (Andhrapradesh, Chhatisgarh,

Jharkhand, WB)
 Chhatisgarh shares longest boarder with odisha, touching eight
districts (Malkangiri, Koraput, Nawarangpur, Nuapada, Kalahandi,
Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Sundargarh)
 Jharkhand shares boarders with three districts (Sundargarh,
Mayurbhanj, Keunjhar)
 West Bengal shares smallest boarders with two districts (Mayurbhanj,
Baleswar)
 Andhrapradesh shares boarders with five districts (Ganjam, Gajapati,
Raygada, Koraput, Malkangiri)
 Area wise highest district is mayurbhanj and vise versa Jagatsinghpur
 Anugul district surrounded by nine districts
 IST passes through four districts (Nuapada, Nawarangpur, Malkangiri &
Koraput)
 There are two central plateau in odisha
 Odisha total area 155,707 sq km (4.74% total of India)& 8th place in
india area wise
 Coast line of Odisha 480 km(Ganjam, Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Baleswar&
Bhadrak)
 Odisha coastline has been extended officially approx 96km. Revised
length of total 576km
 Forest and tree cover in odisha is 37.6% of state's geographical area
 Devi & Daya river are distributaries of Mahanadi
 Wheeler Island(Abdul Kalam Island)&Dhamra Port located in Bhadrak
 Paradip Port located in Jagatsinghpur
 Gahirmatha located in Kendrapada
 Palur Port located in Ganjam district & it is known as Oldest port of
Odisha
 Meghasini mountain is a Volcanic Mountain of Odisha
 Baitarani originated from Gounasika hill, tributary Salandi& also known
as "Gupta ganga"
 Budhabalanga river originated from Similipal mountain range
 Sankh& Koil are main tributaries of Brahmani river
 The length of the river bramhani in odisha is 480km
 Rushikulya river origin from Rushimala hill located in Kandhamal
district
 Subarnarekha river tributaries are raru, kanchi&garu
 Indravati river origin from Kondhan hills located in Kalahandi district
 Deomali (1672 Mtr.) located in Koraput District
 Chandragiri hills in Gajapati known as little tibbet of Odisha(Jirang)
 Kolab, Indravati, Machakunda/Sileru are tributaries of Godavari river
 Mahanadi originated from bastar plateau Shihawa hills total length 857
km and flowed in Odisha 494 km (Sixth largest river in India)
 Uttakalagouraba Madhusudan setu is situated over the mahanadi river
 Birupa river distributary of mahanadi but tributary of Brahmani
 Kolab river of Koraput district which is known as "Sabri" in
Andhrapradesh
 Sileru/machhakund river originated from Andhrapradesh and flowed
through the Koraput district of Odisha which has a waterfall known as
"Jalaput/ Machhakund Dam" and it's self a tributary of Kolab river
 Balimela Dam in Malkangiri district on the Sileru/Machhakund river
 Nagavali river origin from Kalahandi district known as "Langulya" river
 Odisha wildlife sanctuary organisation came into existence in 1974
 Bhitarakanika wildlife sanctuary came into existence in 1975 and
declared as national park in 1998 which is situated in kendrapadadist
 Bhitarakanika wildlife sanctuary is located at the delta of bramhani
river
 Crocodile conservation scheme at ramatirtha was started in 1979
(mayurbhanj district)
 The state government has decided to set up a sea turtle research
centre in ganjam district
 Similipal national park is situated in mayurbhanjdist and similipal tiger
reserve came into existence in 1956(biosphere reserve declared in
1994)
 Similipal is declared as 107th national park of India. It is 13th largest
national park
 Similipal is a part of the UNESCO world network for biosphere reserve
in 2009
 Similipal biosphere reserve was notified by the government in 1994
 Similipal tiger reserve came into existence in 1956
 Largest wild life sanctuary of Odisha is Similipal (Mayurbhanj)
 Only marine sanctuary gahirmatha came into existence in 1997
 migration of olive riddle turtle in gahirmatha is called "Aribada"
 Nalabana is a bird sanctuary in Chilika
 Ghadial crocodile sanctuary is located in Tikarpada (Satkoshia)
 Asterion Crocodile Sanctuary is located in Bhitarkanika (Kendrapada)
 Chandaka-Khurdha, Hadgad-Mayurbhanj&Kendrapada, Debrigad-
Bargarh, Karlapat-Kalahandi, Sunabeda-Nuapada, Badrama/Ushakothi-
Sambalpur, Kuldiha-Baleswar, Kotagarh-Kandhamal
 Badrama wildlife sanctuary is known as "ushakoti wildlife sanctuary"
which is situated in sambalpurdist
 Badrama/ushakothi wildlife sanctuary in sambalpur district was setup
in 1962
 Balimela wildlife sanctuary is situated in malakanagiri district
 Baisipalli wildlife sanctuary situated in Nayagarh district
 Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary is declared ecologically sensitive zone in
2013(baleswar)
 Gahirmatha only marine sanctuary of odisha came into existence in
1997
 Hadgad wildlife sanctuary located in the bank of salandi
river(kendujhar)
 Dhenkanal district is knopwn as home of elephant and tiger
 "Hot waterspring" Taptapani-Berhmpur, Atri- Khurdha, Tarabola -
Nayagarh district
 Barehipani waterfall is situated on budhabalanga river
 Nagavali river forms 'hatipathar fall' in raygada district
 Eastern ghat in odisha are mainly composed of metamorphic rock
 The central tabule land of odisha is characterized by uplifted plateaus
 Koraput district is known for its extensive laterite soil coverage. Latric
deposit soil is suitable for cashew & coffee
 Costal plains of odisha is most pron to floods
 Ferric oxide is present in red soil. It is responsible for red colour.(covers
largest area of odisha)
 Chilika is a brackish water lagoon, situated in costal plain
 The region between mahanadi and rushikulya is known as Uttakal
plains
 Baitarani river drains northern plateau of odisha
 Northern plateau region of odisha is rich in minerals resources
 The plain form by the bramhani river is located In the eastern costal
plain
 The tel river is the longest tributary of mahanadi
 Barehipani water fall on the budhabalanga river
 Pradhanpat waterfall is situated in deogarh district
 Khandadhar waterfall is situated in the sundargarh district
 Tikarpadaghadial crocodile sanctuary is part of satkoshia tiger reserve
 Dominant forest type in odisha is tropical deciduous forest
 Similipal biosphere reserve is famous for sal tree specie
 Southern odisha hills of odisha has the highest forest covered
 Bamboo forest product is non-timber forest produce (NTFP) from odisha
 33% of geographical area of odisha has covered by forest
 Odisha climate is a type of tropical monsoon
 Rengali dam is situated on the bramhani river(anugul)
 Mandira dam is situated on the sankh river(sundargarh)
 Patora dam is situated on the jonk river(nuapada)
 Red and laterite soil mainly found in western plateau of odisha
 Western plateau of odisha is the richest in mineral resources
 Monsoon winds mainly influences the climate of odisha
 Dendritic pattern drainage system mainly found in odisha
 The latitudinal extension of odisha is 17°49'N to 22°34'N
 Major coal-bearing formations is the significance of gonwana rocks in
odisha's northern plateau
 Bhargavi river forms a delta with chilika lake which is one of the
distributaries of mahanadi
 Gandhamardan hill range in odisha is rich in bauxite deposit
 Topical moist deciduous forest dominates the similipal national park
 Black soil in odisha is mainly suitable for cotton
 Institute of life science in odisha is dedicated to biotechnology research
 92% of india's total nickel reservoir is found in
odisha(jajpur&mayurbhanj are the highest producer)
 Odisha is the leading producer in iron ore in india(51% of india)
 Banai of kendujhar district has 90% of manganese ore in odisha
 Odisha is the 2nd highest producer of cobalt in india(kendujhar)
 Odisha is the highest producer of bauxite in india(koraputpunchpatmali
hill)
 Malakanagiri district is the main source of Tin ore in odisha
 Odisha is the 2nd highest producer of tasar
 Baleshwar district is the highest producer of mustard in odisha
 Cuttack district is the highest of ground nuts production in odisha
 Odisha is the 8th highest producer of sugarcane
 Subarnarekha and bramhani river is origined from Chhota nagpur
plateau
 Indravati river is origined from dandakaranya in Kalahandi district
 Salandi and matai river are major tributary of baitarani
 Hinduru fall is in subarnarekha river, which situated in jharkhand
 Deras dam is situated in the chandaka wildlife sanctuary
 Badaghagara and sanaghagara waterfall is situated in kendujhar
district
 Khairiburu is the highest peak of similipal range

