Module-1 Basics of R

> print("Welcome R Programming Language.")

[1] "Welcome R Programming Language."

> 5+6

[1] 11

> x=56**78

>x

[1] 2.283842e+136

> demo="hello R Programming"

> demo

[1] "hello R Programming"

> #this is r studio introduction

> demo1<-2+3

> demo2=5+6

> demo1

[1] 5

> demo2

[1] 11

> sessionInfo()

> y=1:5

> z=6:10

> plot(y,z)

> name="Parth Mistry"

> tolower(name)

[1] "parth mistry"

> toupper(name)

[1] "PARTH MISTRY"

> #R is case sensitive language

> a=10

> A=10

> #variable in R Programming

> var_name=10

> [Link]=10

> _var_name=10

Error: unexpected symbol in "_var_name"

> var_name*=10

Error: unexpected '=' in "var_name*="

> .var_name=10

> 5var_name=10

Error: unexpected symbol in "5var_name"

> v5ar_name5=10

> #Assignment of variable

> var1=10

> var2<-20

> 10->var3

> print(var1)

[1] 10

> cat(var1, " ",var2)

10 20

> cat(var1," ",var2, "\n",var3)

10 20

10

> #Types of Data

> #Under Atomic Types

> #1. Numeric

> x=25.67
> print(x)

[1] 25.67

> class(x)

[1] "numeric"

> typeof(x)

[1] "double"

> cat(x,class(x),typeof(x))

25.67 numeric double

> #2. Integer

> x=46864L

> print(x)

[1] 46864

> class(x)

[1] "integer"

> typeof(x)

[1] "integer"

> cat(x,class(x),typeof(x))

46864 integer integer

> #3. Character

> sub="Data Science"

> print(sub)

[1] "Data Science"

> class(sub)

[1] "character"

> typeof(sub)

[1] "character"

> cat(sub,class(sub),typeof(sub))

Data Science character character

> #4. Logical

> flag=TRUE

> print(flag)
[1] TRUE

> class(flag)

[1] "logical"

> typeof(flag)

[1] "logical"

> cat(flag,class(flag),typeof(flag))

TRUE logical logical

> # with & (used to compare 2 variables) as well as short of cat = c

> x=c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> y=c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)

> x[3] & y[3]

[1] FALSE

> # Logical &&

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

> y = c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)

> result = x[2] && y[2]

> print(result)

[1] FALSE

> #Logical !

> x = TRUE

> !x

[1] FALSE

> #Logical | ||

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)

> y = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> x|y

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

> y = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> x[1] || y[1]

[1] TRUE
> # Complex

> z=4+3i

> print(z)

[1] 4+3i

> class(z)

[1] "complex"

> typeof(z)

[1] "complex"

> #Raw

> raw_data= charToRaw("Hello")

> print(raw_data)

[1] 48 65 6c 6c 6f

> class(raw_data)

[1] "raw"

> typeof(raw_data)

[1] "raw"

> num = 123

> raw_data = charToRaw([Link](num))

> raw_data

[1] 31 32 33

> #converting data type in R

> num1<- [Link](26L)

> num1

[1] 26

> num2<- [Link](25-56i)> num2

[1] 25

> num3<- [Link](TRUE)

> num3

[1] 1

> num4<- [Link]("abcde456")

> num4
[1] NA

> num5<- [Link]("12345")

> num5

[1] 12345

> #integer

> int1<- [Link](52.6544)

> int1

[1] 52

> int2<- [Link](45-56i)

> int2

[1] 45

> int3<- [Link](TRUE)

> int3

[1] 1

> int4<- [Link]("12345abcd")

> int4

[1] NA

> #complex

> com1<- [Link](562.4556)

> com1

[1] 562.4556+0i

> com2<- [Link](45L)

> com2

[1] 45+0i

> com3<- [Link](FALSE)

> com3

[1] 0+0i

> #logical

> log1<- [Link](15.78i)

> log1
[1] TRUE

> log2<- [Link](0-5i)

> log2

[1] TRUE

> log3<- [Link](0)

> log3

[1] FALSE

> log4<- [Link]("1234")

