Article title: Online Result Checking System

Authors: Michael Ohini[1]

Affiliations: nasarawa state university keffi[1]
Orcid ids: 0009-0006-1920-0602[1]
Contact e-mail: ohinisearch@[Link]
License information: This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License
[Link] which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at
[Link]
Preprint statement: This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed, under consideration and submitted to
ScienceOpen Preprints for open peer review.
DOI: 10.14293/PR2199.001246.v1
Preprint first posted online: 01 November 2024
Keywords: Online Result Checking System , Automated Result Checking System , Result Checking System , Automated Result
System , Online Automated Result System , Automated Result Checker , Student Result System , Automated Student Result
System , Automated Student Result Checking System , Online Student Result System
 ONLINE RESULT CHECKING SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE)

BY

OHINI MICHAEL
2016

1
 ABSTRACT

This project is the design and implementation for Online Result Checking System which can be
connected to the department website if fully implemented. The system was design using CSS,
JavaScript and PHP (server side scripting language embedded in HTML) at the front end and
MySQL relational database engine running on Apache Web Server at the back end. The system
was designed using the Incremental Delivery SDLC and the Object Oriented Analysis approach
was used in analyzing the system. The system is composed of two interfaces. The user interface
which allow users to view their results and the administrative interface which allow the
administrator to create database, tables, edit and other functions needed to be carried out.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

In a fast changing world there is a great need for timely and accurate information. There is
continuous awareness in the society that accurate and timely information (result) is a vital
resources of any institution and that an effective web based result checking system or portal is a
means of providing the needed information.
This chapter starts with the background of the study followed by statement of problem,
significance of study. Other aspects covered by this chapter include aim and objectives, scope
and limitation of the study, choice and the use of programming languages.

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The existence of many sophisticated computer systems and various innovations that we find in
this Information Age justifies the old age saying that necessity is the mother of all invention. The
need to send and receive information in a so called „global network‟ and man desire to
communicate from long distance called to the birth of the World Wide Web (formally known as
ARPANET). With the advent of internet, many of the mundane task and businesses that people
conducted were made feasible. Things like course registration can now be done online. A student
doesn‟t need to go door to door. A few clicks will suffice enough to do the job. It is no wonder
that result can be check online easily. It will be easier for a student to be able to see their result
even if they are far away from the school.

In present day Tertiary Institution of Learning grading epitomizes the performance of every
student, by monitoring the achievement of every individual student as well as group of students.
Therefore, there is a need for proper accountability to ensure that the student‟s results are precise
and timely after compiling. Information about students would be developed to help organize and
implement efficient system for maintaining the student results.

Many schools, state educational agencies, private bodies, education commission agencies have
collected and used student record to improve methods of teaching aids. The proliferation of new
reporting requirement and advancement in technology has had a profound effect on the use of
student data. The use of modern system such as hardware and software has become essential

3
 components. These essential components improve record transfer, computing of student results,
storing and retrieving of information.

The existing manual system which is usually cumbersome, slow and tedious has a lot of
deficiencies; hence this leads to the proposal of a better system called the Online Result
Checking System. The web is a complex system of interconnecting elements (World Wide Web).
Therefore the Online Result Checking System evaluates the various literature of grading
information management system. Explosive increase in the use of internet has made automatic
knowledge extraction from various web logs files. This can be used to improve the effectiveness
of the system by adapting the information structure of the sites to the user behavior which is a
key driving force in the rapid growth of the system.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Today many institutions extend their system with the advent of online system. This brings the
need to design a web based student result checking system that help students to check for their
result online and the administrators to gather information about the student of Mathematical
Sciences Department.

The research work identifies the following problems associated with the manual system:

1. Poor security of result: document often get lost at each point in time some of these
document are eaten by termite and other insects.
2. Untimely processing result: The period of time available for the processing of result
make the job though for lecturers, as a result of this, results are mostly make available
when students are on holiday.
3. Poor record: Retrieval of information or result of old student is tedious and time
consuming.
4. Waste of space: keeping hardcopy document waste a lot of space.
5. Poor data sharing among the various departments, to aid good communication among
between the exam officers.
6. The need for real time update.
7. Retrieval of information of former student is even more tedious and time consuming.
8. Lack of timely and accurate information in making an effective procession very difficult.

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1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research or project will go a long way in eradicating the congestion at the department notice
board when the students are checking their results. It will provide a feedback process for instant
delivery of complaints. The system will significantly provide the database for registered students
and their results.

1.4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is basically to present an automated mode of checking result whereby the
student will be able to view their result irrespective of their geographical location. The proposed
system will enables the student of department of mathematical sciences to have a control list of
the entire registered students and subsequently enhance a proper result checking system which
can be communicated online. This also aim at presenting a system that will allow student
information‟s to be edited and updated online.

The following are the objectives:

1. To provide a real time update of students results and information.
2. To eradicate the frustration student undergo when one student result is miscalculated due
to manual error.
3. Reduce the length of time spent trying to process student results.
4. To provide adequate security for student results as some student may tire the result place
on the notice board due to frustration.
5. To provide a secured and best means of storing the student results and information.
6. To ensure that all students can be able to lay complain pertaining their results before the
result will be submitted to the senates.
7. To provide speedy processing of transcript results by the registry department.
8. To have online real time update of students results.
9. To provide or design an administrative scheme that will restrict unauthorized access of
information.
10. To design a new system that will be able to capture the student record and put it in a
normalized database.

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1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study will cover the activities and task taking place in the exam and record
section of the department of mathematical sciences. This research will only allow registered
students of the Department of Mathematical Sciences to logs in and view their result only and
make a comment in case there is any problem associated with their result. The system main
ability is to display the various students calculated result and grades.
The system will allow for transcript to be requested via the web by the authority of the exam
officer.