RAMSAR SITE OF ODISHA

Bhitarakanika -2002/ Chilika -1981/ Satkoshia -2021/ Tampara -

2022/ Hirakud -2021/ Ansupa -2021
Chronology of odisha
 Rock carvings and paintings of paliolithic age found in Kalahandi
district
 Rock carvings and paintings of Neolithic age found in Mayurbhanj
&Baripada
 Independent Kalinga -before 362BCE
 Udra was the ancient name of Kalinga and dantapura was the capital
 Prince of Kalinga was son of Bali & Sudeshna
Nanda dynasty -362BCE to 322BCE
 Founder -mahapadmananda
Maurya dynasty -268BCE to 232BCE
 Chandragupta morya defeated last Nanda ruler Dhanananda and
established morya empire in 322BCE
 Capital -Pataliputra
 Famous battle of Kalinga was fought by ashoka in 261BCE
 Source of information -Rock edic XIII
 Resource site -Dhauli&Jaugada(ganjam)
 Moggaliputtatissa was Buddhist monk who became the mentor of
Ashoka
 Last ruler brihadratha
Mahameghabahana/ chhedi dynasty (kharabela) -193BCE to
170BCE
 Founder -Mahameghabahana
 Capital -Toshali/kalinganagara
 Religion -jainism
 Language -prakrit
 Script -Bramhi
 According to his inscription Hatigumpha of udayagiri, kharabela
belongs to chhedi dynasty
 Hatigumpha inscription consists of 17 line in brahmilipi
 The ancient name of odisha "Kalinga" mention in Mahabharata
 Khandagiri& Udayagiri(Bbsr) belongs to Jain religion
 Cave in udayagiri is 18 &khandagiri is 15
Matharas dynasty -4th to 5th CE
 Matharas were influenced by guptas
 Region of rule -southern odisha
 Capital -simhapura
 Core area -ganjam
Sailadbhaba dynasty -6th to 7th CE
 Region of rule -Southern odisha
 Capital -Kongoda
 Core area -Kongoda mandala(ganjam-chilika)
 Religion -Saivism
 Source of information -Copper plate inscription
 Huen-tsang came to odisha in 639CE
Bhoumakara dynasty -8th to 10th CE
 Emblem -Baraha
 Capital -Guhadevapataka(Jajpur)
 Region -Costal & central odisha
 Religion -vaishnaism
 Odisha's first female ruler -Tribhubanmahadevi 845CE
 Lalitgiri(Cuttack) Ratnagiri & Udayagiri(Jajpur) belongs to Buddhist
religion & known as Diamond Triangle
Somabanshi dynasty -9th to 11th CE (early medival)
 Capital -Vinitapura
 Also known as keshari dynasty
 Originally belongs to south kosal
 Region -Central & western odisha
 Religion -Saivism
 Jajati keshari II(Chandiharakeshari) started construction of lingaraj
temple and completed by Lalatendu Keshari in 11th CE
 Height of the temple -54mtr.
Eastern Ganga dynasty - 11th to 15th CE (medival)
 Capital -Dantapuram then shifted to Kalinganagara. In 1135CE
Chodagangadeva shifts capital Kalinganagar to Cuttack
 Provinces were known as "Bisayas" in Ganga Dynasty
 Longest ruler of odisha (also called golden era)
 Founder -Anantavarmanchodagangadeva (vajrahasta v
&trikalingadhipati)
 Religion -vaishnaism
 Geeta Govinda was written by jayadeva
 Jagannath temple(Kalinga style)-anantavarmanchodagangadeva in
12th CE
 Height of the temple -64mtr.
 Konark temple(Kalinga style) built in 1250AD by Narasimhadeva II
 Konark sun temple height -61mtr.
 Rock chariot wheel -24 & horse -7
 "Khirachora Gopinath" was founded by King narasingha deva
 Barabati fort was constructed by ganga dynasty in 14th century
 Vidyadhara was court poet of King narasimhadeva
Gajapati dynasty -15th to 16th CE
 Founder -kapilendradeva(Gajapati)
 Capital -cuttack
 The period also known as sarala yuga
 Revenue officer of ganapati Dynasty was called Nayak/naidu
 "Mahabharat in Odia language" written by sarala das
 The last ruler of the gajapati dynasty kahura deva was killed by
Govinda vidyadhara, who was founded the bhoi dynasty in 1541 and he
adopted the title "subarnakeshari"
Bhoi dynasty -1541 to 1560BCE
 Founder -govindavidyadhara
 Mukundeva was last independent ruler of odisha who was killed in
1568
 Afgan in odisha
 Afgan rule start in 1560(Suleman karrni)
 Lodhi and Qutli Khan were appointed governor by Suleman Karrani
 Kalapahada was the Hindu General of Suleman Karrani
Mugal in odisha
 In 1593, odisha came under the rule of mugal (Akbar)
 Odisha was divided into 5 sarkars under Akbar reign
 In 1606 CE, Jahangir separated Odisha from WB
 Murshid Quili Khan become governer of Odisha under Aurangzeb reign
Marathas in odisha
 In 1751, odisha came under the rule of marathas(raghujibhonsle)
 For the first time in odisha pilgrimage tax introduced by Marathas
 "Arunasthambha" was brought by marathas from konark to Puri temple
in 1800
 1/4th of the revenue was collected by marathas
Foreigners in odisha
 1625 AD-The first European to enter Odisha were "Portuguese"-
(settlement in Pipli)
 In 1633, the first factory of east India company in odisha was set up in
hariharpur
 in 1765 After battle of Buxar Odisha came under the rule of "British"-
(settlement in Harishpur of Jagatsinghpur district)
 In 1803, odisha became a province under the British(second Anglo
maratha war)
Freedom struggle of odisha
 Khurdha rebellion held in 1804, which was led by jairajguru
 In 1806, jairajguru became the first martyr of odisha
 Paika rebellion held in 1817, which was led by buxijagabandhu
 The first primary school in odisha was established in 1822
 Mahalwari system in odisha was introduced in sambalpur district in
1822
 Doctrine of lapse was introduced for the first time in odisha in
sambalpur district 1849
 1866- Na' anka famine
 Uttakala Deepika is the 1st odia newspaper. It was published in 1866.
Gouri Shankar ray was the editor of the newspaper
 Uttakalabramho samaj was founded by haranathbhattacharya in 1869
 Madhusudan Das-First graduate of Odisha
 In 1882, uttakalasabha was founded by Madhusudan das and
gourishankar ray
 The first train ran in odisha in 1896 (khurdha to bhubaneswar)
 In 1903, Madhusudan das founded uttakalasammilani to odia speaking
region
 Madhusudan das is known as the father of odia nation
 Madhusudan das was also known as uttakalagourava& grand old man
of odisha
 Sailabala das formed the set up uttakala young women association in
1903
 in 1909 Gopabandhu Das founded Satyabadibanavidyalaya at
sakhigopal, Puri
 Gopabandhu dash was one of the noblest son of odisha
 Rama devi is known as "maa" to the people of odisha
 In 1912, odisha and bihar province was declared by british
 1919 The Samaj newspaper was established by "gopabandhu das"
 Prafulla Chandra ray gave the title "uttakala mani" to gopabandhu dash
 In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi visits for the first time to odisha
 The title Toofanee was given by MK Gandhi to Malati chaudhuri(great
role in education and rural welfare in odisha)
 Krushna chandragajapati attended the first round table conference in
London in 1930
 Surendranath das lead salt satyagraha in odisha in 1930
 In 1931, odisha state people conference was organised in Cuttack
 Ghumsar rebellion was led by tribal people of kandhamal-ganjam
region in 1835-37
 In the 1st April 1936, odisha was declared as a separate province
including six number of district like cuttack, puri, baleswar, sambalpur,
ganjam, koraput
 1938 prajamandal movement started by HK mahatab
 1940 HK mahatab appointed as general director of individual civil
disobedience movement
 Herekrushnamahatab is known as uttakalakeshari
 1942 quit India movement (August movement)
 1942 Massacre of erum (rakta tirtha)- bhadrak district
 KC Gajapati played a major role in inclusion of mayurbhanj in odisha in
1949
 Nanda kishor dash is the 1st odisha post indipendent speaker of odisha
state assembly and the 1st odisha pre indipendent speaker is mukunda
Prasad dash
 Pramila mallik is the 1st women speaker of odisha
 VV giri was the first president of India from odisha
Visitor
 Megathenease -greece -4th CE -indica -kalinga
 Fa hien -china -5th CE -travel account -kalinga region
 Huentsang -china -7th CE -si you ki -uttkala, toshali
 Marco Polo -itali -13 CE -travel notes -east india coast
 IBN battuta -moroco -14th CE -xyz -coastal odisha

Art and culture of Odisha

 Mandira"(temple) word was derived from book kadambari which was
written by banabhatta in 7th Ad (Gupta period)
 There are 3 styles of temple architecture in india -Nagara,
dravida&beshara
 In 1235CE, amruteswar temple of Karnataka state speaks of Kalinga
style architecture which is derived from nagara style
 There are three type of temple in Kalinga architecture 1. Rekha deula
2. Peedhadeula 3. Khakhra deula
 Temple divided into four part [Link] [Link] 3. Natamandapa
4. Bhogamandapa
 Rekha deula -Sri jagannath temple &srilingaraj temple
 Significance of rekhadeula -bana, ayudha, kalasha, amalaka)
 Pidhadeula -sun temple konarka
 pidhadeula is associated with jagamohana hall
 Khakhra deula (Devi Puja/tantramantra)-baitaladeula temple of
bhubaneswar
 Parashurameswar temple is the oldest temple of odisha which was built
in 7thCE (lord shiva)
 The architecture of mukteshwar temple is known as "gem of odisha
architecture"(Kalinga style)
 The bramheswar temple located in bhubaneswar is classified as
"panchatanaya"
 Wooden sun temple, biranchinarayana temple is located in ganjam
district
 Lord lingaraj taken over a chariot from main temple to parasurameswar
temple during the festival of ashokasthami in chaita
masa(rukunarathayatra)
 The concept of jagannath as patitapabana reflects "social inclusiveness
and equality"
 Nabakalebara festival is celebrated on the re-birth of lord
jagannath(when there are 2 asadha as per the Hindu calander)
 Snana yatra festival is celebrated on the birthday of lord jagannath
 Khandagirimagha Mela is known as the kumbha mela, on the occasion
of maghasaptami
 There are two yogini temple in odisha [Link] yogini, Hirapur,
bhubaneswar [Link] jharial, balangir
 Chaitajatra festival is associated with Tara tarini temple
 Sitabhinji group of rock shelter (ravanachhaya) is located in kendujhar
which was belongs to 4th sanctuary BC
 Ananta basudeva temple is situated along the bank of bindusagar lake
 Maa biraja temple is situated on the bank of baitarani river
 Dhanu yatra observe for 11 days
 Odissi dance form was recognised as a classical dance by Sangeet
Natak academy in 1958
 Dancer -kelucharanmahapatra, sonal mansingh, sanjuktapanigrahi,
kumkummahanty
 Guru kelucharanmohapatra research centre is situated in
bhubaneswar(1986)
 Mayadhar rout is known as father of odissi dance
 There are six types of odissi dance form 1. mangalacharana 2. pallavi
3. abhinaya 4. Moira brata 5. Veera rasa [Link]
 There are five types of odissi music [Link] 2. chaupadi 3.
chhanda 4. bhajana 5. janana
 [Link] bhagabata -15th [Link] Mahabharata -15th [Link]
chintamani -16th [Link] -17th [Link] bada -18th
[Link] dipika - 1866
 Kondh tribes mainly found in eastern ghat regions of odisha
 Kondh tribes worship earth goddess "dharanipenu"
 Santhal tribes celebrate the maghaparab festival
 [Link] dance(rukmarnacha) -mayurbhanj 2. Baghanacha -
sonepur&barhampur 3. Laudi khela -ctc, jajpur, khurdha, puri 4.
Ghumra -kalahandi
 Jhoomar dance is performed by Munda &mahanta community in odisha
 Chhau dance is performed using sword and shield
 Dhapnach is associated with kandh tribe
 Chadheya nata folk drama of odisha is popular in baleshwar and
mayurbhanj district
 Dhumpasangita musical instrument was created by baladevratha
 Prahalladnataka belongs to ganjam district
 [Link]/ padmakshetra-konarka 2. [Link]
[Link] [Link] kshetra/Gada
kshetra-jajpur
 Odia is the second language of jharkhand
 In 1954 odia became official language of odisha
 There are 11 classical language in india. Odia language declared as a
classical language in 2014
 The mother tongue of Kondh tribe is "kui"(south-eastern Dravidian
language)
 Raghurajpur of Puri district is the 1st heritage village of India also
famous for its painting pattachitra and gotipua dance form
 Soura tribes are expert in climbing and hunting. They are one of the
most ancient tribe in odisha.
 Saora tribe of odisha is famous for its wall painting called "Idital"
 Juang tribal community of odisha is known for wearing leaf(palm)
garments traditionally
 Bodas tribal are the oldest tribal of malakanagiri district in odisha
 Chaitra parba is associated with tribal communities of odisha
 Sabai ghasa craft work is belongs to baleshwar district
 The magnificent horn works are speciality of cuttack and gajapati
 Lakh craft is mainly done in koraput
 Deogarh district of odisha has the meaning of Adobe of divinity