> log4

[1] NA

> #character

> char1<- [Link](45L)

> char1

[1] "45"

> char2<- [Link](52-89i)

> char2

[1] "52-89i"

> char3<- [Link](TRUE)

> char3

[1] "TRUE"

#raw to character

> rawToChar([Link](c(0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f)))

[1] "hello"

> rawToChar([Link](c(0x50, 0x61, 0x72, 0x74, 0x68, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79)))

[1] "Parth Mistry"

> #data types=vectors, list, matrices, data frames, factors,

> ##element of vector are known as components

> #length(): no. of element in vector

> vec <-c(10, 20, 30, 40)

> print(vec)
[1] 10 20 30 40

> class(vec)

[1] "numeric"

> a<-c(3, 4, 5, 1, 5, 7)

>a

[1] 3 4 5 1 5 7

> b<--3:5

>b

[1] -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

> sq<-seq(1,5)

> sq

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> sq<-seq(1,5, by=.5)

> sq

[1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

> sq<-seq(1,5, by=.4)

> sq

[1] 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0

> sq<-seq(1,5,[Link]= 5)

> sq

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

sq<-seq(1,3, [Link]= 5)

> sq

[1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

> sq[4]

[1] 2.5

> sq[1]

[1] 1

[1] 1.00 25.75 50.50 75.25 100.00

> numv<-c(12,3, 52.6, 23,45, 89, 145)

> numv

[1] 12.0 3.0 52.6 23.0 45.0 89.0 145.0

> class(numv)

[1] "numeric"

> intv<-c(5, 6, 1, 8, 9, 7)

> intv<- [Link](intv)

> class(intv)

[1] "integer"

> intv<-c(5L, 6L, 1L, 8L, 9L, 7L)

> intv

[1] 5 6 1 8 9 7

> class(intv)

[1] "integer"

> charv<-c(1, 5, 8, 7, 9)

> charv<- [Link](charv)

> class(charv)

[1] "integer"

> charvv<-c("parth", "pruthvi", "varun", "rishi")

> charvv

[1] "parth" "pruthvi" "varun" "rishi"

> class(charvv)

[1] "character"

> #logical vector

> #Accessing element of vector

> #by indexing[]

> #indexing start from1 not 0

> char_vec<-c("parth"=12, "trusharkant"=32, "mistry"=31)

> char_vec

parth trusharkant mistry

12 32 31
 > char_vec["parth"]

parth

12

> #vector operations

> a1<-c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

> a2<-c("parth", "trusharkant", "mistry")

> a3<-c(a1,a2)

> a3

[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6"

[7] "7" "parth" "trusharkant" "mistry"

> a1<-c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
> a4<-c(5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 4)
> a1+a4
[1] 6 8 10 12 6 8 11
> a4<-c(5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 4)
> a1*a4
[1] 5 12 21 32 5 12 28
> a1-a4
[1] -4 -4 -4 -4 4 4 3
> a1/a4
[1] 0.2000000 0.3333333 0.4285714 0.5000000 5.0000000 3.0000000 1.7500000

> a2[3]

[1] "mistry"

> a2[7]

[1] NA

> a2[-2]

[1] "parth" "mistry"

> a2[2:4]

[1] "trusharkant" "mistry" NA

> #List

> lst <- list(25, "R language", TRUE)

> print(lst)

[[1]]

[1] 25

[[2]]

[1] "R language"

[[3]]

[1] TRUE

> #matrix

> mat <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)

> print(mat)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 3 5

[2,] 2 4 6

> matrix(1:12, ncol=4, nrow=3)

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 4 7 10

[2,] 2 5 8 11

[3,] 3 6 9 12

> matrix(7:18, ncol=4, nrow=3)

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 10 13 16

[2,] 8 11 14 17

[3,] 9 12 15 18

> x<-matrix(1:12, nrow=3, ncol=4, byrow= TRUE)

>x

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 2 3 4

[2,] 5 6 7 8

[3,] 9 10 11 12
> y<-matrix(7:18, nrow=3, ncol=4, byrow= TRUE)