1.6. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

On like any other web system, one of the basic limitation of this research is that the system will
not allow a student to enter the list of the courses they offer. It will only allow them to view their
result only. That is to say, a student will have the privilege to see the result of other students once
he/she has a registered username and password. The fact that ORCS also allows students to
register their matriculation number and limits access to the matriculation number is quite a
disadvantage than an advantage. This is because it reduces the flexibility of the system and also
poses a threat of identifying whether it is the real owner of the matriculation number that is
requesting for the result. For example, a student can take another student‟s matriculation number
and request for the student‟s result. ORCS cannot tell that the request wasn‟t made from the real
owner of the matriculation number.

1.7. CHOICE AND USE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Though there are many technologies for Web development, the expressivity of a programming
language, the write ability, readability and reliability of a programming language are some of
factors that influence the choice of programming language to use, such as is My SQL, PHP and
JavaScript etc. (Nixon, 2012; Powel, 2010)

1.7.1. My SQL

A consulting firm in Sweden called TCK developed My SQL which provides the need for
database system that is extremely fast and flexible. The unique feature about My SQL IS that it
does not only create a database but also has the tremendous ability to manage database.

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1.7.2. PHP

This stand for Hypertext PreProcessor, it is also like JavaScript used in making a responsive
website and also to make a website look so dynamic. The difference between PHP and
JavaScript is that PHP need a server to run while JavaScript does not need a server. This property
make PHP very secure than JavaScript in terms security.
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a
general-purpose Programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, PHP
code can be embedded into HTML code or it can be used as a standalone program or can be used
in combination with various Web Template Systems and web framework.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE RIVIEW

2.0. INTRODUCTION

Today computer is used in almost all areas of life involving information management. Online
Result Checking System is not an exception in this regard. The Online Result Checking System
(ORCS) will have a registration page where a student will perform his registration and a login
page where a student will input his/her valid login details in other to view their result.

2.1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF STUDY

In the Early 1970‟s the first automated Integrated Student Information System using punch card
input is implemented. In 1984, Punch-card system replaced by a database system on an Intercom
platform. In 1988 Intercom system replaced by an Integrated Database Management System
(IDMS) database system. An IDMS is primarily a network database management system for
mainframe computers, (Wikipedia, 2014). 1988 through to 2005 IDMS systems were continually
enhanced and modified to meet new requirements and changing technology using the Internet,
hundreds of interfaces have been built and extracts created to service a large number of
independent systems across colleges and campus, (North Carolina State University, 2006).
Information systems used to manage student result have been referred to in various ways:
Automated Result Processing System (ARPS), Automated Students Result Management System
(ASRMS), Online Result Evaluation System (ORES) or Student Information Management
Systems (SIMS), (Ngoma, 2009)

2.2. THE NEED AND USE OF ONLINE RESULT CHECKING STYSTEM

Several researches have been directed towards the development of a fast and efficient way of
checking/viewing result without laxity. Some of the research carried out and the views of several
writers concerning the development of an online checking result system or other related software
technology are as follows.
(Akinmosin, 2014) in his research, he focused on creating an automated student‟s result
management system using oracle‟s database, forms and reports. This is a computerized
8
examinations results management system for tertiary student‟s examination records. He found
out that the manual method of students‟ academic result processing was tedious, especially when
carried out for a large number of students, this makes the entire process time-consuming and
error prone. Hence a new system was proposed for which the designed is meant to register
students as soon as they have paid their departmental registration and only then will they be able
to view their results. The system presents a single platform that will be used to manage the
processing of all examination records within the institution.

A result is an official school report on the record of student, listing courses, grades received.
Students‟ result is a critical component of admission, transfer credit processing, and graduation
processing. The majority of result come into the University in paper form through multiple
points of entry and are processed in multiple areas depending on the reason the result is
requested (admissions evaluation, additional credit, pre-requisite requirements, special programs
or graduation processing). Currently, until result details are entered and processed, there is no
reliable way to track incoming result. This creates many problems for students and staff.
Students may be required to send in their result if their initial submissions cannot be located.
Staff spend a considerable amount of time trying to locate result. Lost or misplaced result can
delay admission decisions, prevent a student from registering into a course with pre-requisites
and ultimately delay graduation, which can lead to unwanted consequences. This study aims to
provide many benefits including proper routing and tracking of turned in results, improved
processing efficiency of the system, and increased satisfaction for both the staff and students for
processing of result. The purpose of this study is to design, develop and implement an efficient
computer-based result processing system to replace manual processing modes for Tertiary
Institutions. (Beka and Francis, 2015).

Online result system seems to be the ideal answer for busy individuals with a job who need more
education in order to advance or just keep pace professionally, this is simply referring to a way
of keeping learning to far individuals who wish to study close. A report by a faculty group at the
University of Illorin, however, has found out that many universities if not all provide result for
their students manually (Regalbuto, 1999). Due to the manual system, the desk officers in
Exams, Records and Statistics who are in charge of result processing find it difficult to edit
documented results and cancel out some errors such as omission or wrong entries. Even though
these corrections are made, the paper work will look mutilated (Mohini and Amar, 2011).

9
 Grey (2010) usually, manual processing or manual mode generating of results usually ends with
correction of errors and when they are given out to students, they look untidy.

2.3. UTILITIES OF ONLINE RESULT SYSYEM

Barrett (1999) encapsulates the essence of a student information system. He defines SMIS as “an
integrated software package that maintains, supports, and provides inquiry, analysis, and
communication tools that organize student accountability data into information to support the
educational process” through the use of technology (Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 4). Therefore, Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of
electronic devices such as computers and its peripherals, interconnected by a transmission media
which collect, processes, store and disseminate information (Duwel, 2000).
The relative ease of use of SMS makes it possible for a user to learn how to send SMS easily.
Schofield and Kubin (2002) argued that small devices could potentially provide better interface
for finding information than through page browsing and other means. More than 160 billion
SMS are exchanged each month in European countries (Mavrakis, 2004), and according to
(Shelf, 2006), 48.7 billion SMS messages were sent in the second half of 2005, which is up 50%
on the six months before that. Nowadays, with 45 million short messages sent in the U.K. alone
every day, a mobile phone that has the easiest interface for voice communication is likely to fail
the user satisfaction test if it does not provide a reasonably good SMS interface, the major
advantage of SMS is its cost effectiveness, and availability, as most individuals own phone.
(Gorienko and Merrick, 2003).