Books and authors of Odisha

 Manoj dash is the author of the book "prabhanjana"
 Kanchi Kaveri was written by baladevratha
 Pratibha ray is the author of the book "yajnyaseni"
 Fakir mohansenapati(byasakabi) is the author of the books "rebati,
chha mana athaguntha, mamu, prayashita, lachhama, baudhabatar"
 Surendra mohanty is the author of the novel "neelashaila"
 Gopinath mohanty is the author of the book "amrutasantana"
 Bibhuti pattanaik is the author of the book "badhunirupama"
 Radhanath ray(kabibara) is the author of the books chilika, mahajatra,
jajatikeshari, tulasistabaka, kedargouri, nandikeswari, darabara, usha,
parbati
 Bhakta Charan dash is the author of the books
"mathuramangala&kalasachautisha"
Pancha Sakha Age(1600CE to 1650CE)
 Balaram das _laxmi purana, dandiramayana, guptagita, amarakosh,
bhabasamudra
 Jagannath das_srimadbhagbat, tulabhina, gajastuti, arttakoili
 Achyutanandadas_haribansha, suryasamhita
 Yashobantadas_gobindachandra, premabhakti, bramhagita, shiva
swarodaya
 Ananta das_hetudayabhagabata
 Pitambara das_nrusinghapuran
 Kartika das_rukminibibaha
 Jayadev_geetagovinda
 Pratibha ray is the author of the novel "Barsha Basanta baisakha"
 Brajanathbadajena is the author of the book "ambikabilasha"
 Sarala das is the author of the books "Mahabharata, chandi purana,
bilankaramayana"
 Makaranda das is the author of the book "keshabakoili"
Riti Age (1650CE to 1880CE)
 Dhananjaya bhanja_raghunathbilash, ichhabati, rashakollala,
rashabinoda, prastabsindhu
 Upendra bhanja(kabisamrat)_labanyabati, baidehisabilasha,
kotibramhandasundari, premasudhanidhi, navaratnagita,
arttatranachoutisha, chandrakala, matiramanisha
 Abhimanyu samantasinghar_bidagdhachintamani, premakala,
baghagita, chadheigita
 Madhusudan rao(Bhakta kabi) is the author of the books "sahitya
kishuma, barnabodha, kusumanjali"
 Gangadhar meher Is the author of the books "tapaswini, kichakabadha,
indumati, pranayaballari"
 Gopinath mahanty was awarded jnana pith for "matiramatala"
 General Knowledge (Odisha)
 Ganjam district in odisha has highest child population
 Khurdha district has the highest population density and vise versa
Deogarh district
 1st paper mill of odisha is Orient paper mill which is established in
1936(jharsuguda)
 Rock pebbles is the 1st englishmegazine of odisha and bodhadayini is
the 1st odiamegazine of odisha
 Bira kishor ray is the 1st chief justice of odisha high court (current-
Harish tandon)
 Radhanath ray is the 1st poet of modern time of odisha
 Sarala dash(sudaramuni) known as the 1st great poet of odisha
 In 1983 saralasamman award was constituted
 Odisha is ranked 3rd in kendu leaf production
 Anugul district is known as the industrial capital of odisha
 Cuttack district is known as the commercial capital of odisha
 Odisha high court was inaugurated in 1948
 Highest percentage in urban population is khurdha district and vice
versa boudh district
 Sun temple konark was declared unesco world heritage site in 1984
 Fakir mohansenapati is known as the father of odia prose also known
as uttakalabyasakabi. 1st odia short story "rebati" was written by him
 Nanda kishorbal known as the pallikabi of odisha
 Biju pattanaik was felicitated as "bhumiputra" by Indonesian
government
 Rourkela steel plant was established during the 2nd five-year plan with
the help of Germany
 In 2011, odishi dancers created a guiness world record
 The female literacy rate of odisha as per census 2011 is 64.01%. the
male literacy rate is 81.59%. total literacy rate is 72.9%
 The rural population is 83.32% and the urban population is 16.68%
 MIG engine factory of sunabeda was established in collaboration with
USSR
 "Sahadharmini" was written by gopalchhotaray
 Bandi raatmakatha and dharmapada was written by gopabandhu das
 Upendra bhanjaknow as the kabisamrat of odisha
 1st odia film Sita bibaha was released in 1936 and the 1st colour odia
film gapa hele b sat was released in 1976
 Prajatantranews paper was published in 1923 by HK mahatab,
satyabadi -1914 by gopabandhu das, the samaj -1919 by gopabandhu
das
 Kujibarapatra is the first hand written news paper which was published
in 1822 from cuttack
 Bodhadayini is the first odiamegazine which was published in 1961
from baleshwar
 Bande uttakalajanani was written by kantakabilaxmikantamahapatra in
1912
 Ollywood film industry received its recognition by odisha govt in 1974
 The government cattle breeding farm is situated in sunabeda
 Odisha is the 2nd rank in the dependence on forest for fuelwood
 Odisha is the 2nd state to present a paperless budget and Himachal is
the 1st in india
 Famous sand artist odishasudarshanpattanaik (padmashree award in
2014)
 In 1996, odisha introduced it's first agriculture policy to double the
production
 Cuttack know as the silver city of odisha
 The alluminium park of odisha is situated in anugul district
 In 1993, nuapada district separated from kalahandi district and also
bargarh district separated from sambalpur district
 "Kalasha chautisha" was written by bachha das
 Chilika development authority was set up in 1992
 Chilika lake has been declared a bird century by govt of odisha in 1987
 NALCO at koraput was established in 1981
 "Madhubabu aainsahayata scheme" was launched in 2016 to provide
free legal aid services to poor people of odisha
 Bande uttakalajanani was adopted as the official state song in 2020
 Bodha dayini the first magazin of odisha was published in 1861
 "Nila masterani" was written by godabarishmohapatra
 Odisha ranks 11th in terms of total SC population in india as per 2011
census and 3rd in ST population
 Mandira prabesha was written by Sita devi khadanga
 There is 5 municipal corporations and 54 municipalities in odisha
 Nilakantha dash inspired the youths to fight against untouchability
 Asika sugar industry is the first in Asia established in 1824
 NH-54 is the longest national highway of odisha
 Hirakud thermal power plant is operated by hindalco industries
 There is 13 permanent lokadalat in odisha
 Amiya Kumar padhi was the first women judge in odisha
 Kalpana dash is the first mountaineer of odisha who scale the mount
everest
 Balangir district of odisha has the highest population growth in odisha
 State fish of odisha -mahanadimasheer
 State bird of odisha -indian roller
 State flower of odisha -ashoka flower
 Black diamond City of odisha is talcher
 Largest village of Asia is bhubana which is located in odisha
 Raigarhdist of odisha highest sex ratio as per the 2011 census vice
versa Nayagarh district
 Pratibha ray also known as "queen of odia literature"
 Bramhapur is known as "silk city" of odisha
 Odisha state museum is located in Bhubaneswar
 Article 169 -creation of unicameral(odisha) or bicameral legislation by
the state
 After India's independence, the odisha legislative assembly was elected
for the first time in 1952
 Odisha legislative assembly have 147 nos of seats
 The first pre-independence leader of odisha assembly was
krushnachandragajapati
 The first post-independence leader of odisha assembly was
harekrushnamahatab
 The first women leader of odisha assembly was nandinisatapathy
 Article 171(I) states that the first meeting of legislative assembly will
begin with an address by the governor
 The building of odisha legislative assembly was inaugurated on 12th
February 1961, by sarvapalliradhakrishnan
 Nanda kishor das was the first post independence speaker of odisha
state assembly
 Mukunda prasad das was the first pre independence speaker of odisha
state assembly
 Article 153, there shall be a governor for each state of India
 Article 155, governor of state shall be appointed by the president
 Governor appoints the members of the odisha public service
commission
 Sir John Austin hubback was the first governor of odisha
 Dr kailashnathkatju was first independent governor of odisha
 Chandulalmadhabilal Trivedi was the first indian governor of odisha
 Krushna chandragajapati was the first prime minister of odisha
province in British India
 Harekrushnamahatab was the first chief minister of odisha
 Nandini satpathy was first women chief minister of odisha
 6 times there had been president rule in odisha
 In 1st April 1949, OPSC was constituted
 Pratibha ray of odisha was awarded Jnanpith award in 2011
