GRAVITATION’ 01 '|sRaviration tt s the name given to the force of attraction between any two bodies of the universe Gravitational force 's the weakest force in nature. It is the most important force because it plays an Controlling the entir f.02 | NEWTON'S Law OF GRavITATI LL OF GR ION OR UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION important role in re structure of the universe. STATEMENT: It states that everybody in this universe attracts every other body with a force whichis directly proportional to the product of their Masses and inversely proportional to the ce between them. EXPLANATION: () SCALARFORM Consider two bodies A and B of mass m, and m, and let 'r’ be the distance between them. Let'F’be the force of attraction between them. according to newton’s law of gravitation, a) (i) G = constant of proportionality (ji) G = universal gravitational constant {iil) G =6.67x107" Nev NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob: 94191-94020 (i) VECTOR FORM: due to mass gravitational force on mass "™ ‘m,can be written as gravitational ‘m,'canbe written as (3) Note:- In equations. (2) and (3), -ve sign means that the gravitational force is attractive innature. We know, Therefore, from (2) and (3), | (4) Hence_gravitat ‘3rdlawof motion. | force obeys Newton's 1.03 | GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT ‘We know, from Newton's law of gravitation, F-G¢™2 (v) (2) put equation (2) in (1), 0) -€9 o1-a Thus, universal gravitational constant |S force of attraction between defined as the two bodies of unit mass each and placed ata unitdist nce apart tional constant is 2 scalar quantity ts value is same throughout the universe. The value of system is 6.67 x 10" Nmv'kg The dimensional formula of G is (M"L°T"] (steP-2:| py , SUBASH gupta F 4 | CHARACTERISTICS OF i | GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (i) gravitational force is central force (ii) gravitational force is conservative force (iii) gravitational force obeys Newton's 3rd law of motion. (iv) gravitational force is independent of nature and size of the body. (v) gravitational force is independent of presence of other bodies. 1. Asphere of mass 40 kg is attracted by a second sphere of mass 60 kg with a force equal to 4 mgf. If G = 6 x 10” Nm’ kg’, calculate the distance between them. Acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms*. | Solution. STEP-1: m, = 40kg m, = 60kg Fe dmgf =4x10“ig-at= 410° x10N=4 x 10°N G = 6x10" Nm*/kg? r STEP. Putthe various values. 6x1 40 «60. x 10 => |r=6cem 2. The mass of the planet Jupiter 's 1.9 x 10” kg and that of the sun is 1,99 x 10” kg. The mean distance © the Jupiter from the sun is 7.8 x 10° m. Calculate the gravitational force which the sun exerts on Jupiter. Assuming that Jupiter moves in circular orbit around the sun, calculate the speed of the Jupiter G=6.67x10" Nmkg®. Solution. STEP-1: M, =1.9x 10" kg Mg = 1.99 x 10 kg r=7.8x10"m G = 6.67 x10" Nm? F=? y=? 02 - Gray[steP2)] We know i |. GMM] [STEP-3:] Putthe various values. 6.67 x10" 1.9.x 10"” x 1.99 x 10" 8x10") We know centripetal force is given by. For Jupiter M,4 = /¥, =1.3x 10 mis] 3. Asphere of mass 40 kg to attracted by a second sphere of mass 15 kg. when their centres are 20 cm apart, with a force of 0.1 milligram weight. Calculate the value of gravitational constant. i WANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 py subasis ©: GUPTA solution. {sTeP-1 m, = 40Kg m, = 15k + = 20cm = 0.20m Fe 0.1m ' oipitextth G (ster We know STE! putthe various values in eq. (1) ] 0.110% x 9.8 40x15 (0.20) => |G = 6.5310" Nm? PROBLEMS F: OR PRACTICE: Calculate gravitational attraction between two cars 5m apart, if masses of the cars are1000 kg and 1200kg. Sol. Given, m,= 1000kg m,=1200kg r=Sm 03 - Grav6.6710 + 1000% 1200 Gy ¥ F=3.2x10°N 2, Calculate force of attraction between two bodies each of mass 100 kg and 1m apart on the surface ofthe earth, Sol. ™,= 100 kg m= 100kg r=4m 6710"! «100100 ay = [F=6.67x10N 3. A70 kg boy stands 1m away froma 60 kg boy. Calculate gravitational attraction between them m,=70kg m,=60kg 1m Sol. p= 8:67%10" x 70x60 (ye => |F=2.80x107N by : SUBASH ©. GUPTA {Concept| in C.GS_ system, the value of ‘GIs 6.67 « 10" dyne cm? gm [Concept] Gravitational force is always attractive (Concept) s gravitatic . medium between the two particles. q Cone Tkgwt=9.8N or 1kgf=9.8N GERM Which is greater - the attraction of earth for 5 kg of copper or attraction of 5kg of copper for earth? Ans:- same (EE The gravitational force between two spheres is ‘F’ when the distance between their centres is ‘y’. What will be the new force if the separation is made ‘3y’? Ans:- We know101:) Newton's law of gravitation is universal, because \) itis always