2.4. SYSTEM REVIEW

Most universities now provide examination results on their website and this is a very common
practice. When results are made available on the website, students have to login by providing a
username or ID and password before they can view their result. This ensures that examination
results are protected from unauthorized access. Although websites are readily accessible and
provide options like printing and saving, these benefits could easily be inaccessible if a user does
not have access to the internet. Also, the student must visit the website to know that the
examination results are available. While websites seem to be a very good option in countries

10
where internet is readily available, its impact can be less felt and it can be quite inconvenient and
expensive in countries with poor internet access. In such places, students will have to visit cyber
cafes where they have to pay to check their grades.
(Awodele etal; 2009) in their paper presentation on Issues in Science and Information
Technology volume 9 (2009), present a way of bringing information to students by leveraging
the availability of phones (with SMS capability), especially cell phones. They review the use of
mobile phones for delivering examination results via Short Messaging Service (SMS) in a
university, where student who have written examinations and anxious to see their results need to
get their grades in a convenient and accessible way, whether in the comfort of their homes, on
the road or while at work. Mobile phone seems to be an asset most individuals‟ possess, and take
almost everywhere with them, it is therefore a highly effective means of bringing information to
them faster, easily and on the move. An SMS result checking system not only enables students to
request for their grades, the system can also deliver the grades to their phones as soon as the
grades become available. This means that they can access their grades even in the remotest
locations where internet facility might be unavailable, preventing them from accessing the
school‟s website. Their study shows the implementation of such system and considers the
security issues associated. The system enforces security with the use of secret information
(password), and also provides access to new and old grades.

Apart from using websites to provide students with their examination results, other means
include IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System), and email.

IVRS: Interactive Voice Response System is a self-guided result checking system. In this
system, a student dials a number and listens to computer generated or recorded voice direction.
The voice instructs the student on what action (usually by pressing keys) to take to supply the
needed information. The supplied information is then used to generate the student‟s result, which
is spoken to the user. (Issues in Science and Information Technology volume 9, p.103). Some of
the disadvantages of the Interactive Voice Response System is that since it does not have user
interface, therefore it will be very difficult for student to make any complain regarding his/her
result. So therefore, the Interactive Voice Response System is not user friendly as the propose
system (Awodele etal; 2009).

Email: While email seems to be another intuitive means of sending results and other information
to students, even without them requesting for it. It requires internet connection, and although
several mobile phones allow accessing of emails on them, it is seldom used by mobile phone

11
 users (at least students). Email allows offers the benefit of mass distribution of information,
which is also possible using SMS as Bulk SMS. (Mavrakis, 2004; Shelf, 2006).

In this research, the Online Result Checking System is proposed to tackle the various problems
encounter by the above mode of result checking in the sense that it is user friendly that is it
provide an interface for student to register, login, view their result and make any necessary
complain. Other problem to be tackle by the Online Result Checking System are easy access to
result, issue of missing script among others.

2.5. MODE OF RESULT PROCESSING

Beka and Francis (2015) in their research in Emerging Science and Technology on Automated
Result Processing System state that there are two modes of result processing namely, the manual
mode system and electronic (automated) mode. Result can be processed manually with the use of
primitive tools such as tabs and calculators. The processing of result by machines in general in
such a way as to reduce to a minimum, the need for manual processing is referred to as automatic
data processing (Beka and Francis, 2015). Result processing is mainly done by computers, and
the methodology is referred to as electronic data processing (Research in Emerging Science and
Technology, Vol.2, No, 9, p.3).

Generally the result processing methods are:

2.5.1 Manual System

This is the case where the result processing and generation for the departments are carried
manually. This manual system of result processing, as observed in this study has many problems,
among which are:
1. Delays in carrying out these activities due to tediousness.
2. Missing results due to carelessness or misplacement.
3. Miscalculation of student‟s results.
Due to the manual system, the desk officers both in Exams and in Records and Statistics who are
in charge of result processing find it difficult to edit documented results and cancel out some
errors such as omission or wrong entries. Even though these corrections are made, the paper
work will look mutilated (Mohini and Amar, 2011).

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 2.5.2 Automation of Activities

This is the step to take when developing an automated system more especially when it has to do
with the result processing are discussed. (Beka and Francis, 2015).
Examination results of students are one of the most important elements of an institution.
Processing of this data must be under effective management, to ensure:
1. Substantial saving of time and decreasing cost.
2. Efficiency and speedy output when results are processed
There are many other steps to take when automating a process. Automation offers many
advantages which include an improved process while decreasing cost. When automating, for
outside help if indeed such need arises, to ensure the system runs smoothly. Such expertise can
ensure the following:
1. Successful automation can improve quality, increase throughput, and reduce costs. A
capable integrator recognizes what to automate and what not to automate and make sure
that simple parts meet necessary tolerance for automation.
2. Provide the primary goals you want to accomplish with automation (reducing cost,
increasing throughput, improving quality and efficiency). An effective student record
system allow for easy and precise movement of student record among levels of the
Department of Mathematical Sciences using standard format. Electronic data can be
received more rapidly than paper document, this enable quick decision making on
students record. The mutation from paper based record system to the computerized
system provides greater availability of information. It reduces the cost of handling the
paper work associated with keeping of the record.
The computerized record system has better security protection than the manual system by using
administration login and password to reduce unauthorized accessibility.