 Gopinath mohanty was the first Jnanpith award winner of odisha
 Prestige award of padmabibhusan -Kelucharanmohapatra -2000,
Sitakantmohapatra -2011, Raghunath mohapatra -2013, Sudarsan sahu
-2021
 "Ho bhakate" book was written by subodhpattanaik
 Odisha Zilla parishad act enacted in 1959. There are 30 Zilla parishad
in odisha
 Odia University is situated in puri
 Debi prasannapattanaik received the first world odia language award,
during the first world odia language conference
 Ashutosh parida got sahitya academy award 2023 for the book
"aprastutamrutyu"
 Odisha govt has signed an MOU with "national dairy development
board (NDDB) for establishing a facility for production of anthrax and
ENT vaccine in ganjam district
 Odisha state government plans to established Biju pattanaik aviation
centre (BPAC) at borapal airstrip in Dhenkanal district
 Both the assembly and lokasabha election in odisha will be held in four
phases
 Sunetra scheme is also known as
mukhyamantrichakshyujatnakaryakram
 ANMs will receive free table under anmol scheme
 Free dailysis service will be provided by state government under
sahaya scheme
 ARPANA portal related to pension scheme
 Biju Kanya ratna scheme is aimed at improve sex ratio at birth
 Swayam scheme launched for empower youths with interest free lone
 The ahara yojana is launched on 1 April 2015
 Guru kelucharanmohapatra is the first person of odisha who awarded
with the prestigious padmavibhusan award
 VV giri was awarded with Bharat Ratna in 1975
 State potato mission was established on 2015-16
 Roles to right is the name of the first odia film with an English name
 Main perpose of mission purbodara is to make odisha the steel hub of
india
 R laxmannarsimha is the longest serve chief justice of odisha
 The right to education act, 2009 was implemented in odisha in 2010
 Gopabandhu das is known as Gandhi of odisha
 Akshay mohanty is also known as khoka bhai
 Biju pattanaik sports award was introduced in 2001-2002
 Odisha has 6 water way
 Odisha uses highest percentage thermal power energy which is 56%
 Odisha ranks the 5th in paddy cultivation in india
 Odisha is the 4th largest fish producer in india
 Odisha has 259 sq km of mangrove forest
Current affair Odisha
 Odisha observed millet day on November 10
 Maniabandha of Cuttack district awarded the best tourism village of
India 2024 (craft category)
 Pratashya ray, is the receipient of the 32nd ekalabyapuraskar in
swimming
 Trishna ray of odisha crowned Miss teen universe 2024
 (Naval)Lieutenant Bimal behera from odisha was conferred the
prestigious sourya chakra award
 Bhabani Shankar bhoi is the deputy speaker of odisha
 Gupteswar forest is the new biodiversity heritage site
 Pakhaladibas observed on March 20
 Surama padhy(speaker) belongs to ranapur constituency
 PM Modi pays tribute to freedom fighter of odishaparbatigiri from
bargarh district on "Mann ki baat"
 Upashanamahapatra is the youngest MLA of odisha at age of 26 from
bramhagiri constituency
 Ajit Kumar mohanty is the chairman of the constituted Atomic Energy
Commission
 5th edition of national chilika bird festival is celebrated
 Justice Biswanath Ratha is the chairman of the newly constituted law
commission
 Population of salt water crocodile in bhitarakanika of odisha is 1826
 Alok padhan is appointed as joint secretary to odisha
 In 2025, odisha has received four padma award
 The odisha state topped in the inaguaral Fiscal Health Index 2025
launched by NITI ayog
 Prakash Mishra is the advisor of hon'ble cm mohanchmajhi
 Odisha warriors own the title of women's india hockey 2024-25 by
defeating soorma hockey club
 Madhusudan padhi has been appointed as the chief election
commissioner of odisha
 Kalia scheme change into CM kishan yojana
 Arabinda Kumar padhee has been appointed as the chief administrator
of shreejagannath temple
 The state government's "abadan" scheme has been launched for the
protection and welfare of senior citizens
 Kai chutney from mayurbhanj received the GI product
 Sunapur beach became the 2nd blue flag beach of odisha(ganjam)
 The one-day mensural leave announce on the 78th independence day
 The movie daman was awarded the best odia film 70th national film
award
 Bhima prusty is awarded saralapuraskar for the novel "jambuloka"
 Ganjam district is the top egg producer of odisha
 Odisha conferred 46 nos of medal in the 38th national game held in
uttarakhand
 Current black buck population of odisha is 8,789
 Dr chandrasekharhota is appointed as the new secretary of sahitya
academy
 Pradeep Kumar Jena has appointed as the chairman of the odisha
electricity regulatory commission (OERC)
 Janmesh Lenka(16month) is the youngest organ donor of odisha
 Short range surface to air missile successfully conducted the fight-test
by combined organisation DRDO and Indian Navy in Chandipur of
odisha
 Medium range surface to air missile successfully conducted four test by
combined organisation DRDO and Indian Army in Abdul Kalam island of
odisha
 Sameer mohanty has been appointed as president of odisha Olympic
association
 57th national khokho champion will be held in district sports complex,
puri
 19th toshali craft mela 2025 will be held in janta maidan, bhubaneswar
 Mrunal Kanti dash has been appointed as the chairperson of the
Council of Odisha Higher Secondary Education (CHSE)
 Ramakanta ratha primarily associated with odia literature
 Astra beyond virtual range Air to Air missile (BVRAAM) is designed and
developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation in
Chandipurodisha
 India's first-of-its-kind naval anti-ship missile successfully test-fired by
DRDO and Indian Navy in Chandipur of odisha
 In April 1, Odisha government implemented the Ayusman Jana Arogya
Yojana and Gopabandhu Jana Arogya Yojana together
 Sudarshan pattanaik (sand art) became the first Indian to the
freddarrington sand master award
 39.52 lakh visitors did visit the nandankanan zoo in 2024-25
 In April 2 2025, prabeshutsav and khadi chhua celebrated in all schools
of odisha
 Excellence in public governance award was given to koraput district in
2024
 The odisha University (amendment) act was enacted in 2024
 International children film festival 2025 being held in Kalahandi dist
Economy of Odisha
 Odisha economy has been divided into 3 part (I. Primary sector, II.
Secondary sector, III. Tertiary sector)
 GSDP 2024-25 of odisha is 949140cr(113 USD billion)
 GSDP 2023-24 was approximately 8.3 lakh crore. overall growth 7.2%
 Odisha GSDP is ranked 13th in india(1st maharastra)
 Per Capita Income of odisha is Rs. 1,82,548(PCI of India is rs.
2,000,162)
 Odisha Per Capita Income is ranked 11th in india(1st telengana)
 Contribution of sectors(industry sector 43%, service sector 36%,
agriculture sector 21%)
 Capital expenditures is 6.2%(highest in india)
 Odisha government has introduced 16 new initiatives or scheme in the
budget 2025-26
 Budget size -2.90 lakh crore(27.3% of GSDP)
 Budget allocation -odishapusti mission -100cr, Bakulabanaunnayana
-50cr, Ama similipal yojana -50cr, Model Mandi -50cr, Sahid laxman
Nayak adarsh vidyalaya-100cr, Odisha diaspora o SAMPARK -10cr,
Mukhyamantree Kanya bibaha yojana -12cr, Southern odisha
development council -200cr, Northern odisha development council -
200cr, Swachhaodisha -261cr, Ame padhiba ama bhasa re -25cr, Atal
bus stand -1266cr, Samruddhasahara -400cr, Antodayagruha yojana -
2603cr, Subhadra -153cr, Shree jagannath darshan yojana -30cr
 Revenue surplus 31,800cr(3% of GSDP)
 Fiscal deficit 34,200cr(3.2% of GSDP)
 Samruddhakrushakaodisha :
 Kharif 2024 support- input subsidy of 800 over MSP 2300@per 100kg
rice (total amount of Rs.3100/-@per 100kg)
 CM-kissan+PM-kissan yojana(Kalia)- 4000+6000=10000/-(landless
12500/-)
 Odisha rank in india -Chromite (100%) rank 1, bauxite (71%) rank 1,
iron ore (57%) rank 1, coal (21%) rank 3, manganese ore (15%) rank 4
 Govt of odisha will be archived 3.5 lakh crore by 2026-27
 Odisha export 52.3% of metallurgical
 Odisha GSDP in 2024-25 approximately 9.5 lakh crore
 Service sector recorded double digit growth in 2024-25(10%)
 Total capital outlay budget odisha govt 2024-25 is 58,195 crore(6.1%
of GSDP)
 The largest source of odisha's own tax revenue in 2024-25 is State
Gross Domestic Product(SGST)