attractive tis not affected by the medium acts on all masses at any distances D) _allthe above Ans:- (D) due to all the three given reasons, the Newton's law of motion is applicable throughout the universe. [M02:] Southern hemisphere of earth is ‘upside down’ but people living there do not fall off the earth because (A) theirweights are zero 8) _ theirweights are infinite (C) earth attracts everybody towards its centre gravity is zero in the southern hemi- sphere. Ans:- iC) This is because earth attracts every oedy towards its centre. (Mo3:] Two point masses at a given distance exert a gravitational interaction force on each other equal to F. If one mass is doubled, the other is halved, and the distance between them is doubled, the resulting interaction force is (B) F/2 (D) 4F RIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 Ans:- (A) Initially, mm, a) Finally, (m, (2m,)| —*} (ary mm, ar’ M04:] The force of gravitation between two bodies of mass 1kg each separated by a distance of 1m in vacuumis (A) 6.67x10°N (C) 6.67x10"N Ans:- (C) (B)6.67 x 10 °N (D)6.67 x 10°N Gm,m 6.6710" x 1x1 ay => |F=6.67x10"'N M05:} If the diameter of the earth becomes two times of its present value and its mass remains unchanged, then how would the weight of an object on the surface of the earth be affected? 05 - Grav.(A) itwillbecome halt (8) twillbecome one-fourth ‘C) —itwill become doubie (DB) itwilldecome fourtimes Ans:- (8) |. om] gS] feces 4.05 GR itis the force of attraction exerted by earth on body lying on or near the surface of the rth. Ts ea The units and dimensions of gravity are the ‘Same as those of force. | 1.06 \TION DUE TOGRAVITY | ISTEP-1: | |Ifwe drop a body from a certain height, then it ‘starts falling towards the centre of earth |under the effect of gravity & its velocity goes “onincreasing. BY : SUBASH C. GUPTA The acceleradion so produced in the body illed as acceleration dueto gravity, |STEP-2 } acceleration due to gravity js defined a fate of increase of velocity of the body falling freely towards the earth. Itis denoted by g’. It does not d shape, size & Its S.1. unitis m/s’ Its dimensional formulais (L'T ass of the falling body ooh ae 1.07| RELATION B Consider earth to be a spherical body of Mass M, radius R and with centre O, | { Suppose a body of | mass ‘m’ be pla on the surface of L earth, According to Ne: the force of att the earthis given by F ae seve) Also we know, F=mg @ From (1) and (2) => mg=—— 06 - Gray ‘ ue an. ne ee aan A ee ee ee naa - © 6 «acesFrom eq. (3), it is clear that the value of ‘y depends upon mass and radius of earth but is independent of mass, shape and size of the body apts | ()__Ifradius of the planet decreases (1) by *%, then acceleration due to gravity increases (1) by 2x%. i.e. (ii) If mass increases (t) by x%: the acceleration due to gravity increases (N)byx%.i.e. sity decreases (1) by x% : then acceleration due to gravity (1) byx%.i.e. Gil) zGRp SOLVEDPROBLEM: 4. Assuming the earth to be a uniform sphere of radius 6400 km and density 5.5 gmicc, find the value of gonits surface. G=6.66x 10" Nm*kg*. ‘Solution. \|STEP-1: R = 6400km = 6.4 x 10°m p = 5.5 gmicc = 5.5 x10" kg/m? By : SUBASK ©. GUPTA ‘sTEeP-2:] Weknow [a= fron 4} put the various values. ype 463.14 x 667 10! » 6.4 x 10% x 5.5 «10 5. Aplanet whose size is the same and mass 4 times as that of earth, find the amount of energy needed to lift a 2kg mass vertically upwards through 2m distance on the planet. The value of g on the surface of earthis 10 ms". Solution. [STE Let M and R be the mass & radius of earth and M’= 4M and R’ = R be the mass & radius ofthe planet. Let ‘g' be the acceleration due to gravi earth & ‘g ‘be the acceleration due to gravity ofplanet. STEP-2: forearth GM eC ees ) "7 - Grav.for planet STEP-3: forplanet. energy needed =mg"h energy needed =2»40%2 energy needed = 160) 6 Abody weighs 900 gram wt. on the surface of the earth. How much will it weigh on the surface of mars whose mass is one-nineth and radius one half that of earth? ‘Solution ([SteP=1: | LetMandR be the mass & radius of earth and |M’andR’be the mass & radius of mars. |Let’F’ be gravitational force of earth & 'F” be ‘the gravitational force for mars. NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 spt a py, supastt c: 8 v {ster-2)| Given f= 900 gm~w M M (stEP-3:| forearth GMm R formars GM’m w Q2) u = ole put(1)in (2) ye sF 9 => F=900 gm-wt 4 > F=5x900um—vt => [F = 400gm—wi] Ans wy Find the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon, if its radius is 1th ofthe radius of earth &mass 1 th of that of earth. 08 - Grav.Solution. 