2.6. ONLINE RESULT CHECKING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

In Nigeria, the education system focused strongly on examinations. In 1961, Lord Fredrick
Lugard, the first governor of the unified colony, set up a school inspectorate, discipline,
buildings and adequacy of teaching staff were to be inspected, but the most points given to a
school‟s performance went to the number and ranking of its examination results. This stress on
examinations was still used in 1990 to judge educational results to obtain qualifications for jobs
13
in government and the private sector. As more information is made available in a variety of
formats and media and in a variety of locations, the need to manage information or data
efficiently becomes more and more critical. Both staff and public users want access to stored
information and want to access it more efficiently. It is the university policy to improve both the
efficiency and effectiveness of course registration and result processing operations and services
through the implementation of an integrated automated database system (Grey, 2010).

A report by a faculty group at the University of Illorin, however, has found out that many
universities if not all provide result for their students manually (Regalbuto, 1999). Due to the
manual system, the desk officers in Exams, Records and Statistics who are in charge of result
processing find it difficult to edit documented results and cancel out some errors such as
omission or wrong entries. Even though these corrections are made, the paper work will look
mutilated (Mohini and Amar, 2011). However, the record of the student, if included would only
be a factor if there were any negative reports, such as suspensions or other disciplinary actions.
Schools find it very difficult to generate results for a large number of students (Ogbeifun and
Ekpeyong, 2008). Generally, schools wait after several years before processing the results of
students that have graduated from their institutions. The manual processing of students result is
usually very tedious and time wasting. This therefore, is the rationale for this study. The use of
personal computers has become very common in today‟s world. Therefore, the need to
computerize the result processing the system cannot be underestimated because of its speed, ease
of processing, accuracy and timelines. Computing trends that began in early 1980s have enabled
low cost digital storage of information, rapid transmission of data across computer networks and
sophisticated retrieval and processing of electronic documents and information (Atabong etal;
2010). With this background of increased information availability in a relatively short response
time and technological innovation, tertiary institutions can develop new and revolutionary
methods of providing students a way in which they can access their result via the institutions web
portal. Lecturers in the institution can have access to the portal to enable them upload the
semester results of students every session.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.0. INTRODUCTION

The need for automation of a system necessitates a thorough analysis of the existing system in
other to ascertain what is required of the new system. This research work details the
requirements and application of the web base Result Checking System used as the case study.

3.1. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Online Result Checking System (ORCS) is a form of automated result management whereby a
student login to view his/her result over the internet without an intermediary service. Online
Result Checking System (ORCS) invoke the physical analogy of checking result at departmental
notice board. Computerizing this activities involved in a result checking experience. The prime
activities involved in this system include registration of students, login and logout of students,
viewing of result by the student, editing student information, uploading student results and
general maintenance of the system by the admin.

The case study is the Department of Mathematical Sciences of Nasarawa State University, Keffi,
Nigeria. The department has three (3) units and graduates a good number of students per year. In
the department, results are processed and generated manually. The students are appraised
through continuous assessment (CA) which may comprise of test on their various courses per
semester and assignments and then examination. The combination of the CA and examination
makes up the student result. The lecturer for each course compiles the grades or scores of each
student which makes up the total score for the course, to know the students final result. Each
lecturer then sends the result to the course advisor who is the head of a particular class or level,
who then gets the result from the various lecturers and compiles it. When the course advisor is
done compiling result, he then sends the result to the Departmental Board of Examiners which
goes through over the result and cross-checks for errors and amendment. Then, the result is sent
to Faculty Board of Examiners who goes over the result again, to check for errors and
amendment. When this is done, the result is sent to Senate Business School Committee which
goes through the result once more to ensure there are no errors before it is finally sent to Senate
which is the last body to sit and look at the result and to make decision, if the result could be

15
 approved or stepped-down for further correction. In the case where result has been approved, the
approved result by Senate is then sent to the Exams and Records (administrators), the Unit that
manually enters the result in their system database.

In the Online Result Checking System (ORCS), after the result has pass through the various
board of examiners, the result will then be computed into the new system database by the
Administrator who have the highest privilege or full control of the system. This can be done
either by writing some SQL query to add the result into the database or by making change
directly from the phpmyadmin panel in the server. This compilation is done level by level, a
student cannot view the result of a level that is not yet computed. The Admin will enter the
course code, the grades and the remarks which are either for example Course Code “CMP111”,
Grade “F” and Remark “Repeat CMP111” or “Pass” if such student have no problem with their
results. The new system will allow for update of student information by the Admin. It is to be
noted that the Online Result Checking System (ORCS) is only an aspect of a complete Student
Information System (SIS) package. In this system, compilation of student result are done by the
admin, the admin will input the various courses, grades and remarks for each student into the
database by writing some queries. The admin can edit or update student information by writing
some query into the database but whenever the admin want to edit student information using the
system, then he/she will login with his/her login credentials in other to edit and update the
student information via the system without writing any query to the database and the only
information that an admin can edit and update through the system is the student personal
information because the system has not yet provide any means with which the admin can edit
and update other information such as the courses a student register. (Abel etal; 2013).

3.2. REQUREMENT OF ONLINE RESULT CHECKING SYSTEM

In other to overcome the setback of the manual system, the new system is being proposed. The
proposed system is a computerized one which has a greater accuracy and efficiency. This takes
only limited time for a student result retrieval which could aid a quick respond in case of any
miscalculation. Thus some of the requirements are categorized bellow.

16
3.2.1. Functional Requirements

The functional requirement are the statement of services that the system should provide such as
checking the result, and how the system should react to some input such as the error message
when a student input a wrong password (Pavesic etal; 2007). This research or project work will
consist of student module and admin module as well as general module for those who are not
student. The system blends all the functionality required to manage result in a school into an
intuitive and user friendly graphical interface. Some functional requirement of the proposed
system are as follows:

1. Every input will be validated and ensured to be appropriate for the context required.
2. Reports and screens will include sections and heading to segment information.
3. Input form will be clearly labeled as concerns the input requirement of the form.
4. Student will be able to view their results.
5. Admin will be able to edit student information.
6. Admin will be able to upload student results.
7. Users should be properly informed of the statue of an action whether successful or
not.