>y

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 8 9 10

[2,] 11 12 13 14

[3,] 15 16 17 18

> z=x+y

>z

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 8 10 12 14

[2,] 16 18 20 22

[3,] 24 26 28 30

> z=x*y

>z

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 16 27 40

[2,] 55 72 91 112

[3,] 135 160 187 216

> d=x/y

>d

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 0.1428571 0.250 0.3333333 0.4000000

[2,] 0.4545455 0.500 0.5384615 0.5714286

[3,] 0.6000000 0.625 0.6470588 0.6666667

> e=x-y

>e

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] -6 -6 -6 -6

[2,] -6 -6 -6 -6

[3,] -6 -6 -6 -6
> #data frames

> df <- [Link](Name=c("Alice", "Bob"),

+ Age=c(25,30),

+ Score=c(90.5,85))

> print(df)

Name Age Score

1 Alice 25 90.5

2 Bob 30 85.0

# Factor

> gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Male", "Female"))

> gender

[1] Male Female Male Female

Levels: Female Male

> class(gender)

[1] "factor"

> # Arrays

> arr <- array(1:12, dim = c(3,2,2))

> arr

,,1

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 1 4

[2,] 2 5

[3,] 3 6

,,2

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 7 10

[2,] 8 11
[3,] 9 12

> # Type Checking & Type Conversion

> # Operators in R

> a <- 7.5

> b <- 2

> a+b #Addition

[1] 9.5

> a-b # Subtraction

[1] 5.5

> a*b #Multiplication

[1] 15

> a/b #Division

[1] 3.75

> a%%b #Reminder

[1] 1.5

> a%/%b #Quotient

[1] 3

> a^b #Exponent

[1] 56.25

> # Vectors Function (Collection of similar data types)

> c1 <- c(8,9,6)

> c2 <- c(2,4,5)

> c1 + c2

[1] 10 13 11

> c1 - c2

[1] 6 5 1

> c1 * c2

[1] 16 36 30

> c1 / c2

[1] 4.00 2.25 1.20

> c1 %% c2

[1] 0 1 1

> c1 %/% c2

[1] 4 2 1

> c1 ^ c2

[1] 64 6561 7776

> # Relational

>a

[1] 7.5

>b

[1] 2

> a<b

[1] FALSE

> a>b

[1] TRUE

> a==b

[1] FALSE

> a<=b

[1] FALSE

> a>=b

[1] TRUE

> a!=b

[1] TRUE

> c1

[1] 8 9 6

> c2

[1] 2 4 5

> c1<c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1>c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1==c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1<=c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1>=c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1!=c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> # R if-else Statements

> x <- 25L

> if([Link](x)){

+ print("x is an integer number")

+}

[1] "x is an integer number"

> if([Link](x)){

+ print("x is an integer number")

+ }else{

+ print("x is not an integer number")

+}

[1] "x is an integer number"

> # R Switch Case

> # Switch (expression, case1, case2)

> x <- switch (2,

+ "Nilam",

+ "Parmar",

+ "John",

+ "Sunita"

+)

>x

[1] "Parmar"

> x <- switch (4,

+ "Nilam",

+ "Parmar",

+ "John",

+ "Sunita"

+)

>x

[1] "Sunita"

> #data manepulation

> ##merging and joining data

> # creating sample data frames

> df1 <- [Link](ID=c(1,2,3), Name=c("A","B","C"))

> df2<- [Link](ID=c(2,3,4), Score=c(85,90,78))

> #Inner Join

> df_inner <- merge(df1,df2,by="ID")

> View(df_inner)

> #left Join

> df_left <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all.x = TRUE) #NA fill for missing value

> View(df_left)

> #Right join

> df_right <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all.x = TRUE)

> View(df_right)

> #Full join

> df_full <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all = TRUE)

> View(df_full)

> # Importing Data Set

> # Exporting Data Set

> # CSV File

> library(readxl) # IMPORT

> Parth <- read_excel("C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]")

New names:

• `` -> `...25`

• `` -> `...29`

> View(Parth)

> library(writexl) # EXPORT

> employee <- c("John", "Emily", "Sophia", "Michael", "Sarah", "David", "Anna")