4 [STEP-2} Forearth GM & 7 1 R? 41) Formoon putthe values in eq. (1) Gj —| (96) 1 s) g ==] Ans f 6 Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon. Given mass of moon = 7.4 x 10” kg &radius of moon= 1750 km, ‘TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob: ay jeusaan coeuaee solution. sTeP-1:] M = 7.410" kg R =1750km 1750 » 10° m G = 6.67 « 10°" Nm*/kg STEP. putthe various values. 6.67 x10"" x 7.4 x10" “1750 x 10°F = oe 1.62 m/s’ | 9. Given that the acceleration due to gravity on the surface ofearthis9.8ms*, radius of earth is 6400 km and G = 6.67 x 10” N m’ kg’. Find the mass of the earth. Sol. Given g=9.9 m/s) R=6400km=6.4 G=6.67 10'm 10" Nav kg fu =2] :- 94191-94020 09 - Grav.IRKGAXIOY, > M > [Mw 6 Ita planet existed whose mass and radius were both half those of earth, what would be the value of acceleration due to gravity on its surface as compared to what itis on the surface of earth? 6.67x10" 10 kg 10. Sol. Forearth GM B= Rr () Forplanet But Bon Beant Concept ‘gis vector quantity. Its direction is towards the centre of earth. By : SUBASH C. GUPTA (Concept| Atte centre of earthy, 9=0: {Concept} Atthe centre of earth; weight (mg) of the body isalsozero. EERIE] How would the value of ‘g' change if the earth shrinks slightly without any change in mas$? Since g« w therefore ‘g” would increase when ‘R'is decreased, If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining the same, the weight df an object on the earth will increase. the blank. Ans:- (4) a times. Fill in Explanation: 1 ara When 'R' is halved, ‘g' increases by a factor of 4. Mention one point of difference between gandG. Ans:- While the value of ‘g' varies from place to place, the value of G remains the same throughout the universe. GEEWH When an apple falls towards the earth, the earth moves up to meet the apple. Is this true? If yes, why is the earth’s motion not noticeable? Ans: Yes. ltis true. The mass of earthis extremely large as compared to that of an apple. So, “NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 10 - Grav.acceleration of earth is very ~ small as all 2s compared to that of an apple. So motion of the very arth is not noticed GEENA Why a man can jump higher on the moon than on the earth? Ans:- cele ns:- The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is one sixth than that on the surface of earth The weight of a body is lesser at the surface of the moon than on the earth, because (A) _ moonhasno atmosphere (B) _ moonis far away from the earth (C) moonis far away fromthe sun {D) the value of gis less on moon. Ans:- (D) An iron ball and a wooden ball of M07: the same radius are released from the same height in vacuum. The time taken by both of them to reach the groundare (A) unequal (B) roughly equal (C) exactly equal (D) none ofthe above Ans:- (C) both iron ball and wooden ball experience same value of 'g'. Hence both will reach the ground in same TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob: é a py : susasH ¢. UPT masses of two Vi08: etween [i] me rato nat betwee? their radii is 3:2. The ratio between acceleration due to gravity on these two planets is (A) 4:9 (B) 8:27 (Cc) 9:4 Apy 2i Sol. (B) 8 = ee 27 Mo9:| If g, and g, denote the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth and another planet whose mass and radius are twice that of earth, then the ratio g,/g, is (B) v2 (D) 2 2 94191-94020 11- Gray| R & (ma R.\ M, JR, } [M10;| Two planets have same density but differentradii. The acceleration due to gravity would be (A) same on both the planets ) greater on the smaller planet (C) _ greateronthe larger planet (0) dependent of the distance of planet from the sun. Ans:- (C) [Mi4;] If the radius of the earth were to shrink by two percent, its mass remaining the same, the accelera- tion due to gravity on the earth's surface would (A) decrease by2% — (B) increaseby2% (C) increase by 4% (D) decreaseby4% Ans:- (C) GM Biare R RY by 2% | => gtby4% NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 = BY; SUBASH C. GUPTA (M12:|1f earth suddenly shrinks by one third of its resent radius, the A acceleration due to gravity willbe 0 2 0S Ee 2 3 (A) 29 (8) 39 3 9 ©, 49 (D) a9 Ans:- (D) GM (2R \ 3) 9 GM eT aor? 2 2g 4 4 4 IM13:] The unit of Gigis ‘ (A) kgim (8) kgim” ] (C) milkg (D) mikg . Ans:- (C) ‘ fee G MILT } wie 4 |M14:| The weight of a person on earth is 4 800N. His weight on Moon will ~ 4 appear as (A) zero” (8) 400N (C) 600N (0) | 3600N | Ans:- (B) | 4 weight on moon = Lovton earth) ! weight on moon = bs 600N weight on moon =100 N +VARIATIONOF ACCELERATION. | DUE TO GRAVITY WITH ALTITUDE | Consider earth to be a sphere of radius R, mass M and with centre O. Let ‘y’ be the ace. Gue to gravity, at a point ‘A’ on the surface of the earthi., (1) Let “2” be the acceleration due to gravity ata point 'B’, at a height ‘h’ above the surface of earth. GM (R+h)* divide (2) by (1), we have GM/ e__ AR+hy Y TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, nmu. Mob:- 94191-94020 py : SUBASH C. GUPTA using Binomial_theorem _and_neglecting higher terms, || (x) From_(x),_it_is_clear_that_the acceleration due to gravity decreases with height |1.09 | VARIATION OF ACCELERATION ~ |DUE TO GRAVITY WITH DEPTH Consider earth to be a homogeneous sphere of radius R and mass M, with centre O. Let's be the acceleration due to gravity ata point ‘A’ onthe surface of the earth. Then -o 0) But [M = volume x density |= Gi) Put (ii) in (i) agin a [Volume x density) oo 2 |e GRGRp AA) | 13 - Grav.BY : SUBASH C. GUPTA cece te seen Let'g” be the acceleration due to gravity at 1.10| VARIATION OF AGCELERATION| depth'd’ at point B. i.e DUE TO GRAVITY WITH SHAP! é Rea aaa aa ay. a Earth is not a perfect sphere. itis flattened at the poles and bulges out at the equator. 4 equatorial radius 'R’, of the earth is about > SR ae etna emt fe 21km greater than the polarradius '‘R Gt We know, aM en Since G and Mare constants, 4 [52 R-a)'xp (R=) 2.6R d)p (B) divide eq. (B) by eq. (A), 4 7G(R~d)p % 8 ~xGRp itis concluded that the value of ‘s' increases as we go from equator to pole. Also. of_'s' at pole is greater than its value at ‘equator by [Link] [Concept e Formula for %age decrease in weight due oe a from eq.(x), we note that value of acceleration We know due to gravity decreases with depth. SPECIAL CASE; At the centre of the ear R; equation (x) will become, = > Sok): decrease in weight = mg—me” ’ _mg~mg* The value of ‘ 2 centre of earthis zero. Yoagedecrease in eBags 0! | NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob 94191-94020 7 ai 14- GravPut (1)in (2) hy [Concept | | Seage decrease in weight — due to depth Rw 11. Find the percentage decrease in the weight of the body when taken to a height of 16 km above the surface of earth. Radius of the earth is 6400 km. Solution. R=6400km 2x 16 => %agedecreasein weight = 00 «100 => [ %agedecreasein weight = 0.5%| Ans 42. How far away from the earth does acceleration due te gravity become one percent of its value on the earth’s surface? Assume that the earth's surface is a sphere of radius R=6.4x10'm. Rexcy TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 pupaen Solution. TEP-1;| Let gi be the acceleration due gravity ata height"h Itis given that, [e Io \ org # of g 100 (sree We know . [_R PS Ele ot (eae | 2 \k h a ( R 100 (R+h) l(a 10 (evn) => R+h=10R =, h=10R-R => h=9R => h=9x64x10° => 6 x 10'm 15 - Gri413. How much below the surface does the acceleration due to gravity becomes 70% of its value surface of earth fon the Radius of earth =6.4x 10'm, Solution. STE! Itis given that. sae 7 ag 10 sd. oT fone | R10 3 | d=—xR ieee ip” NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mol BY : SUBASH C. GUPTA 44, At what height above earth's surface, the value of ‘g is same as inamine 100 km deep? Solution. q [STEP-1:] We know, For height. Fordepth Ans 16 - Grav.[PROBLEWS FOR PRACTICE 5. Theace eration due to gravity at a S \« ' re 6% to 25% trom the 4 Assuming the earth to be a sphore ep Hd. Tess cae @ at the surface, Calculate the } of uniform mass density, how nich value at the surf ene : ; ‘a " radius of earth © i. Would a body weigh half way down Seana L e ce s to the centre of the earth, Hf i Solution, Weighed 300 N on the surf STEP A earth anes ' Solution STEPA , W = mg = 300N > B= [of L a x reer x ~ 8 100, g ae ' (art) | multiply both sides by m. ' d) mg me(1-4 | ~ d at R 3 ihe c4 3 a=2xR ages : => [w= 150N] Ans 2 3 a => |d = 4800km 7 4 4 17 - Grav. ‘y TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 NANG’ .(Concest| arth; g = 0. Hence weight of the body is zero at centre of the arth. But mass of the body is not zero at centre of the earth GERI Where does a body weigh more -at the surface of earth orin amine? Ans:- the alue of ‘g' in a mine is less tha that on the surface of earth. Hence the body will weight more on the surface of earth (EN hy a tennis ball bounces higher onhills than in plains? Ans:- As the acceleration due to gravity on hills is less than that on the surface of earth (effect of height), therefore a tennis ball bounces higher on hills than in plains How does the weight of a body vary enroute from the earth to the moon? Would its mass change? Ans:- When taken from earth to moon, the weight of a body gradually decreases to zero. It then increases till we reach at moon's surface. At moon's surfaces, its becomes mg/6. However, the mass ofa body is not changed. The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth be denoted by ‘g’. If the radius of earth is 6400 km, then what will be the acceleration due to gravity at a point 3200 km above the surface of earth? (M15: | g 29 A 9 (8) 4 i 4g g BG (0) 5 NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 BY ; SUBASH C. GUPTA Ans: (C) (anny 0) GoM 96 [M16:| If a body of mass 10kg is taken to the centre of the earth, its weight willbe (A) zero (8) _ infinity (C) 98N (p) 980N Ans:- (A) Atthe centre of earth, weight = mg =0 [MA7:] As a person moves from pole to « equator, the value of its weight will « (A) _ increase « (B) decrease « (C) remains same (D) _ itfirstincrease then decrease is Ans:- (B) “ 4 we move from pole to equator, th value of ‘g' decreases. [M18:] At what height above the surface of earth the value of acceleration due to gravity would be half of its value on the surface of earth. Radius of the earth is 6400 km. (A) 2561km (B) 2651km (C) 3200km (D) 9800km Ans:- (A) g__R® g (R+h)? It is given that 1 2 at gaseat 2 ei 18 - Grav.> h=(v2-)R > oh O.414R 0.414% 6400 [Mi9:|Ata height equal to earth’s radius, above the earth’s surface, the acceleration due to gravity is Ag (®) gz [M20:] Force of gravity is least at (A) the equator (B) thepoles (C) a point in between equator and any pole (D) none ofthese Ans:- (A) The acceleration due to gravity is least at equator and maximum at pole. {M21:] If mass of a body is M on the earth surface, then the mass of the same body on the moon surface is ‘ANCY [FUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 =. GUPTA susasH c. GU! (A) M6 (8) zero (c) M (D)none of these Ans: (C) of the body does not change fromplace to place [Mz2:] If the earth suddenly shrinks to half of its present radius, the acceleration due to gravity will be (Apes 8) 49 (Gres (0) 2% GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ee Gravitational potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done in bringing a body ofunit mass from infinity to that point. If'W' be the amount of work done in bringing a body of mass m, from soto the point’, then Ww gravitational potential at P=— my it is J/kg and Itis a scalar quantity. Its its dimensional formulais[M'L'T J. 19 - Grav.EXPRESSION; ‘ 4 atmo 1 St | Let earth be a perfect sphere of radius R and M. mas Let us calculate gravitational Potential at point P, where OP=r. Join OP and Produce it. Take two points Aand B on this line Such that OA=x and AB = dx. The gravitational force of attraction on a Sody of unitmass at point ‘A’ will be, Small amount of work done (dW) in. bringing a body of unit mass from A to B through dis- tance ‘dx’ will be dw force » distance = dw= OM a, zx Integrate between limits «0 andr x | w=GM\- \ +\\ W=-GM[x"} This_work done is the measure of Gravitational potential at P(V,). Ax) From Eq. (x), we note that (1) gravitational_potential_at_a_poi always negative. (i) When r Qfavitational_pote maximum) at infinity. from x 0. Hence iS_zero (or wa GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL | ENER( | Jaw (Se ‘ 4x gravitational potential energy at a point is | => w= om f Jax : > w=GM [x7 dx | : a NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 defined as the amount of work done in bringing the given body from infinity to that point. Its S.|, unitis Joule. 20 - Grav, Pe ale at laee — EXPRESSION: Consider earth of mass M and radius R. Le Us calculate gravitational potential energy of the body of mass ‘m' pl OP ="r'. Take two points A and B on the line Such that OA=x and AB=dx laced at point P’ where The gravitational fo) body of mass ‘m'at poir GMm ‘Small amount of work done (dW) in bring} 2_of attraction on a llbe body of mass ‘m' from Ato B through dist dxwil dw= distan GM dx. => dw= a Integrate between limits and +, i: (Gem => w=GMm “WANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 w= GMm 1 w=-GMm[Xx w= -GMm |= > w=-GMm | GMm | This work done is stored in the body as its gravitational potential energy 15. The mass of earth & moon are 5.98x 10" kg &7.36x 10" kg respectively & the distance between them is 3.82 x 10m. What is the gravitational potential energy of the system. Solution. STEP. M=5.98x 10" kg m = 7.36 x10" kg. 3.82 x 10°m 21 - Grav.{ster 3:| Putthe various values. LEM FOR PRACTICE: | Calculate the gravitational potential due to a point mass of 100 kg at a distance of 1m. Sol. M=100kg We know gravitational potential is given by i = ly (GEGHEE Where is the value of gravitational potential energy maximum? Ans:- Atinfinity. ‘Concept Grav-tational potentia energy Gravitational potential mass M23:| Gravitational potential on the surface of earth is (M = mass of the earth, R= radius of earth) (A) a (8) -9R GM | ‘'D) een \() gR ( R NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob: 94191-94020 Ans: (B) \ a ay R om [aM q Buty I & from (1) & (2) [v= -ar] [M24:| Ata point P, which is at a height of R metre from the surface of the earth, the gravitational potential will be (M= mass of the earth, R = radius of the earth) (A) GMeR (8) -GM2R (C) -GMIR (D) GMR Ans:- (B) yao 2R M25:] A mass ‘m’is placed ata point B in the gravitational field of mass M. When the mass ‘mis brought from B to near point A, its gravitational potential energy will (A) remainunchanged (B) _ increase (C) decrease Ans:- (B) Gravitational potential energy of a body (D) become zero in the gravitational field, E r When r decreases -ve value of U increasesi.e. U decreases. 