3.2.2. Non-Functional Requirements

The nonfunctional requirements describe the constraints on the services or functions offered by
the system (Pavesic etal; 2007). This project work considers the product non-functional
requirements which specifies that the proposed system should behave in a particular way.

1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Efficiency
4. Accessibility

Speed: In general terms speed is use to describe the time taking to accomplish a particular task.
Speed in this context is no different, the system design takes into consideration the time taken to
complete processes such as online result checking.

Accuracy: The proposed system is expected to curb known errors that plague the manual system
to the barest minimum. Errors such as collection of student information, update, valid password
and username, matriculation number etc.
17
 Efficiency: It is the ability to do something well or achieve something without much waste of
time and energy. The flaw of efficiency in the existing system is also taken into consideration.

Accessibility: The system design also consider user ability to understand without specialized
knowledge of the new system. This is promoting a user friendly system with ease of use and
faster navigation.

3.3. DESIGN APPROACH

This research will make use of the Incremental Delivery Model of Software Development Life
Circle and the model-driven approach to model the behavior of the system.

Incremental delivery model of the software development life circle is the standard model to
develop software product. It is a method of software development in which the design,
implementation and testing phase is upgraded and/ or incremented (a little more is added each
time) until the required product is done. This method involve both the development and
maintenance phases. The under development product is define as completed when it satisfies all
of its functional requirements. This model combines the elements of the waterfall model with the
iterative philosophy of prototype model. (Jeffrey etal; 2000).

Fig.1.0: Incremental SDLC

The following phases represent the different phases of Incremental model SDLC.

18
 1. Requirement Phase:

In this phase of incremental model the basic requirements are identify by the product analysis
expertise. This phase involves to understand the system functional requirement. After completely
understanding the user demand team members make ready a product requirement tools
documents and categorized the functionality of the system. The basic requirement for the new
system are identified, collected and a though rout feasibility study were carried out on these data
and how they can collaborate to solve the existing problem. The requirement are not just those
that they proposed system need but also the one it will meet such as the functional and
nonfunctional requirement.

2. Design and Development Phase:

In this phase of incremental model of SDLC the design of the system functionality and the
development process is done successfully. Incremental model use design and development phase
each time when new functionality and/or new version of the product have to be developed.

3. Testing Phase:

The testing phase of the incremental model checks the behavior of each existing function in the
system under development as well as the additional functionality. Several testing methods are
used under this phase to check the behavior of each categorized function and system respond.

A stub testing used to perform test on individual modules of the program to ensure each smaller
unit is working appropriately. After this, unit and program testing will come in, this is to ensure
if these smaller subprograms that the stub test is perform on them are integrated, the program
will still work perfectly and finally, the system testing will be carried out to ensure that
application programs written and tested in isolation work properly when they are integrated into
the total system.

4. Implementation phase:

The Implementation phase of incremental model enable the coding phase of the under developed
system. This phase includes the final coding of the system in the design and development phase
and testing of the functionalities under testing phase. After completion of the phase the product
working is enhanced and upgrade up to final system product. The system will be implemented
using what is called “Conversion Plan,” this plan will identify the end-user and documentation

19
that could be developed on the new system. The major importance of using this plan is that it
identify the database installation and strategy for conversion from the old system to the new
system. (Zendler, 1997)

Model-driven approach emphasize the drawing of pictorial system models to document and
validate the existing and/or proposed system. Ultimately, the system model will become the
blueprint for designing the approved system. There are many type of model-driven approaches
which includes; structured approach, information engineering and object oriented approach. For
the cause of this research, the object oriented approach will be used.

(Jeffrey etal; 2000) state that the Object Oriented Approach is a Model-driven technique that is
use to integrate DATA and PROCESS concern in any system development into construct called
OBJECTS. OOA model are the pictures that illustrate the system objects from various
perspectives such as structures and behaviors. The choice of using OOA in this research work is
because OOA has become popular that a modelling standard has evolved around it and that is the
Unified Modelling Language UML. UML is use in the design and analysis of the proposed
system to provide graphical syntax for an entire series of objects such as the model illustrated in
fig.1.0 and other subsequent figures.

Fig 2.0: ORCS Class diagram

20
3.4. DESIGN TOOLS

The design tools are the various tools used in the design of this application, the following are of
the tools used in the development of this system.
1. Testing tools: the testing tools are such tools like the web browser which are used to test
every stage of the application code.
2. Application Server: the application server used in this work is the Apache server
running in the Wamp server.
3. Database Server: MYSQL is the database server that was use at the back end.
4. IDE: Integrated Development Environment: notepad++ is the IDE used in designing the
software.
5. UML Model Tools: Edraw Max UML development software is used to design the
various UML diagrams such as the class, activity, sequence and use-case diagram.

3.5. DESIGN INPUT/OUTPUT FORMAT

3.5.1. Input format

These are the input documents worked on. The main input documents in this project are student‟s
information (registration/login details), updated result, from which the student‟s registration
(matriculation) number, etc., will be supplied. The keyboard will be used as the main input
device. Fig.3.0 shows the activity diagram for input format.

21
Fig.3.0: System Activity Diagram

Registration Table:

The registration table consists of the fields where student provide their personal registration
details. Table 1.0 shows the student registration details populated from the database.

Table 1.0: Student Registration

Student registration table with sample data from the design view, that is Database.

Table 2.0 shows the structure of the structure of student registration.