World geography
 Study of universe is called cosmology
 Study of star is called astronomy
 Big bang theory of universe was proposed by Georges Lemaître in 1931
 Universe was formed 13.8 billion years ago
 Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago
 Andromeda galaxy is the nearest to the Milky way galaxy
 Heliocentric theory was introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus
 Outer layer of sun is called Corona
 Sun light takes 8min 20sec to reach the earth
 Mercury: 1. Shortest revolution time(88days) 2. No atmosphere 3. No
satellite
 Venus: 1. Known as Lucifer(light bringer) 2. Twin of earth 3. Morning/
evening star 4. Hottest and brightest (CO2/H2SO4) 5. Longest rotation
time (243days) 6. Rotation east to west 7. No satellite
 Earth: 1. Blue planet 2. Highest density
 Mars: 1. Red planet (iron oxide) 2. Two satellite (phobos&dimos)
 Jupiter: 1. Largest planet 2. Shortest rotation time (9h55m) 3. It has a
largest satellite of solar system (ganymade)
 Saturn: 1. Lowest density 2. It's own satellite-Titan
 Uranus: 1. Green planet 2. Rolling planet 3. Coldest planet 3. Rotation
east to west
 Neptune: 1. Longest revolution time(165y)
 Earth tilted 23.5° degree on its axis
 23 1/2° N tropic of cancer & 23 1/2° S tropic of capricorn
 Vernal equinox (21 Mar) & autumnal equinox (28 sep) both days are
equal day/night time
 Longest day 21 jun& shortest day 21 dec
 Layer earth1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
 Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912
 The convection current theory, proposed by Arthur Holmes in 1930
 Igneous rock- gabbro, granite, basalt, pumice
 Sedimentary rock(mechanically, organically, chemically)- sandstone,
limestone, shale, coal, chalk, rock salt
 Metamorphic rock- marble, slate, quartzite, schist
 Troposphere- 0km to 12/18 km(weather phenomenon)
 Stratosphere- 11km to 50km(ozone layer & aircraft fly)
 Mesosphere- 40/50km to 80/90km (coldest layer)
 Thermosphere(ionosphere)- 80/90km to 800km(hottest layer)
 Exosphore- 800km to 3000km
 [Link] (may to jul) [jeth-asadh] [Link] (jul to sep) [shraban-
bhadraba] [Link] (sep to nov) [aswin-kartik] [Link] (nov to jan)
[margashira-pausa] 5. Shishira (jan to mar) [magha-phalguna] 6.
Basanta (mar to may) [chaita-baisakha]
 India acquires 2.4% of world & 7th largest country (17.7% of world
population)
 India is located in north-east hemisphere (extension in north-south
3214km & east-west 2933km)
 Latitude-8° to 37.5° & longitude-68° to 97°
 Tropic of cancer passes through 8 states- gujrat, rajasthan,
madhyapradesh, chhattisgarh, jharkhand, WB, tripura, mizoram
 IST passes through-82.5°(MP,UP,OD,CG,AP)
 India shares boarder with (7 states) Bangladesh(longest 4096km),
china, miyanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, afganistan(shortest) [total
15106km]
 Bangladesh shares boarder with 5 states meghalaya, asam, mizoram,
tripura, wb
 Miyanmar shares boarder with 4 states Arunachal, nagaland, Manipur,
mizoram
 Nepal shares boarder with 5 states Sikkim, up, Bihar, WB, uk
 Bhutan shares boarder with 4 states WB, asam, Sikkim, arunachal
 Sikkim shares boarder with Nepal, Bhutan &china
 Arunachal shares boarder with miyanmar, Bhutan, china
 WB shares boarder with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh
 Ladakh shares boarder with china, afganistan, pakistan
 Pakistan shares boarder with 5 states Punjab, gujrat, rajasthan, j&k,
ladhak
 Red clif line- India &bngladesh
 Mackmohan line- India &china
 Longest boundary of the world between US &canada (49th parallel
states)
 Durand line- India, afganistan&pakistan
 UP shares boarder with 9 other states and one UT(delhi)
 Total coastline of India is 11098km
 Gujrat shares longest boarder with coastline
 Goa shares shortest boarderwithcoastline
 9 states and 4 UT shares boarder with coastline
 India has 6 physiography division
 Northern point is Indira col in ladakh(karakoram range-greater
Himalaya),
 western point is guharmoti (gujrat),
 southern point is Indira point (great nicobar),
 eastern point is kibithu (arunachalpradesh),
 southern land is cape camorine/ kanyakumari
 Trans Himalaya- karakoram(siachin glacier), ladhak(kailashparvat),
zanskar
 Great Himalaya(inner Himalaya, himadri) -core(granite), average
height 6000mtr, western most peak-nangaparvat, eastern most peak-
namchabarva
 mount Everest 8848mtr (called Sagar matha in Nepal
&chomamugmatibbet)
 Kanchanjunga 8598mtr(highest peak of india) & k2 Austin gudwin
8611mtr(pok)
 Nandadevi 7816mtr (highest peak of uttarakhand& located completely
in india)
 Lesser Himalaya(Himachal, pirpanjal, dhaladhar, nag tibbet)- average
height- 4000mtr
 Shivalik(outer Himalaya)
 Aravali(oldest fold mountain)-gujurat-rajasthan-haryana-delhi(heighest
peak-gurusikhar 1722mtr)
 Western ghat- avg height 1200mtr[annaimudi 2695mtr(Kerala)
heighest peak]
 Eastern ghat- avg height 600mtr[height peak-jindhagada peak
1690(andhrapradesh)]
 North Andaman(heighest peak-shaddle peak)
 Middle Andaman(active volcano-barran)
 Lower Andaman(port blair-new name "Shri vijayapuram)
 Dunkan passage between the lower Andaman and little andaman
 Little Andaman
 10° channel between the Little Andaman and car-nicobar
 Car-nicobar
 Little nicobar
 Great nicobar
 Lakshyadip capital kavaratti
 8° channel between lakshyadip and minicoy(part of lakshyadip)
 9° channel between minicoy and maldip
 Himalaya-ganga, brahmaputra, indus
 Indus(ancient name sindhu)(singikhamban) river is origined from lake
mansarovar (bokhar chu glacier)
 Tributaries-(right)shyok, gilgit, hunza (left)zanskar
 Indus water treaty in 1960 between india&pakistan
 Jhelum river(ancient name vidasta/hydapes)is origined from verinag
 Chenab river(ancient name asikni/chandrabhaga)is origined from
baralachala
 Ravi river(ancient name purushini)is origined from rohtang pass
 Beas river(ancient name bipasha)is origined from rohtang pass
 Sutlej river(ancient name sutudri)is origined from rakas lake and
longest tributary of indus
 Alakhnanda river(dhauli ganga) is origined from satopanth glacier
(badrinath)
 Mandakini river is origined from kedarnath and merge with alakhnanda
at rudraprayag
 Bhagirathi river is origined from gangotri glacier and merge with
(mandakini&alakhnanda) at devprayag called Ganga river
 Yamuna river is origined from yamunotri (bandarpunch range)
 Ganga river tributaries- [(left)Ram ganga, gomati, ghagra, gandak,
koshi]/ [(right) yamuna& son]
 Ganga rivers distributary is huguli
 Damodar river is tributary of huguli also known as sorrow of wb
 Yamuna is the longest tributary of ganga
 Ghagra river is originated from mapchachungo glacier and followed
through nepal and known as karnali river in nepal
 Koshi river is known as sorrow of bihar
 Yamuna river tributaries-(right) chambal, sindh, betwa, ken
 Chambal is the longest tributary of yamuna
 Brahmaputra river(tsyngpo) is origined from chemayungdung glacier
and largest river Island called majuli in Assam is situated in its bank
 Brahmaputra tributaries- [(left)dhansari, lohit, dibang]/
[(right)subansari, kamen, Manas, jaldhaka, redak, tista]
 West flow river- narmada&tapi(rift velly) between vindhya&stapura
mountain range
 Godavari river(1460km) is origined from
trayambakeswarplateumaharastra and followed through (maharastra-
CG-telengana-andhra)
 Godavari tributaries –[(left)manjira, Sabri,wainganga, wardha,
indravati]/ [(right)painganga, pranhita, Purna]
 Krishna river (1400km)is origined from mahabaleshwarmaharastra
 Krishna tributaries-[(left)bhim, tungabhadra, musi, koyna, ghatprabha,
malprabha, doodhganga]
 Kaveri river is origined from bramhagiri hills (kogadudist) Karnataka
 Kaveri river tributaries-[(left) kavini, bhavani]/ [(right)hemavati,
Amravati]
 Narmada river originated from amarkantakplateu and tapibaitulplateu
 Kunchikal waterfall is the highest waterfall of india on the river varahi
(Karnataka)
 Jog/gerosappa waterfall 2nd highest waterfall on the river sharavati
(Karnataka)
 Doodhsagar waterfall on the river mandovi (Goa)
Major Dams
 Maithon dam is the first dam of india which is situated on the river
barakar (jharkhand).
 Bhakra(Himachal) &nagal(Punjab) dam situated on the river Sutlej
 Tehri dam is the highest dam in india which is situated on the
bhagirathi river in UK
 Baglihal, dulhati& salal dam is situated on the river chenab
 Kishanganga, tulbul&uri dam is situated on the river jhelum
 Pong dam is situated on the river Beas (Himachal)
 Chamera&bairasiul dam is situated on the river Ravi (Himachal)
 Nafta jhakri dam is situated on the river Sutlej (Himachal)
 Thein dam is situated on the river Ravi (Punjab)
 Jawahar Sagar &ranapratap Sagar dam is situated on the river chambal
(Rajasthan)
 Indira Sagar dam is situated on the river Narmada (madhyapradesh)
 Gandhi Sagar dam is situated on the river chambal (madhyapradesh)
 Kirshnaraj Sagar dam(Karnataka) and mettur dam (tamilnadu) is
situated on the river kaveri
 Almatti dam is situated on the river Krishna (Karnataka)

 Black soil is suitable for cotton growth(210 frost free days required)
 Laterite soil is suitable for cashew, coffee, tea growth
 Rabi fasal [winter](wheat, mustard, barley, pea, gram, lentil)- sowing
time-oct & cropping time- Apr
 Kharif fasal [rainy](rice, cotton, jute, maze, jowar, bajara, corn,
sugarcane, soyabean, penuts)- sowing time-jul& cropping time-oct
 Zaid fasal [summer](watermelon, cucumber, bitter gourd, pumpkin)-
sowing time-may & cropping time- jun
 There are 4 types of coal -Anthracite, Bituminous(cooking/meto logical
coal), Lignite(brown coal), peat
 Coal production rank 1- chhatisgarh and reservoir rank 1- odisha
 Iron ore production rank 1- odisha and reservoir rank 1- odisha
 There are 2 types of iron ore magnetite & hematite (magnetite ore
contain higher iron than hematite)
 Odisha(koraput)is the top producer of bauxite in india
 MP is the top producer of copper & manganese
 Bihar is the top reservoir of gold and Karnataka is the top producer
 Kollar and hutti are the gold mines of Karnataka
 In 1971 ramsar conservation signed
 There are 89 ramsar site in india(tamilnadu has highest ramsar site-20)