22 - Grav. BY | SUBASH C. GUPTA : 3 s & «6 ‘e « 6 < « «, : BY: e value of GMin Eq (3), : = Putth 4-43] ORBITAL VELOCITY . = (3) : ORBITAL VELOCITY: i Itis defined as the velocity required to put the aut ff (R + hy neAD ; satellite into its orbit around the earth. ; Let, M=massofthe earth, Pe x j VR +h) R=radius of earth Ifthe satellite is revolving very close to s of satellite, sce , ie. h< W=GMm|— dx dx = W=GMm|x"*dx i > w=GMm| oon 1 w= -GMm| + | W =-GMm [-1/R]j BY : SUBASH C. GUPTA Ww =-GMm [x] f W =-GMm it | LxJh ‘ { 4 w-2oMm { R ork done is equal to K.E. given to the But (2) Put (2)in (1) = |v, =2R Concepts NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 9419 1.94020 eecray:(ii) (i) The value of escape velocity does not depend upon mass & size of the body but depends upon mass & size of planet. (iv) An ant and an elephant has same escape velocity (v) The value of escape velocity doesnot depend upon direction of projection. (vi) the Mass and radius of planet larger be the escape velocity. (vii) escape velocity of earthis 11.2 kmisec and that of moon is 2.31 km/sec. Moon has not atmosphere because velocity of atmosphere is greater then escape velocity. (viii) For a body to escape from earth, angle at which it should be fired is (A) 45° (B) 45 (Cc) <45° (D) anyangle Ans:- (D) escape velocity does not depend upon angle of projection (M27:] By what minimum percentage should orbital velocity of moon be increased so that it departs forever? (A) 100% (B) 50% (C) 41.4% (0) none ofabove _Ans:- (C) v,=J2v, =1414v, (v, % increase =| Sanei call | Yoage increase: v (NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 2 2 100 = 41.4% gy} eupagE Cc. Cuban [m26:] A spaceship ente! ie atmosphere is likely to catch fire: This is due to ring the earth's (A) __ the surface tension of air (B) the viscosity of air (C) the high temperature of upper atmosphere (D) the greater portion of oxygen in the atmosphere at higher height Ans:- (B) The spaceship entering the earth’s ience air friction atmosphere will expe (ie. viscosity of air), which may cause the fire. M29} If a satellite is orbiting the earth very close to its surface, then the orbital velocity mainly depends upon (A) _ the mass of the satel (8) the radius ofthe earth only (C) the orbital radius only (D) the mass of the earth only. Ans:- (8) —= IY, = VaR > Vv, VR M30:|The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards from the surface of the earthis 11.2kms'". If the body is projected in a direction making an angle of 45° with the vertical, the escape velocity willbe 25 - Grav.w) W2kms (B11 2+ aus USES OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES: (C) W2K2kms yoy ok 0 ncommunicating radio, TV. signals Ansi= (A) ii) Inforcasting weather escape velocity does not depend upor i pea gions of at (ii) instudying upper regions of atr angle of projection Y [M343] The escape velocity of a particle of BY ; SUBASH C. GUPTA (iv) to determi exact dimensions of eart Mone varies directiyan (V) in the study of cogmic ray a a ®) om radiations ic D) om . i Concepts Ans: (C escape velocity doesnot depend upon GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE the mass of the body i.e. (i) The height of geostationary satellite ki |V, x m° 36000 km: aa (ii) Orbital velocity lof geostationary hulk satellite is 3. 1km/sec. ‘1.45 GEOSTATIONARY OR (iii) The period of revolution of geostatior eat |GEO-SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE satellites 24 hour. (iv) The value of ‘g inside geostat A satellite which revolves around the earth Se attintearc, meanmuisrspesdandinitesane.' () Aji communicalip, satowtes. are Girection_as_that_of earth is called Gcbeiatonetieake es geostationary: synchro ite. 7. ocoegeime me (vi) The orbit of geostationary satellite is The velocity of such a satellite relative to earth is zero. That is why it appears to be stationary [Link]. earth. Clearly, for geostationary Satellite, time period is 24 hour. |The geostationary satellites are also called communication satellites because these |are used for communication purposes. (CONDITIONS: |) {ts period of revolution around the earth | is 24 hour. |Gi) Its sense of rotation should be same as | thatofearth NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chown!, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 called parking orbit. OLVED PROBLE! 