> age <- c(28, 34, 25, 42, 31, 38, 29)
> salary <- c(50000, 60000, 52000, 80000, 56000, 75000, 54000)

> department <-c("HR", "Finance", "Marketing", "IT", "HR", "Finance", "Marketing")

> experience <- c(3, 10, 2, 15, 5, 12, 4)

> df <- [Link](employee, age, salary, department, experience)

> df

employee age salary department experience

1 John 28 50000 HR 3

2 Emily 34 60000 Finance 10

3 Sophia 25 52000 Marketing 2

4 Michael 42 80000 IT 15

5 Sarah 31 56000 HR 5

6 David 38 75000 Finance 12

7 Anna 29 54000 Marketing 4

> # FOR CSV

> [Link](df, "employee_data.csv", [Link] = T)

> # FOR EXCEL

> write_xlsx(df, "employee_data.xlsx")

> # FOR JavaScript

> write_json(df, "employee_data.json", pretty = T)

 Module 2

#create data for the graph

#pie charts

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("India", "UK", "Japan", "USA")

pie(x,lables)

#pie chart (to write the head and colour fill)

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("India", "UK", "Japan", "USA")

pie(x,lables, main="country pie chart", col=rainbow(length(x)))

to add colour by self

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("India", "UK", "Japan", "USA")

colors<-c("blue","green","red","orange")

pie(x,lables, main = "country pie chart",col = colors)

to add length and colours

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("India", "UK", "Japan", "USA")

colors<-c("blue","green","red","orange")

pie(x,lables, main = "country pie chart",col = colors)

legend("topright", c("India","UK","Japan","USA"), cex = 0.8, fill = colors)

#Dimensional pie chart

x <- c(12, 35, 56, 75)

labels <- c("India", "UK", "japan", "USA")

pie_lables <- paste(round(100 * x/sum(x),2),"%")

pie(x, labels = pie_lables)

# labels and %

# Define Data

x <- c(12, 35, 56, 75)

labels <- c("India", "UK", "Japan", "USA")

#Calculate Percentages

percent <- round(x/sum(x)*100,1)

labels_with_percent <- paste(labels, percent, "%")

#Define custom colors

colors <- c("pink", "green", "red", "orange")

#Create the pie chart with percentages

pie(x, labels = labels_with_percent, main = "Country Pie Chart", col = colors)

#Legend

legend("topright", labels_with_percent, cex = 1, fill = colors)

#Excel Sheet

#Simple

# Read the data from the Excel file

data_path <- "C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

#count occurrences of each gender

gender_count <- table(data_df$Gender)

colors <- c("blue", 'red')

#Create Pie Chart

pie(gender_count, labels = names(gender_count),

col = colors, main = "Gender Distribution")

#bar charts

H1<-c(82,48,66,23,41)
barplot(H1)

H2<-c(12,35,20,40,33,38)

M2<-c("feb","mar","apr","may","may","jun")

barplot(H2, [Link]=M2, xlab="month",

ylab="Revenue", col="yellow", main="Revenue Bar Chart",

border="red")

#Group Bar Chart & Stacked Bar Chart

months<-c("jan","feb","mar","apr","may")

region<-c("west","north","south","east")

values<-matrix(c(21,22,25,40,67,66,87,78,69,56,44,23,88,55,85), nrow=4,

ncol=5, byrow= TRUE)

barplot(values, main="Total Revenue", [Link]=months,

xlab="month", ylab="Revenue",

col=c("pink","orange","black","yellow","brown","green"))

legend("topright", region, cex =.6, fill=c("gold","blue","lightblue"))

#Excel

#simple

#read data

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet= "Sheet1")

#count occurrences of each education level

gender_count <- table(data_df$Gender)

colors<- c("pink","purple")

#create a bar chart

bar_positions <- barplot(gender_count, col= colors,

main= "Gender Distribution",

xlab= "Gender Level", ylab= "count",

las= 2) #rotate x-axis lables for better visibility

text(bar_positions, gender_count, labels = gender_count,

pos = 1, cex = 1.0, col="black")

#number

#read data

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

#count occurrences of each gender

gender_count <- table(data_df$Gender)

colors<- c("pink", "purple")