22
Table 2.0: Reg Table Structure

Administrative Login Table:

The administrator (course adviser) log in handles the imputing of students result, updating
student information and accessing students result. The form in Table 3.0 handles the
administrative authorization into the database and the activity that the administrator undertake is
shown in Fig.4.0

Table 3.0: Administrative login

23
 Fig. 4.0: Admin login

Student Login Table:

The students log in handles the imputing of student‟s login details as to enable the student to
view and access his result. The table below shows the student login details populated with some
sample data from the design view (database) and the diagram shows the activity that the students
undertake.

Table 4.0: Student login

Fig.5.0: Student login

Once a student has completed his/her registration, the student login with his username and
password. If valid, the student will proceed to view his/her result, check if there is any error, if

24
 there is, the student will make a complaint and submit it. If there is no error or other business
then the student will logout.

3.5.2. Output Format:

In view of the system, the monitor will be used as the main output devices. The output
documents will be the statement of results on the inputs made.

View Result:
This menu enables students to view their result and ensure that it is accurate if and only if he
input his/her login detail correctly. Table 5.0 shows the result table populated with some sample
data from the database.

Table 5.0: Result Table

3.6. SYSTEM DESIGN FOR ORCS

The new system is being presented for implementation so as to ensure maximum security of
result, fast processing and reduce computational errors to the barest minimum. This new system
will provide easy storage and retrieval of result since the existing manual system is deficient is
this aspect. The proposed system will be design using the notepad editor and hosted by a local
host Wamp server to control all the activities at the back end. The system will be presented with
a powerful interface to attract user.
The new system is expected to achieve the following objectives at the end of full
implementation:

1. To eliminate errors: the errors encountered during manual computation are eliminated.
2. Flexibility: the new system will be flexible enough to accept modification of the old
system and also modifications related to the new system.
3. Adequate response time: the new system should be able to respond immediately once
the necessary data is entered.

25
 4. Easy usage: the new system is designed to allow the user to easily interact with it. Hence,
it provides a Graphic User Interface (GUI), which makes the software user friendly.
5. Cost effective — the new system should be able to meet the requirements of the user
without causing unnecessary financial headache or without being more stressful than the
old one.

3.7. SYSTEM DESIGN MODEL

The heart of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is the construction of model. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML) and the Object Management Group (OMG) standard since 1997 is a
graphical language for the modelling and development of software system. It provide modelling
and visualized the support for all phase of software development from requirement analysis, to
specification, to construct and deployment. The central idea behind using the UML for visual
modelling is to capture the significant details about a system such that the requirement for the
project are clearly understood. The UML does not only provide the notation for the basic
building blocks, it also provide for ways to express complex relationship among the basic
building blocks. (Booch etal; 1999).

3.7.1. UML (UNIFIED MODELLING LANGUAGE)

UML offers a way to visualize a system architecture blueprints in a diagram and including
element such as:

1. Use case
2. any activity (jobs);
3. class diagram;
4. activity diagram;
5. sequence diagram;
6. individual components of the system and how the interact with other
components;
7. how the system will run;
8. how entities interact with others (components and interfaces)

26
Use case

The Use Case Model describes the proposed functionality of the new system. A Use Case
represents a discrete unit of interaction between a user (human or machine) and the system. A
Use Case is a single unit of meaningful work; for example login to system, register with system
and create order are all Use Cases. Each Use Case has a description which describes the
functionality that will be built in the proposed system. A Use Case may 'include' another Use
Case's functionality or 'extend' another Use Case with its own behavior. (Booch etal; 1999).

A Use Case description will generally include:

1. Actors - something with a behavior or role, e.g., a person, another system, organization.
2. Scenario - a specific sequence of actions and interactions between actors and the system,
a.k.a. a use case instance
3. Use case - a collection of related success and failure scenarios, describing actors using
the system to support a goal.
In the design of the proposed system, there is need for one to have a detailed description of how
the design was carried out. That is, knowing what kind of input will generate to output. The
UML Use-case diagram below simply explain the Input and Output of the new system and those
who interact with the new system with their different level of abstraction. For example, the only
level of abstraction that a Student has is the “Information Update Level” while his view level are
register, login, view result and to make complain. This new system will allow those who apply
for any program in the department to see update and other curriculum activities. While the
management here are those who maintain and host the website.

27
 Fig.5.0: System Use-case

Thus, other description of use-case may also include:

1. General comments and notes describing the use case;
2. Requirements - Things that the use case must allow the user to do, such as ability to
update order, ability to modify order & etc.
3. Constraints- Rules about what can and can't be done. Includes
4. Scenarios - Sequential descriptions of the steps taken to carry out the use case. May
include multiple scenarios, to cater for exceptional circumstances and alternate
processing paths;
5. Scenario diagrams -Sequence diagrams to depict the workflow - similar to (4) but
graphically portrayed.
6. Additional attributes such as implementation phase, version number, complexity rating,
stereotype and status.

3.7.2. ERM (ENTITY RELATIONAL MODEL)

The first step in information system design dictate that the requirements analysis models
illustrate the type of data or information that need to be collected. The data modelling method
illustrate a specific interest area‟s ontology. Like the relational model, abstract data is converted
to a logical data model when the design of an information system is built on a database. The

28
ERM is used in this system to show the graphical representation of the kind of relationship that
exist between the various entities in the database. An entity here could be Students,
Administrator etc. figure7.0 shows the various entities and the kind of relationship that exist
between them in the database as design by the MySQL Workbench. MySQL workbench is a tool
used in the design of various kinds of data model when connected to the database, it
automatically generate the entities, attributes, operations and the kind of relationship that exist
between those data among others.

Fig.6.0. ER Model for ORCS

29
3.8. PROGRAM FLOW CHART

The application flow chart show the major procedure or steps necessary to follow or performed
in other to get the right information.

Fig.7.0: Application flow chart.

Fig.7.0 shows the system flow of information between the various users of the system. The
diagram has already conveyed the necessary information.