World Mapping
 Andes mountain range is the longest mountain range in the world. It is
located in south america
 The largest river of the world, amazon is located in the south america
continent
 Mississippi river is located in the north america continent and it is
known as bird foot delta
 Missouri river is located in the north america continent
 The oldest and driest desert of the world, atacama is located in south
america continent
 The largest fresh water lake, the superior lake is located in the north
america continent
 Gulf of maxico situated in north america continent which is connected
with atlantic ocean
 Gulf of alaska is the most productive ecosystem in the world(habitat
area of perticular concern) which is located in north america continent
 Gulf of california is located in north america continent which is
connected with pacific ocean(got world heritage site tag)
 Gulf of honduras located in central america continent which is
connected with carribbean sea
 panama canal is the shortcut way to the atlantic ocean from pacific
ocean( beetwin pacific ocean &caribbean sea). It is located in central
america
 Trinidad and tabago island is situated in the south of carribbean sea
 Three line of the earth tropic of cancer, equator and tropic of capricorn
pass through africa continent
 Mediterranean sea is situated in the north of africa continent
 Red sea, gulf of eden and sinai peninsula are situated in the north-east
of the africa continent
 Indian ocean is located in the south-east of africa continent
 The largest hot desert of the world sahara is located in the north africa
 Sahara, kalahari, nubian and namib desert are located in africa
continent
 Atlas mountain and kilimanjaro mountain are situated in the africa
continent
 Lake victoria located in the africa continent
 Nile(worl's longest river), congo, nizer&zambezi rivers are located in
the africa continent
 Congo river cross two times the equator
 Egypt is known as gift of nile
 Alps mountain regions is located in the europe continent
 suez canal connecting the mediterranean sea to the red sea
 vatican city is the smallest country in the world

Ancient History
 Indus valley civilization(3300BC-1300BC)
 John marshal was the chairman of Archeological survey of India
 harappa site was discovered by dayaramshahani in 1921
 mahenjodarao site was discovered by RD Banerjee in 1922
 Largest site of IVC is Rakhigarhi(haryana)
 Dockyard of IVC is Lothal(Gujurat)
 Granary was founded in Mohenjodaron(Pak)
 Great bath in Mohenjodaron
 Large town of IVC was Dholavira (Gujurat-Luni river)
 Harappa situated on the Ravi river
 Mohenjodaron situated on the Indus river
 Vedic age(1500BC-500BC)
 Early Vedic age(1500BC-1000BC)
 Latter Vedic age(1000BC-500BC)
 Rig Veda is the oldest veda (1500BC-1000BC)
 rig veda contents 1028 hymes and 10 mandalas
 there are 108 upanishad
 samaveda was written about music
 Vardhaman Mahavir was 24th Tirthankara(599-527)
 Birth place of vardhaman is Kundalpur, Vaishali district of Bihar(Vajji)
 Jainism was divided by two part Digambara and Svetambara
 Siddhartha Gautama (563-483BC)
 Birth place of Buddha was Lumbini, Nepal he was raised by his
mother's younger sister Goutami. Father-Sudhodan, Mother-Mayadevi,
Wife-Yashodhara, Son-Rahul
 Enlightenment in Bodh Gaya(Bihar)
 Died in Kushinagar
 Mahapadma Nanda(345-329) founder of the Nanda Dynasty (Magadha
Empire)
 last ruler of Nanda dynasty Dhana Nanda(329-321)
 Chandragupta Morya(350-295) patliputra
 Chanakya(Koutalya&vishnugupta) the Chief advisor of
chandraguptamorya, he had written the book "Arthasasthra"
 Alexander was defeated Porus Battle of Hydaspes(326BC) on the bank
of jhelum river
 Megasthenes Greek historianan ambassador of Seleucus Nicator I, had
visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya. He had written a famous
book "Indica"
 Bindusar(320-273)Son of Chandragupta Morya
 Ashoka(268-232)son of Bindusar
 Mahidra& Sanghamitra, son of ashoka
 Kalinga war(260-261)
 National emblem lion capital sarnath
 Chandra Gupta I(Maharajadhiraj)
 Samudragupta(335-380AD) he was known as "Nepolian of India"
 Chandragupta II (380-414AD) he was known as "Vikramaditya" . During
his period Kalidas wrote Abhignyan Sakuntalam, Rtusmhara,
Malvikagnimitram, Meghadutam, Kumarsambhabam&Raghuvansam
 mehruli pillar inscription belongs to chandragupta II
 Fahein visited India during the period of chandragupta II period. The
period known as the Golden age. Gold coin was introduced at this
period
 Vishakhadutta had written Mudrarakhyasa&Devichandraguptam
 Bishnu Sharma had written "Panchatantra"
 Kumargupta (414-455AD) had built the "Nalanda University"
 Skandgupta (455-467AD)
 Harshavardhan(606-647AD)
 Hiuen Tsang visited India between 629 and 645 CE, during the reign of
Emperor Harshavardhana
 Banabhat had written "Harshacharita& Kadambari"
 Harshavardhan had written ratnavali, nagnanda&priyadarshita
 Rajendra chola I was known as the napoleon of South India

Medival History
 Somnath temple in Gujrat was invaded by Mahmad gazhni in
1025AD
 Battle of tarain fought between Pruthwirajchauhan(Win)
&mahamudghori in 1191
 Battle of tarain II fought between
Pruthwirajchauhan&mahamudghori(Win) in 1192
 Bakhtiyar Khilji had attacked Nalanda University in 1193
 battle of chandawar was fought between
jaichand&mahamudghori(win) in 1194
Slave Dynasty
 mahamudghori's general Qutab ud-din aibak (1206-1210AD) was
the First ruller of slave dynasty
 adhai din ka jhopda in ajmer was built by Qutab ud-din aibak
 Qutab ud-din aibak's son-in-law illtutmis (1210-1236AD)
 illtutmis shifts Capital Lahore to Delhi in 1211
 Eiqta system was introduced by illtutmis
 Daughter of illtutmis Raziya sultana was the 1st and last female
ruller of Delhi
 timur invaded India in 1398
Lodhi Dynasty
 Founder of Lodhi dynasty(Afgani) was Bahlul Lodhi (1451-1489)
 grand son of bahlullodhi Ibrahim lodhi (1517-1526)
Babur
 timur'sgrand son Babur was the founder of mugal emperor in India
subcontinent (1526-1530)
 Battle of panipat-I was held between Babur(win)&Imbrahimlodhi in
1526
 Battle of khanwa was held between Babur (win) &Ranasanga in
1527
 battle of chanderi was fought between babur(win) &medini rai in
1528
 battle of ghagra was fought between babur(win) &afgan in 1529
South India empire
 Harihara &bukka was the founder of Vijayanagaram Empire in 1336
which Capital was Humpi
 Krishnadeva ray I (1509-1529)
 italian traveller nicolo di conti visited vijayanagaram empire during
the reign of Krishnadeva ray I
 golgumbaz located in bijapur was made by bahamani ruler Adil saha
 charminar located in golkonda was made by quliqutubsaha
Humayun
 Babur's son Humayun (1530-1540) & (1555-1556)
 Battle of Chausa was held between Humayun &Shersahasuri(Win) in
1539
 Battle of Kannauj was held between Humayun &Shersahasuri(Win)
in1540
 GT road was built by shersahasuri
 humayunama was written by gulbadan begum
 Padmavat was written by Malik Mahammad Jayasi
 Shersahasuri died in accidental gunpowder explosion (1540-1545)
Akbar
 humayun's son Akbar 1556
 2nd battle of panipath was held in 1556 between Akbar (win) &
Hemu. Akbar was only 13 year old during the battle & was led by
bairam khan
 After winning gujrat Akbar was founded the Buland darwaja(Gate of
victory) Fatehpur sikri
 Battle of Haldighati was held in 1576 between Akbar(win) &
Maharana Pratap. Akbar was led by mansingh
 Akbar's wife Haraka bai & Jodha bai
 Unit of measurement was introduced by Raja todermal which was
called Gazh-i-illahi
 Akbarnama was written by Abul fazal
 Ramcharitmanas was written by Tulsidas
Jahangir
 Akbar & Haraka Bai son Jahangir (1605-1627AD)
 in 1608 William Hocking & 1615 sir Thomas roe visited the court of
Jahangir as an ambassador of King James I
 Jahangir had two son Khusro & Khurram (Sahajahan)
Sahajahan
 Jahangir's son Sahajahan (1628-1658AD) period was called golden
age of mugal
 Motimasjid (agra), seeshmahal, jama masjid(Delhi), red fort (Delhi),
Shalimar bag(Kashmir), peacock thrown
Aurangzeb
 Sahajahan's son Aurangzeb (1558-1707AD)

 Farukh siyar in 1717(Farman to british)

 Battle of karnal in 1737 which was held between Nadir Shah &
Mahamad Saha(mugal)
 Nadir shah won the battle of karnal and took away the koh-i-noor&
peacock thrown
 Battle of palasi in 1757 was fought between British (win) &siraj-ud-
dulah
 3rd battle of panipath held in 1761 fought between Ahmed Shah
(win) &maratha
 Battle of buxar held in 1764 fought between British (win) &suja-ud-
dulah
 Akbar II (1806-1837) gave the title of "Raja" to Ram mohan ray
 Bahadur Shah zafar was the last ruler of mugals