#create a bar chart

bar_positions<- barplot(gender_count, col = colors,

main = "Gender Distribution",

xlab = "Gender Level", ylab = "count",

las = 2, ylim = c(0, max(gender_count) + 20))

text(bar_positions, gender_count, labels = gender_count,

pos = 1, cex = 1.0, col="black")

#Histogram

v<- c(12,24,16,38,21,13,5,17,39,10,60,59,58)

hist(v,xlab="weight", ylab="frequency", col="green", border="red")

#use of xlim and ylim parameter for limit

v<- c(12,24,16,38,21,13,5,17,39,10,60,59,58)

hist(v,xlab="weight", ylab="frequency", col="green", border="red",

xlim=c(0,40), ylim=c(0,3), breaks=4)

#Excel

#simple

#read the data

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

#create histogram using ggplots

ggplot(data_df, aes(x = EU1)) +

 geom_histogram(binwidth = 5, fill = "blue", color = "black", alpha = 0.7) +

labs(title = "Histogram of EU1",x = "EU1", y = "frequency") + theme_minimal()

ERROR In this code

#with 5 variable

#read the data

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

#convert data to long format for ggplot

data_long <- data_df %>% pivot_longer(cols = c(EU1,EU2,EU3,EU4,EU5),

names_to = "Variable", values_to = "value")

#create multiple histogram in one plot

ggplot(data_long, aes(x = value, fill = variable)) +

geom_histogram(binwidth = 5, color="black", alpha = 0.6) +

facet_wrap(~variable, scale = "free") + #separate plots for each variable

labs(title = "Histograms of EU1,EU2,EU3,EU4, and EU5", x = "value",

y = "frequency") + theme_minimal()

#line graph

v<-c(18,22,28,7,31,52)

plot(v)

v<-c(18,22,28,7,31,52)

plot(v, type="p")
plot(v,type = "p", col = "red", xlab = "month", ylab = "Tempreature")

v<-c(18,22,28,7,31,52)

plot(v, type="l")

plot(v,type = "l", col = "green", xlab = "month", ylab = "Tempreature")

v<-c(18,22,28,7,31,52)

plot(v, type="o")

plot(v,type = "o", col = "blue", xlab = "month", ylab = "Tempreature")

#with different colour circle

#plot with blue line, no points

v<-c(18,22,28,7,31,52)
v

plot(v, type = "o", col="blue", xlab = "month", ylab = "Temperature", pch = NA)

#Add red points

points(v, col = "red", pch = 16) #16 is a solid circle point

#line charts containing multiple lines

v<-c(13,22,28,7,31)

w<-c(11,13,32,6,35)

x<-c(12,22,15,34,35)

plot(v,type = "o", col = "blue", xlab = "month", ylab = "Temperature")

lines(w,type = "o", col = "red")

lines(x,type = "o",col = "green")

#excel

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

plot(data_df$EU1, type = "o", col = "navyblue", xlab = "Index",

ylab = "EU2", main = "line graph of EU1")

 Home work output

> #numeric

> x=10.5

> print(x)

[1] 10.5

> class(x)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x),class(x))

[1] 10.5

10.5 numeric

> x1=25.60

> print(x1)

[1] 25.6

> class(x1)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x1), class(x1))

[1] 25.6

25.6 numeric

> x2=28.9

> print(x2)

[1] 28.9

> class(x2)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x2), class(x2))

[1] 28.9

28.9 numeric

> x3=23.5

> print(x3)

[1] 23.5

> class(x3)
[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x3), class(x3))

[1] 23.5

23.5 numeric

> x4=123.6

> print(x4)

[1] 123.6

> class(x4)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x4), class(x4))

[1] 123.6

123.6 numeric

> x5=9.8

> print(x5)

[1] 9.8

> class(x5)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x5),class(x5))

[1] 9.8

9.8 numeric

> x6=58.67

> print(x6)

[1] 58.67

> class(x6)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x6), class(x6))

[1] 58.67

58.67 numeric

> x7=123.5

> print(x7)

[1] 123.5
> class(x7)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x7), class(x7))

[1] 123.5

123.5 numeric

> x8=147.67

> print(x8)