30
 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DISCUSSION AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1. DISCUSSION

Eludire (2011) observed that problems associated with student academic record management
include improper course registration, late release of students results, inaccuracy due to manual
and tedious calculation and retrieval difficulties/inefficiency, According to him, the development
of database concept is the answer to these problems where the amount of redundant data is
reduced and the possibility that data contained on a file might be inaccurate because they were
never updated. With the complete implementation of the Online Result Checking System, the
problems stated which lead to over stressing course adviser will be greatly reduced. It can also be
noted that the processing of result will be carried out with little or no effort. The most important
conclusion to be drawn from the specification of the Online Result Checking System is the
potential cost savings it offers over the existing system, if implemented correctly. Also, it will
ease the tracking of the result at any given time and increase the time to serve the student with
their requests. It also aims at benefitting the “Going Green” effort by eliminating the need of
paper at various points. It will reduce the usage of the paper in quantifiable amount. A successful
implementation of this project will help the academics to streamline the process flow of the
result and reduce the time for taking critical decision, which can lead to both time and resource
savings to the Department

4.2. IMPLEMENTATION

The system implementation consist of the integration of the data collected and gathered during
the design interface and it is to be noted that the implementation requirement for software
development differs, so are the requirements too. System requirements depend on some
predefined factors. The simplicity of the programming language used in the development of any
system makes the whole development process less tasking, which is a very important feature of
software development. The proposed system being a result checking system, is targeted towards
level coordinator who want to process the student‟s result. The new system is implemented using
MySQL database to store all the student information in phpmyadmin from Wamp server.

31
4.2.1. IMPLEMENTATION TOOL USED

The design of the web application can be structured into three tier architecture. The first tier is
called the back-end, the second tier is called the middle ware and the third tier is called the back-
end. (Mohd and Sultan, 2013)

[Link]. Front End

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and PHP are used as the front end language. HTML is
the authoring software language used on the web and it is use in creating the various web pages
while PHP is used to communicate with the web server.

[Link]. Middle Ware

A web transaction takes place on the servers. There are several webbing servers but this project
work made use of the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Server. Apache HTTP
Server is used because it is the most popular web server and it is an open source HTTP web
server software. Hypertext PreProcessor (PHP) is used in this project as the language that works
with the Apache server to interpret request from client processes and interact with other
programs that may be needed to fulfil the process of result checking and indicate to the web
server the actual page to serve the client. PHP is used in this project due to the following reasons:

PHP is widely used general purpose scripting language is especially suited for web development
and can be embedded into HTML. PHP is an open source language therefore it can be gotten and
used at no cost and it can be interfaced with any database system e.g. Access, MySQL etc. for
the back-end of the web application. Using PHP scripting and MySQL database enables the
creation of applications that will run on any computer regardless of operating system.

[Link]. Back End

Back-end provides database services to the other computer programs of computer. Database
Management System (DBMS) provides functionality to database servers. MySQL is used as the
DBMS for this project work, which happens to be the most popular database in the world runs on
a server daemons where users on or even remote computers can connect.

32
4.3. SYSTEM TESTING

To know the effectiveness of the proposed system and whether it meets its required specification,
the system must be provided with test data. These test data would be used to test the system to
ascertain its workability. In this new system, it is ensured that every single id‟s or classes, links
or tags in the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is capture in the Cascading Style Sheet
(CSS) by giving them a nice and suiting style to make sure that they are all working according to
requirement and in other to see how this single units work according to requirement individually.
There is a need for constant refreshment of the browser to see how the web pages changes
dynamically. Furthermore, the integration testing is the major part of the work as it shows how
all the part of the system are interconnected to achieve a desired objective, in other to do this and
make the program tidy, folders were created within the maim program, some of the folders
created are the Includes folder, CSS folder, JavaScript folder etc. All files that need to be
included in other files are save in the Includes folder, all the styling of the id‟s, links etc. are save
in CSS folders. JavaScript folder is use to save the scrip that is used to respond whenever there is
an incorrect input, it is to be noted that such folders where created in other to make the program
look a little bit clean. Then PHP includes files function was used to link (call) all the PHP files
together. The testing tool used in testing the system are web browser, Google chrome is the best
browser that was use in opening any web application especially using PC. (Jeremy, 2010).

4.4. DATABASE STRUCTURE

The database is composed of the primary key, type of data that each field will hold, the length of
each field etc. The Online Result Checking System (ORCS) design is secured in the sense that
only the administrator is allowed full control, change, read and access the entire database. As for
the users, he/she has a limited access to read and view information. A registered user who want
to access his/her result must input a valid username and password before they can access their
results. But other users such as those who want to apply to study in the department need not to
register because all the information that they may need will be posted at the home page.

33
4.5. SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

Documentation serves as the method of communication among people responsible for

developing, implementing and maintaining a computer based system. It is important in detecting
errors and implementing future modification of the system.

User training on the administrator end is another vital activity in the implementation process of
this new system and it depends on a proper documentation of the system. This system users are
expected to be literates and the administrator an expected to be trained and provided with the
needed documentation guides on the new system usage. Fig.8.0 describe the functionalities of the
new system.

4.5.1. Home Page

Fig 8.0. Shows the home page of the Online Result Checking System (ORCS) which displays the
entire navigation of the entire website. This is where all the stake holders like the application
users (applicants) can view any latest information and the students can login to view their result.
It is to be noted that all the tab are linked at the home page.

The Administrator controls all the information posted on the website. The Administrator logs in
at the Admin tab on the Home page by using the Admin username and password. The
Administrator here comprises of anyone who is given the task of computing the student‟s
confidential grade on the web page when calculated and they are stored at the view result tab for
the authorized students to view.

Fig.8.0: Home Page

34
4.5.2. Administration page

The entire compilation is done by the administrator and stored in the student tab. Other activities
such as the update of information are also done by the Administrator.