16. Jupiter has amass 318 times that of earth, and its radius is 11.2 times the earth's radius, Estimate the escape velocity of a body from Jupiter's surface, given that the escape velocity from the earth's surface is 11.2kms". Solution, STEP-1: M, =318M, R, =112R,11.2 kuv/sec 2 [STEP2: For earth. We know ForJupiter [26M VR divide (2) by (1) pom, | tial OR, SV, = 12 Vina = [V, = 59.7km/See NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- [PROBLEMS F FOR! IR PRACTIC Determine the escape velocit moon. Given, the radius of moon is 4.74% 10' m, its mass is 7.36% 107 kg. y of 7 Solution. R =1.74 «10° m M = 7.36 x10” xg 6.67 x 10"! Nmn’/kg? vy - [2M SoN-R > > = |v, = 2.38kmisec 8. Calculate the escape velocity of a body from the solar system using the following data: (i) Mass of the sun = 2 x 10” kg (ii) Separations of earth fromthe sun=1.5 x10" m(ili) G=6.67 x10" Nm’ kg*. Solution. STEP-1: M =2x10"kg 15x 10"m 94191-94020 27 - Grav.9. Anartificial satellite is going round. earth, close to the surface. What is the orbital velocity? Given : radius of earth = 6400 km. Sol. Given R = 6400km=6.4x10° m v, We know. eer aadh Vv, ® => V, = V9.8x6.4x10° => V, = 62.72 x10’ m/s => |Y, = 7.9110 ms 10. The world’s first artificial satellite (sputnik 1) launched by U.S.S.R. was circling the earth at a distance of 896km. Calculate its orbital speed. Take radius of the Earth = 6400 kmandg=9.8ms*. h=896 km=0.896x 10°m R=6400km=6.4x10'm 2 | Sol. ANEW THTARTAT. Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob: 94191.04020 We know By : SUBASH C. GUPTA ote « ” | Saxi+ 0806xI0 « = ¥,=64ni0° JP : ‘ § ‘ « 4 7.29610 = |% = 7.417%10' mil 11. Calculate the escape velocity from aplanetif‘g’ onits surface is 200cms* Radius of the planetis 4x 10° km. Sol. Given ' 2=200em/s? =200%10" km/s? =210” kev/s R=4x10? kn We know => V, = V2x2x10" x4x1O = |v, = 4km/sec” \Concept Why does moon have no atmosphere? Ans: -moon has no atmosphere because the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ on surface of moon is small. The value of escape velocity on the surface of moon is small (only 2.5 km s"). The molecules of the atmospheric gases on the surface of the moon have thermal velocities greater than the escape velocity. That is why all the molecules of gases have escaped and there isno atmosphere on moon.CERIEY What Velocity will you give to a donkey and what velocity to a Monkey so that both escape the Gravitational field ofearth? Ans:- The escape Velocity does not depend upon the ma: S of the body. , GEEIEY Two satellites are at different . heights. Which would have greater velocity? Ans: vj | vr i So, the Satellite at smaller height ) would possess greater velocity, ) An. artificial satellite revolving around the earth does not need any fuel. On the other hand, the i aeroplane requires fuel to fly at a , certain height. Why? pe Ans:- While the satellite moves in air free ; region, the aeroplane has to over- come air resistance. EERIE! Two artificial satellites of different masses are moving in the same orbit around the earth. Can they have the same speed? Ans:- Yes, they can have the same speed. The orbital speed is independent of the mass of the satellite. The orbiting velocity of an Earth satellite is 8 km s”. What will be the escape velocity? Ans:-\v. = 2m] = V,=V2x8kms" =11.3kms™ _ NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob: = 94191-94020 By ; SUBASH C. GUPTA What is the formula for escape velocity in terms of gand R? Ans:- J [EERIE Write one important application of a geostationary satellite. Ans:- itis used as communication satellite. 1.16) INER’ MASS |L MASS AND GRAV. The mass of the body is the quantity of matter contained in the body. There are two different concepts about mass i.e., inertial mass and gravitational mass. INERTIAL MASS: Inertial mass of the body is defined by Newton's 2nd law of motion. if m, be the inertial mass of the body and ‘a’ be the acceleration produced in the body, then according to Newton's 2nd Law of motion ya} (1) then from equation... (1), m=F Thus, inertial mass of the body is equal to the force required by it to produce unit accele! 