Modern History
 in 1498 vasco de gama came to India
 in 1757 battle of plassey was fought between siraj-ud-
daulah&british. British were led by robertclive
 in 1764 battle of buxar fought between british(led by hector
munro)& combined mugal emperor (suja-ud-daulah, mir
qasim&sahaalam II)
 dual government systemwas introduced by robertclive
 1st anglomysore war (1767-69) led by hyderali (win) vs MEN
(Maratha, English & Nizams)
 warten hastings was the first govern general of bengal-1773
 2nd anglomysore war (1780-84) led by tipu sultan s/o -hyderali
which resulting in the treaty of manglore
 cornwallis was the second governor general (1786-93)
 3rd anglomysore war -1790 to 92
 1793-permanent settlement was introduced by cornwallis
 4th anglomysore war -1799
 wellesley was the third governor general (1798-1805)
 subsidary alliance was introduced by wellesley
 ryotwari system-1820(Thomas munro)
 mahalwari system- 1822(holt Mackenzie)
 williambentick governor general of bengal (1828-33) & served as
governor general of india (1833-35)
 dalhousie governor general (1848-56)
 in 1848 doctrine of lapse introduced by Dalhousie
 in 1850 sambalpur came under the doctrine of lapse policy
 canning governor general (1856-62)
 1857 sepoy mutiny was the 1st revolt of independence
 hindi widow re-marriage act -1856
 1859 -indigo revolt of bengal
 curzon was the governor general (1899-1905)
 in 1905 separation of bangladesh
 swadeshi movement (1905-1911)
 the term Swaraj first time used by dadabhainaroji in calcutta
session 1906
 13 dec 1906 muslim league was founded
 in 1907 congress split into two groups in surat session
 in 1909 morley-minto act reforms
 1911 shift capital kolkata to delhi
 1913 gadar party founder lalahardayal
 1914 to 1918 world war I
 9 January 1915 celebrate as pravasibharatiya divas
 1916 lucknow pact between congress &muslim league
 home rule movement was started by balgangadhar tilak in poona
(1916-1918) led anniebesant&balgangadhar tilak
 1917 anniebesant became the president of congress
 17 apr 1917 in biharchamparan satyagraha led by gandhi (for
indigo cultivator)
 1918 in gujratkheda satyagraha led by gandhi
 18 mar 1919 rowlatt act was passed
 13 apr 1919 jaliawala bagh massacre during festival of baisakhi
 1919 montaguechelmsford reforms
 1919 khilphat movement led by indianmuslims
 5 sep 1920 non-cooperation movement led by gandhi
 4 Feb 1922 chauri chaura incident
 12 Feb 1922 end of non-cooperation movement
 1924 Gandhi became the president of congress
 1925 sarojininaidu became the president of congress
 kakori (train loot) incident was held in 1925
 philosophy of bomb was written by [Link]
 1928 simon commission introduced
 19 dec 1929 (purna swaraj at Lahore session)
 12 mar 1930 gandhi started dandi march from sabarmati of
gujrat to dandi
 1930 first round table conference (all party were present except
congress)
 khan abdulgaffar khan know as frontier gandhi
 5 mar 1931 gandhi -irwin pact
 23 mar 1931 bhagat sing was hanged & the same date is
celebrated as sahid divas
 1931 2nd round table conference
 24 sep 1932 poona pact (brambedkar&madanmohanmalvia)
 1932 3rd round table conference
 1934 reserve bank of india formed
 1939 subashchbose founded a party namely all india forward
block
 1939 world war II
 1940 August offer by british
 1940 individual satgraha was started by Acharya vinovabhabe
 1942 cripps mission by Stafford cripps
 8 aug 1942 quit India movement was started
 1942 azad hind fauj formed by subhashchandra Bose
 delhi cholo, give me blood...& Jai hind slogans are raised by
subashchbose
 1946 RIN mutiny (royal indian navy)
Social reforms
 atmiyasabha was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1814
 Bramho samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828
 raja title to Ram Mohan Roy was given by Akbar
 sati pratha was abolished in 1829 (William bentick)
 widow re-marriage act was passed in 1856 during the period of
dellhousi
 in 1873 satyasodhak samaj was founded by jyotiraophule
 in 1875 Arya samaj was founded by swami dayanandsaraswati
 moolshankar was an other name of dayanandsaraswati
 dayanandsaraswati told that go back to vedas
 satyarthprakash was written by dayanandsaraswati
 in 1867 prarthana samaj was founded by atmarampandurang
 narendranathdutta was an other name of swami vivekananda
 ramkrishnaparamhans was the guru of vivekananda
 in 1893 vivekananda delivered speech in Chicago
 karmayog&rajyog was written by vivekananda
 rock memorial of vivekananda is situated in tamilnadu
 veda samaj was founded by keshab Chandra sen (sreedharlu
Naidu)
 seva sadan was founded by BM malabari (it's works against child
marriage)

Five year plan

 Five year plan was a no-constitutional & non-statutory body
 1946-advisory planning board constituted under the
chairmanship of "K.C. Neogi"
 planning commission established on "15 mar 1950"
 1st chairman- Jawaharlal neheru& 1st deputy chairman-
Gijarilalnanda
 This plan was borrowed from USSR(russia)
 M. Bisweswariha- father of Indian economic planning
1st five year plan(1951-1956)
 bhakranagal dam(sultej-punjab&himachal), hirakud dam(odisha),
damodar dam(WB)
 Family planning programme 1952- India 1st nation
2nd five year plan(mixed economy concept)
 (1956-61)-durgapur steel plant(WB), rourkela steel plant(odisha),
bhilai steel plant(chhatisgarh), Khadi & village industry (1957)
3rd 5 year plan(1961-66)- failure due to war
 1964-bokaro iron & steel plant(Jharkhand)
 1965-FCI
 1965-MS swaminathan known as father of the Indian green
revolution
Plan holidays (1966-169)
4th five year plan(1969-1974)
 1969-14 banks nationalised
 1971-bangladesh independent
 1974-1st underground nuclear test (smiling buddha)
5th five year plan(1974-1978)-garibihatao
 Article 352-national emargency declare by Indra gandhi
Rolling plan (1978-79)
6th five year plan(1981-1985)
 1980- 6 nos of banks nationalised
 Indra Gandhi death
 NABARD established on 19th Jul 1982-on the recommendation of
shivaraman committee
 vishakhapatnam steel plant(AP), vadravati steel plant,
viveswaraya steel plant(karnataka)
7th five year plan(1985-1990)-blue revolution (fisheries)
 For the 1st time private sector got priority over public sector
 1988-SEBI
Annual plans(1990-1992)
8th five year plan(1992-1997)- new economic policy of india
 1st Jan 1995- india became WTO member
 1995- mid day meal scheme
9th five year plan(1997-2000)-"growth with social justice and
equality"
 1998-pokharan 2 (nuclear test)
 1999-kargil war
10th five year plan(2002-2007)
11th five year plan (2007-2012)- highest growth
12th five year plan(2012-17)-last five year plan
 NITI Aayog replaced the 5 year planning commission from 1st Jan
2015- Head quarter New delhi
 Indian Polity
 Impeachment of president comes under Artcle-61
 The procedure of impeachment of president is quasi- judicial
procedure
 Article-67(b) tells about impeachment of vice president
 Article-352 tells about national emergency
 Article-20 & 21 fundamental rights cannot be suspended even during
an emergency
 Article-356 tells about state emergency
 Article-360 financial emergency
 rajasthan is the first state to adopt the panchayati raj system in 1959
 speaker of loksabha decides whether a bill is money bill or not
 all doubts and disputes in the connection with the election of president
enquired into and decided by the supreme court
 Gaustin called the Indian federalism as cooperative federalism
 fakhruddin ali ahmed was the president of india at time of emargency
in 1975
 Article-32 belongs to part III of indian constitution
 five types of writs are provided in the article 32
 concept of single citizenship adopt from the british(uk) constitution
 changes in fundamental rights needs a special mejority in parliament
 six years is the tenure of CAG
 joint seating of parliament is borrowed from Australia
 president has 3 vito power I-absulate, II-suspensive & III-pocket
 in 28 Jan 1950 first sitting of supreme court
 supreme court called as guardian of constitution
 bicameral legislature borrowed from uk
 fundamental rights borrowed from usa
 PESA act introduced in 1996
 the bharatiya nyaya sanhita bill repeal the Indian penal code 1860 (IPC)
 nagarik surakhya sanhita replaced CrPC
 bharatiya sakshya adhiniyam replaced IEC
 prime minister is the chairman of NITI ayog
 Regulating act 1773, provision made for the establishment of supreme
court in calcutta
 Government of India 1909 act, the power of the president to issue
ordinance

Government of India 1919 act, (Montague Chelmsford reform)

 introduced a bicameral legislature in centre
 Diarchy system in providences
 This act provide women with the right to vote in India
 It was provided for the establishment of Public Service Commission
which was set up in 1926
 Direct election

Government of India 1935 act.

 The federal court was established and inaugurated in 1937
 Diarchy system in central and abolished in providences
 Federal polity in India
 Federal list(union list)
 Provincial list(state)
 Concurrent list

Formation of Indian constituent assembly

 The India independent act was passed on July 1947 in
Britten(mountbatten plan)
 Came into act in 14th August 1947
 MN Roy was the first to suggest the need a constituent assembly after
independence
 In 1936, Congress party gave the idea a constituent assembly firstly for
the formation of constitution of india
 In 6 december 1946, constituent assembly was constituted under the
scheme formulated by cabinet mission plan
 In 9 december 1946, constituent assembly hold it's first meeting
 Dr sachidanand sinha was the first president(for two days)
 dr rajendra Prasad was the permanent president of constitution
assembly and Harish Chandra mukharji was the vice president
 The first draft of the constitution was prepared by BN rao
 BN rao was the constitutional advisor
 BR ambedkar was the chairman of constitution drafting committee
 There was seven members in the drafting committee
 There was 15 women member in the constituent assembly (malti
chaudhury from odisha)
 Elephant adopted as the symbol of constituent assembly
 Prem bihari raizada was the calligrapher
 Nandalal Bose & BR sinha were the decorator
 Written in two languages
 13 december 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru proposed the Preamble to the
Indian Constitution before the Drafting Committee(objective resolution
was proposed)
 The national flag was adopted on 22 July 1947
 26 November 1949, constituent assembly had adopted the constitution
so that we observe constitution day. Implemented on 26 January 1950
 Parliamentary form of government is adopted in construction of india
which is borrowed from UK
 Total eleven nos of session were held in the constituent assembly
 Jawaharlal neheru was the chairman of the union constitution
committee of the constituent assembly
 Sardarvallab Bhai Patel was the chairman of the provisional constitution
committee of the constituent assembly
 Original constitution
 395 articles, 8 schedule, 22 parts
 Present constitution
 448+ articles, 12 schedule, 25 parts