[1] 147.67

> class(x8)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x8), class(x8))

[1] 147.67

147.67 numeric

> x9=146.688

> print(x9)

[1] 146.688

> class(x9)

[1] "numeric"

> cat(print(x9), class(x9))

[1] 146.688

146.688 numeric

> #Integer

> i1=11L

> print(i1)

[1] 11

> class(i1)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i1), class(i1))

[1] 11

11 integer

> i2=0L
> print(i2)

[1] 0

> class(i2)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i2), class(i2))

[1] 0

0 integer

> i3=15L

> print(i3)

[1] 15

> class(i3)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i3), class(i3))

[1] 15

15 integer

> i4= -17L

> print(i4)

[1] -17

> class(i4)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i4), class(i4))

[1] -17

-17 integer

> i5= -123L

> print(i5)

[1] -123

> class(i5)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i5), class(i5))

[1] -123

-123 integer
> i6=67L

> print(i6)

[1] 67

> class(i6)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i6), class(i6))

[1] 67

67 integer

> i7= -65L

> print(i7)

[1] -65

> class(i7)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i7), class(i7))

[1] -65

-65 integer

> i8=25L

> print(i8)

[1] 25

> class(i8)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i8), class(i8))

[1] 25

25 integer

> i9=26L

> print(i9)

[1] 26

> class(i9)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i9), class(i9))

[1] 26
26 integer

> i10=98L

> print(i10)

[1] 98

> class(i10)

[1] "integer"

> cat(print(i10), class(i10))

[1] 98

98 integer

> #character

> char1="parth"

> print(char1)

[1] "parth"

> cat(char1,class(char1))

parth character

> char2="Hello R Programming"

> print(char2)

[1] "Hello R Programming"

> class(char2)

[1] "character"

> cat(char2, class(char2))

Hello R Programming character

> char3="Data Science"

> print(char3)

[1] "Data Science"

> class(char3)

[1] "character"

> cat(char3, class(char3))

Data Science character

> char4="Machine Learning"

> print(char4)
[1] "Machine Learning"

> class(char4)

[1] "character"

> cat(char4, class(char4))

Machine Learning character

> char5="Data Types"

> print(char5)

[1] "Data Types"

> class(char5)

[1] "character"

> cat(char5, class(char5))

Data Types character

> char6="Variables"

> print(char6)

[1] "Variables"

> class(char6)

[1] "character"

> cat(char6, class(char6))

Variables character

> char7="Sensitive Language"

> print(char7)

[1] "Sensitive Language"

> class(char7)

[1] "character"

> cat(char7, class(char7))

Sensitive Language character

> char8="Fundamental"

> print(char8)

[1] "Fundamental"

> class(char8)

[1] "character"
> cat(char8,class(char8))

Fundamental character

> char9="Combinations"

> print(char9)

[1] "Combinations"

> class(char9)

[1] "character"

> cat(char9, class(char9))

Combinations character

> char10="Data Frames"

> print(char10)

[1] "Data Frames"

> class(char10)

[1] "character"

> cat(char10, class(char10))

Data Frames character

> #logical

> log1=TRUE

> print(log1)

[1] TRUE

> class(log1)

[1] "logical"

> cat(log1,class(log1))

TRUE logical

> x=c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> y=c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)

> x[2] & y[2]

[1] FALSE

> # Logical &&

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

> y = c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)

> result = x[2] && y[2]

> print(result)

[1] FALSE

> #Logical !

> x = TRUE

> !x

[1] FALSE

> #Logical | ||

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)

> y = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> x|y

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

> x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

> y = c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

> x[1] || y[1]

[1] TRUE

# Complex

> z=10+6i

> print(z)

[1] 10+6i

> class(z)

[1] "complex"

> typeof(z)

[1] "complex"

raw_data= charToRaw("Charusat")

> print(raw_data)

[1] 43 68 61 72 75 73 61 74

> class(raw_data)

[1] "raw"

> typeof(raw_data)

[1] "raw"
> raw_data1= charToRaw("Indukaka Ipcowala Institute of Management")

> print(raw_data1)