4.5.3. Student Registration Interface

Fig.9.0. shows the student registration interface. In this page, a student is allowed to enter all his
information as requested by the page and after filling the form, the student submits the form to
confirm his/her registration statue.

Fig.9.0: Student Registration Form

4.5.4. Student Login Interface

To access the result, the student will have to login using the login link. After the login, the
student will gain access to view the result interface.

4.5.5. Search Result Interface

After a student login with his/her correct login credentials, a view result interface will show
which allows the student to enter his/her matriculation number to search for their result. Fig.10.0
show the search result page

35
Fig.10.0: Search Result Page

4.5.6. View Result Interface

After a student inputs his/her matriculation number and select a particular level to which he/she
want to view the result, and click on the Check Result button, then the view result interface will
pop up as shown in Fig.11.0.

Fig.11.0: View Result Interface

36
4.5.7. Update Information Page

When a student move to a new level, or register with some incomplete details, the admin can
login through the admin page, search the student with incomplete registration details. Using the
Search Student page and a student can only be search using the matriculation number only.
When such student is found, the admin edit the necessary information and then click on the
Update button. Fig.12.0. shows the edit student information page.

Fig.12.0: Edit Student Info Interface

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. SUMMARY

The era is advance and well developed and the basic reason for this development is the internet
ant its application which has provided the individuals with the easiest routine in their daily lives.
The modern era of the internet has made even the most tiring and physically demanding works
on the finger tips. For example the existing method of result computation which is indeed very
complicated can easily be done on the internet in modern time. This technology has emerged as
one that breakthrough uses of the internet.

The modern developments through the internet have also widened the opportunities for
institutional and professional development of the web applications. The need to manage result
online in any institution are a major concern as the institution can development their own website
to manage their students information.

In short, if without any major obstacles, the online result management system will continue to
mature globally, it will become an essential online result management plan for many institutions
in order to maintain long time record management. In developing a system, the developer must
fully understand what the problems are and understand the user context.

This system for the online result checking can be used by most institution to enable their
students view result online regardless of wherever they are in as much as there is internet
connection there. It helps to improve student services and enables the administrator manage
details and requirement efficiently.

The Online Result Checking System (ORCS) system is a web base system developed to
automate the activities involved in managing student result online. As a web base application, it
will deploy on the internet and support multi-users in a network environment. This allow for
quick access to the relevant information by the student especially those that want to check their
results.

The aim of this system is to augment the process and bridge the gap between the manual mode of
result processing and the automated mode.

38
5.2. CONCLUTION

The importance of information as a tool for veritable development in any given sector cannot be
over emphasized in the day to day activity of any establishment in the world. The internet is
today becoming the backbone and foundation stone for building valid information technology
and it is of great important to the department to stay on the same pedestal with other departments
around the world especially the developing countries.

However, the World Wide Web (www) is a key that has unlocked many possibilities easy access
and dissemination of information is inclusive. The web page of the designed and implemented
web site provide equitable opportunities of learning for poor, average and bright users both local
and distant. The system will offer excellent flexibility to organizational structures and an
outcome helping to save time, ultimately saving cost when put in place and when compared with
the existing system. Further research can be done to improve on the effectiveness of the system
implementation in any kind of higher institution of learning.

5.3. RECOMMENDATION

The department should put plan in motion to implement this project on a full scale since the
department already have a web site. The project could be appended to the department web site
without extra cost of service and man power. Moreover, there should be periodic updating of the
web site content through the use of the personnel who are saddle with the responsibility of
constant updating of the site.

The Online Result Checking System (ORCS) website should use less of heavy memory graphics
as this takes more time to load by the web browsers and could turn out to be an expensive
website to visit by users of information and thereby discouraging the web traffic which could
defeat the sole aim of the creation of the website in the first place.

Therefore, the use of automated result is very essential in our global technology world because of
high internet connectivity and large shared bandwidth among the telecommunication industries.

39
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 APPENDIX

<!--Home page start-->

<DOCTYPE!>
<html>
<?php include 'includes/[Link]';?>
<body>
<div class = "header">
<a href="[Link]"> <img src = "images/[Link]"> </a> <div id = "Header">
<h1> DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE ONLINE RESULT CHECKER <hr id
= "header_hr"> </h1>
</div>
<div class ="nav_students_homepage">
<ul id = "main_ul">
<li> <a href="admin_login.php"> Admin login </a></li>
<li> <a href="student_login.php"> Student login </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class = "content">
<div class="slideshow">
<ul class="slideshow">
<li><img src="images/[Link]" /></li>
<li><img src="images/[Link]" /></li> <li><img src="images/[Link]" /></li>
<li><img src="images/[Link]" /></li>
</ul>
<a href = ""> Click here </a> to check out our picture gallary... <hr id = "content_hr">
<div id="update_1">
<h3>Student Affairs</h3>
<p> The student affairs department here by use this medium to here by inform all the students
that...<p> <a href = "students_affairs_read_more.php"> Read More </a></p>

42
</div>
<div id="update_2">
<h3> From the HOD desk</h3>
<p> This notice is to all students taking the entrepreneurial general studies course that there will
be exibition scheduled as follows...<p> <a href = ""> Read more </a> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="update_3">
<h3> DMS Curriculum </h3>
<p>notify the entire school and the general public that the current academic session will not...
<p> <a href = "#"> Read More </a></p>
</div>
<div id="update_4">
<h3> Post UTME update </h3>
<p> card should be submitted to the department from... <p> <a href = "#"> Read More
</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php include 'includes/[Link]';?>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Home page end-->
<!-- Edit Student Registration Page--->
<DOCTYPE!>
<html>
<?php include 'includes/update_student_header.php';?>
<body>
<div class = "header">
<a href="[Link]"> <img src = "images/[Link]"> </a>

43