Parts of the constitution

 Part I -the union and territories -1 to 4
 Part II -citizenship -5 to 11
 Part III -fundamental rights -12 to 35
 Part IV -dpsp -36 to 51
 Part IV (a) -fundamental duties -51(a)
 Part V -the union -52 to 151
 Part VI -the state - 152 to 237
 Part VII -the states in part B of first schedule -238(repealed)
 Part VIII -the union territories -239 to 242
 Part IX -the panchayats -243 to 243(O)
 Part IX (a) -the municipalities -243P to 243ZG
 Part IX (b) -the co-operative societies -243ZH to 243ZT
 Part X -the scheduled and tribes areas -244 to 244A
 Part XI -relation between union and states -245 to 263

Schedule of Indian constitution

 1st -States and Union Territories and their territories.
 2nd -Provisions for the Emoluments (Salary)
 3rd -Forms of oaths and Affirmations
 4th -Allocation of seats in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
 5th -Provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled
Areas and Scheduled Tribes
 6th -Provisions for the administration of Tribal Areas in Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (ATMs)
 7th -Division of powers between Union and States (Union List,
State List, Concurrent List)
 8th -Official languages recognized by the Constitution (22
languages)
 9th -Validation of certain Acts and Regulations, mainly related to
Land reforms, protected from judicial review (added by 1st
Amendment 1951)
 10th -Provisions relating to Disqualification of members of
Parliament and State Legislatures on grounds of defection (Anti-
defection law, added by 52nd Amendment)
 11th -Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (rural
local self-government, added by 73rd Amendment)
 12th -Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities
(urban local self-government, added by 74th Amendment)

Sources of Indian constitution

Australia
 Concurrent list
 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
 Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament
Canada
 Federation with a strong Centre
 Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre
 Appointment of state governors by the Centre
 Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Ireland
 Directive Principles of State Policy
 Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
 Method of election of the president
Japan
 Procedure Established by law
USSR
 Fundamental duties
 Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble
UK
 Parliamentary government
 Rule of Law
 Legislative procedure
 Single Citizenship
 Cabinet system
 Prerogative writs
 Parliamentary privileges
 Bicameralism
US
 Fundamental rights
 Independence of judiciary
 Judicial review
 Impeachment of the president
 Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges
 Post of vice-president
Germany
 Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency
South Africa
 Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution
 Election of members of Rajya Sabha
France
 Republic
 Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble

Amendment act
 1st amendment 1951
 106th amendment 2023
 1st amendment, 1951 -land reforms
 5th amendment, 1955 -president can prescribe a time limit
 7th amendment, 1956 -common high court for two state &
common governor for two states
 9th amendment known as neheru-noon agreement
 10th amendment, 1961 -dadar and nagar haweli were included in
the Indian union territory
 12th amendment, 1962 -goa, daman & diu were included in the
Indian union territory
 13th amendment, 1962 -established Nagaland as a state
 14th amendment, 1962 -puducherry was included in the Indian
union territory
 21st amendment, 1967 -sindhi language was included
 26th amendment, 1971 -abolish of privy purse
 36th amendment, 1975 -sikkim was made full fledge state
42nd amendment, 1976 -
 Fundamental duties of citizens were added
 Added "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" (to "unity and
integrity") to the Preamble
 Moved Education, Forests, Weights & Measures, and Protection of
Wild Animals & Birds from State to Concurrent List, enhancing
central authority
 Restricted judicial review, giving the Supreme Court exclusive
jurisdiction over Central laws' validity and limiting High Court
power.
 Made the President bound by the Cabinet's advice
 Created Part XIV-A for Administrative Tribunals.
 44th amendment, 1978 -eliminated right to property as a
fundamental right and placed in 300A
 52nd amendment, 1985 -anti defection law, added to the 10th
schedule
 56th amendment, 1987 -goa was made full fledge state
 61th amendment, 1988 -voting age was decreased 21 to 18
 65th amendment, 1990 -a national commission for ST/SC was
established
 69th amendment, 1991 -delhi was declared as national capital
territory (extra -only 3 UT of india has own legislative assembly
J&k, delhi & puducherry)
 71st amendment, 1992 -konkani, Nepali & manipuri were added
in 8th schedule
 73rd amendment, 1992 -part IX and 11th schedule was added
panchayati raj system
 74th amendment, 1992 -part IX(a) and 12th schedule was added
municipality system
 86th amendment, 2002 -elementary education was made a
fundamental right for children (article -21A, 51A & 45)
 92nd amendment, 2003 -bodo, dogri, maithali and santhal were
added in 8th schedule
 96th amendment, 2011 -oriya turned into odia
 97th amendment, 2011 -co operative societies were granted
constitutional power
 100th amendment, 2015 -land boundary agreement with
bangladesh
 101st amendment, 2016 -GST was introduced
 102nd amendment, 2018 -national commission for backward
classes
 103th amendment, 2019 -10% reservation for EWS
 104th amendment, 2020 -abolish Anglo Indian culture
 106th amendment, 2023 -33% of women seat reserved in lok
sabha & state assembly
 WAQF amendment, 2025 -UMEED act

Articles
 Article 1-name and territory of the union
 Article 2-grants parliament the power to admit or establish new
states into the union of India
 Article 3-creation of new state as well as changes to the name
 Article 11-parliament to regulate the rights of citizenship by law
 6 fundamental rights
 right to equality Article -(14 to 18)
 Article 14-equality before the law
 Article 15- prohibition of discrimination on the ground of religion,
race, caste, sex or place of birth
 Article 16-equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
 Article 17-abolition of untouchability
 Article 18-abolition of titles
Right to freedom Article -(19 to 22)
 Article 19-protection of certain rights regarding freedom of
speech, etc.
o to freedom of speech and expression
o to assemble peaceably and without arms
o to form associations or unions or co-operative societies
o to move freely throughout the territory of India
o to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
o to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation,
trade or business
 Article 20-protection in respect of conviction for offences
 Article 21-protection of life and personal liberty
 Article 21A-right to free and compulsory education for children
aged six to fourteen
 Article 22-protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Right to exploitation Article -(23 & 24)
 Article 23-prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
 Article 24-prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to freedom of religion Article -(25 to 28)
 Article 25-freedom of conscience and free profession, practice
and propagation of religion
 Article 26-freedom to manage religious affairs
 Article 27-freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any
particular religion
 Article 28-freedom from attending religious institutions
Cultural & educational rights Article -(29-30)
 Article 29-protection of interest of minorities
 Article 30-right of minorities and administer educational
institutions
Right to constitutional remedies Article -(32)
 Article 32-remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights (5
type of writes)
 Article 39A-equal justice & free legal aid
 Article 40-organisation of village panchayat
 Article 44-uniform civil code
 Article 45-provision for early childhood care and education to
children below the age of six years
 Article 50-separation of judiciary from executive
 Article 51-promotion of international peace and security
 Article 51A-fundamental duties (There are currently 11
Fundamental Duties under Article 51A after 86th amendment in
2002)
 Article 52-the president of India
 Article 53-executive power of the Union
 Article 54-election of the president
 Article 61-procedure for impeachment of the president
 Article 63-the vice-president of India
 Article 64-the vice-president to be ex-officio chairman of the
council of states
 Article 66-election of the vice-president
 Article 72-power of president to grant pardons, etc., and to
suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
 Article 74-Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
 Article 76-Attorney-General for India
 Article 78-Duties of Prime Minister
 Article 79-Composition of the parliament
 Article 80-Composition of rajya sabha
 Article 81-Composition of lok sabha
 Article 83-Duration of Houses of Parliament
 Article 93-the speaker and deputy speaker of the house of the
people
 Article 105-power, privileges etc. of the house of parliament
 Article 108-joint seating of both houses
 Article 109-special procedure in respect of money bills
 Article 110-defination of money bill
 Article 112-anual financial budget
 Article 114-appropriation bills
 Article 123-power of president to promulgate Ordinances during
recess of Parliament
 Article 124-establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court
 Article 124A-national judicial appointments commission
 Article 129-supreme court to be a court of record
 Article 130-seat of supreme court
 Article 136-special leave to appeal by the supreme court
 Article 137-review of judgments or orders by the supreme court
 Article 141-law declared by supreme court to be binding on all
courts
 Article 143-power of president to consult the supreme court
 Article 148-comptroller and auditor general of india
 Article 149-duties and powers of the comptroller and auditor
general of india
 Article 153-governors of states
 Article 154-executive power of state
 Article 155-appoinment of governor
 Article 161-power of governor to grant pardons, etc. and to
suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
 Article 163-council of ministers to aid and advise governor
 Article 165-advocate general of the state
 Article 167-duties of chief minister as respects the furnishing of
information to governor, etc.
 Article 168-constitution of legislatures in states
 Article 169-abolition or creation of legislative councils in states
 Article 170-composition of the legislative assemblies
 Article 171- composition of the legislative councils
 Article 178-the speaker and deputy speaker of the legislative
assembly
 Article 194-powers, privileges, etc., of the houses of legislatures
and of the members and committees thereof
 Article 200-absent to bills
 Article 202-annual financial statement
 Article 213-power of governor to promulgate ordinances during
recess of legislature
 Article 214-high courts for state
 Article 215-high courts to be courts of records
 Article 226-power of high courts to issue certain writs
 Article 233-validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc.
delivered by, certain district judges
 Article 239AA-special provisions with respect to delhi
 Article 239AB-provision in case of failure of constitutional
machinery
 Article 241-high courts for union territories
 Article 243A-gram sabha
 Article 243B-constitution of panchayats
 Municipalities Article (243P to 243ZG)-municipalities
 Article 249-power of parliament to legislate with respect to a
matter in the state list in the national interest
 Article 262-adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-
state rivers or river valleys
 Article 263-provisions with respect to an inter-state council
 Article 266-consolidated funds and public accounts of India and of
the states
 Article 267-contigency fund/ distribution of revenues between the
union and the states
 Article 275-grants from the union to certain states
 Article 280-finance commission
 Article 300A-persons not to be deprived of property save by
authority of law
 Article 312-all-india services(IAS, IPS, IFS)
 Article 315-public service commission union and states(Ex-OPSC)
 Article 320-function of public service commissions
 Article 323A-administrative tribunals
 Article 324-superintendance, direction and control of elections to
be vested in an election commission
 Article 330-reservation of seats for scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the house of the people
 Article 338-national commission for scheduled castes
 Article 338A-national commission for backward classes