[1] 49 6e 64 75 6b 61 6b 61 20 49 70 63 6f 77 61 6c 61 20 49 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 20 6f 66

[31] 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74

> class(raw_data1)

[1] "raw"

> typeof(raw_data1)

[1] "raw"

> num = 123

> raw_data = charToRaw([Link](num))

> raw_data

[1] 31 32 33

#converting data type in R

> #Numeric to character

> # Code 1

> x <- 100

> [Link](x)

[1] "100"

> # Code 2

> x <- 25.5

> y <- [Link](x)

> print(y)

[1] "25.5"

> # Code 3

> num_vec <- c(1, 2, 3, 4)

> char_vec <- [Link](num_vec)

> # Code 4

> num <- 999

> typeof([Link](num))

[1] "character"

> # Code 5
> a <- 45

> b <- paste(a)

> class(b)

[1] "character"

> #Character to numeric

> # Code 1

> x <- "123"

> [Link](x)

[1] 123

> # Code 2

> y <- c("10", "20", "30")

> [Link](y)

[1] 10 20 30

> # Code 3

> num <- [Link]("45.67")

> print(num)

[1] 45.67

> # Code 4

> z <- "1000"

> typeof([Link](z))

[1] "double"

> # Code 5

> a <- "500"

> b <- [Link](a)

> class(b)

[1] "numeric"

> #numeric ("i is a imaginary number")

> num1<- [Link](50L)

> num1

[1] 50

> num2<- [Link](50-86i)

Warning message:

imaginary parts discarded in coercion

> num2

[1] 50

> num3<- [Link](FALSE)

> num3

[1] 0

> num4<- [Link]("abcde4789")

Warning message:

NAs introduced by coercion

> num4

[1] NA

> num5<- [Link]("123456789")

> num5

[1] 123456789

#integer

> int1<- [Link](80.5976)

> int1

[1] 80

> int2<- [Link](85-96i)

Warning message:

imaginary parts discarded in coercion

> int2

[1] 85

> int3<- [Link](FALSE)

> int3

[1] 0

> int4<- [Link]("123456789abcd")

Warning message:

NAs introduced by coercion

> int4
[1] NA

#complex

> com1<- [Link](892.4556)

> com1

[1] 892.4556+0i

> com2<- [Link](85L)

> com2

[1] 85+0i

> com3<- [Link](FALSE)

> com3

[1] 0+0i

> com4<- [Link]("123456789abcd")

Warning message:

NAs introduced by coercion

> com4

[1] NA

> #logical

> log1<- [Link](88.78i)

> log1

[1] TRUE

> log2<- [Link](0-8i)

> log2

[1] TRUE

> log3<- [Link](0)

> log3

[1] FALSE

> log4<- [Link]("123456789")

> log4

[1] NA

> #character

> char1<- [Link](88L)

> char1

[1] "88"

> char2<- [Link](82-99i)

> char2

[1] "82-99i"

> char3<- [Link](TRUE)

> char3

[1] "TRUE"

> rawToChar([Link](c(0x43, 0x68, 0x61, 0x72, 0x75, 0x73, 0x61, 0x74)))

[1] "Charusat"

> #data types=vectors, list, matrices, data frames, factors,

> ##element of vector are known as components

> #length(): no. of element in vector

> # Code 1

> v1 <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

> print(v1)

[1] 10 20 30 40 50

> length(v1)

[1] 5

> class(v1)

[1] "numeric"

> typeof(v1)

[1] "double"

> #logical vector

> # Code 1

> v3 <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)

> print(v3)

[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

> length(v3)

[1] 4

> class(v3)
[1] "logical"

> typeof(v3)

[1] "logical"

> #Sequence Functions to Create Vector

> v4 <- 1:10

> print(v4)

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

> v5 <- seq(1, 20, by = 2)

> length(v5)

[1] 10

> class(v5)

[1] "numeric"

> vec <-c(20, 30, 40, 50)

> print(vec)

[1] 20 30 40 50

> class(vec)

[1] "numeric"

> a<-c(8, 4, 7, 2, 1, 9)

>a

[1] 8 4 7 2 1 9

> b<--5:8

>b

[1] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

> sq<-seq(2,5)