29 - Grav.PROPERTIES OF INERTIAL MASS: () inertial mass is proportional to the quantity of matter contained in the body (ii) inertial mass is independent of shape and size of the body. (i) inertial mass does not depend upon temperature of the body. (iv) _ inertial mass is conserved when the two bodies combine physically or chemically. (v) _ inertial mass increases with speed of the body, GRAVITATIONAL MASS: gravitational mass of the body is defined by Newton's law of gravitation If m, be the gravitational mass of the body placed on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R, Then according to Newton's law of gravitation, py : SUBASH C. GUPTA r 5 is equal to Thus gravitational mas: whe nody if qravitational force OX gerienced by the body gravitational field of unit Intensity. NOTE+1:The properties of gravitational mass are the same as those of inertial mass. NOTE-2: both inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent to each other. [1.17] DIFFERENCE. BETWEEN IN INERTIAL} I MASS AND GRAVITATIONAL M/ MASS | INERTIAL MASS, GRAVITATIONAL MASS . inertial mass is equal io 1. ravitational mass is the force required by tto| equal to the gravito produceunitacceleration, | force experience | body in the grav tatona ‘D0 6 22 DDL ALD AOE 2. inertial mass of the body remains unaffected by the presence of “bodies nearit tational measured by sp balance. 3. inertial mass is measured byinertialbalance |_GMm, But e- F == (2) > M=5 NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 1.18| EQUIVALENCE OF INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL MASS consider two bodies A and B of gravitational masses mand m,' resp. Let these be placed at equal distance R from a third body C whose gravitational mass is M. According to newton’s law of gravitation F GMmg (where F is the force of attraction BE detween bodies A & C,) RRA A MRAARAAA BR HHH here Fis the forse of attraction TR? between bodies B & C) 30 - Grav.Letm,and my; be the Inertial masses ofbodies in equalintervelof time. [Link] areal velocity AandBresp. [on * ofthe planetis constan Then Ac [a jorthe iB) PROOF: Let a planet moves in | orbit position A to position B in time At. The area swept by position vector s(t) is equal to the area of the shaded triangular region whose This means that inertial mass and baseisrA0 & heightis ody are py : suBAsH C. GUPTA e sun is Divide both equations, around the sun in an elliptical orbit. Thi Site situated atone focus of the ellipse. H (2) KEPLER’S 2ND LAW: This law is also called law of area. -_m Itstates that the radius vector drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas > gravitational _mass_of the identical. 7 MOTION (1) KEPLER'S 1STLAW: > > 2 1,49] KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY! > > > This _Law is also [2 | alled Jaw of | Planet NANCY TUTORIAL, isachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 31 - Grav.AA z rae dividebothsidesby At , SA_1 AO ato2 at Take Lt, both sides But A) ee dt 2 dA +(4) pom oor L dt 2\m area of triangular region is given by: NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 By : SUBASH C: GuPTa antugy LS mass Since angular momentum : oth are constants, |dA aah Jat 7 (3) KEPLER’S SRD LAW: STATEMENT: This Law is also called Law of period According to this Law, the square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the sun ¢ « « 6 is directly prop. to the cube of semi-major axis ofits elliptical orbit Where, T = time taken by the planet to go ‘once around the sun. r= semi major axis of elliptical orbit PROOF: from Newton's law of gravitation. GMm 7 4) ft from centripetal force F=mro? Ns Coe . From (1)and (2), GMm > Sem? 32 - Grav.| 17. Calculate the period of revolution of Neptune around the Sun, given that diameter of its orbit is 30 times the diameter of the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Assume both the orbits to be circular, Sol. Here T, =lyear Toe We know T, = (G0) x30 4 I, = 30V30 year NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu, Mob:- 94191-94020 py : SUBASH C. GUPTA 48. If the distance of planet Jupiter from the sun is 5.2 times that of the Earth, find the period of Jupiter's revolution around the sun. 11,86 year | If earth be at one half its present distance from the sun, how many days will there be inayear? period of revolution of a planet around the sun depends. Ans:- The mean distance of the planet from the sun, 33 - Grav.\M32:\ Kepler M law ie. Thx RY is a consequence otlawof conservationof (A) tinearmomentum (B) — angularmomentum (C) energy (0) lawofquantiza lon of angular momentum. Ans: (B) Kepler's third law i a consequence of law of conservation of angular momentum [M33:) The time period of a satellite in a circular orbit of radius R is T. The radius of the orbit in which time periodis 8Tis (A) 2R (8) 3R (©) 4R (2) 5R Ans:- (C) R,=R 12 el; M34:] If the mean distance of mars from the sun is 1.525 times that of the earth from the sun. In how many years mars will complete one revolution about the sun. (A) 1.883 (B) (C) 3.766 (D) 4 Ans:- (A) | Ry" | =1,|—= t=1,(E] | T,, = 1(1.525)"* = 1.883 year. | i. NANCY TUTORIAL, Kachi Chowni, Jammu. Mob:- 94191-94020 py : SUBASH C GUPTA 34 - Gray