> sq

[1] 2 3 4 5

> sq<-seq(2,5, by=.5)

> sq

[1] 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

> sq<-seq(2,5, by=.4)

> sq
[1] 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8

> sq<-seq(2,5,[Link]= 5)

> sq

[1] 2.00 2.75 3.50 4.25 5.00

> sq<-seq(5,100, [Link]= 5)

> sq

[1] 5.00 28.75 52.50 76.25 100.00

> sq[4]

[1] 76.25

> sq[1]

[1] 5

> numv<-c(10,13, 57.6, 73,75, 89, 145)

> numv

[1] 10.0 13.0 57.6 73.0 75.0 89.0 145.0

> class(numv)

[1] "numeric"

> #integer vector

> intv<-c(8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 2)

> intv<- [Link](intv)

> class(intv)

[1] "integer"

> intv<-c(7L, 6L, 5L, 8L, 9L, 5L)

> intv

[1] 7 6 5 8 9 5

> class(intv)

[1] "integer"

> charv<-c(7, 5, 2, 4, 9)

> charv<- [Link](charv)

> class(charv)

[1] "integer"

> #character vector

> charvv<-c("Abhay", "Shlok", "Akash", "Deep")

> charvv

[1] "Abhay" "Shlok" "Akash" "Deep"

> class(charvv)

[1] "character"

> #logical vector

> #Accessing element of vector

> #by indexing[]

> #indexing start from1 not 0

> char_vec<-c("Krishna"=32, "trusharkant"=12, "mistry"=11)

> char_vec

Krishna trusharkant mistry

32 12 11

> char_vec["Krishna"]

Krishna

32

> #vector operations

> a1<-c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

> a2<-c("Krishan", "trusharkant", "mistry")

> a3<-c(a1,a2)

> a3

[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6"

[7] "7" "Krishan" "trusharkant" "mistry"

> a1<-c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10)

> a4<-c(5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1)

> a1+a4

[1] 6 8 10 12 6 8 11 11 11 11

> a1-a4

[1] -4 -4 -4 -4 4 4 3 5 7 9

> a1*a4

[1] 5 12 21 32 5 12 28 24 18 10
> a1/a4

[1] 0.2000000 0.3333333 0.4285714 0.5000000 5.0000000 3.0000000 1.7500000 2.6666667

[9] 4.5000000 10.0000000

> a2[4]

[1] NA

> a2[5]

[1] NA

> a2[-5]

[1] "Krishan" "trusharkant" "mistry"

> a2[1:6]

[1] "Krishan" "trusharkant" "mistry" NA NA NA

> #List

> lst <- list(30, "R language", FALSE)

> print(lst)

[[1]]

[1] 30

[[2]]

[1] "R language"

[[3]]

[1] FALSE

> #matrix

> mat <- matrix(1:8, nrow=2, ncol=2)

Warning message:

In matrix(1:8, nrow = 2, ncol = 2) :

data length differs from size of matrix: [8 != 2 x 2]

> #matrix

> mat <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=2)

Warning message:

In matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 2) :

 data length differs from size of matrix: [6 != 2 x 2]

> print(mat)

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 1 3

[2,] 2 4

> matrix(1:12, ncol=4, nrow=3)

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 4 7 10

[2,] 2 5 8 11

[3,] 3 6 9 12

> matrix(7:18, ncol=4, nrow=3)

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 10 13 16

[2,] 8 11 14 17

[3,] 9 12 15 18

> x<-matrix(1:10, nrow=3, ncol=4, byrow= TRUE)

Warning message:

In matrix(1:10, nrow = 3, ncol = 4, byrow = TRUE) :

data length [10] is not a sub-multiple or multiple of the number of rows [3]

>x

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 2 3 4

[2,] 5 6 7 8

[3,] 9 10 1 2

> y<-matrix(7:16, nrow=3, ncol=4, byrow= TRUE)

Warning message:

In matrix(7:16, nrow = 3, ncol = 4, byrow = TRUE) :

data length [10] is not a sub-multiple or multiple of the number of rows [3]

>y

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 8 9 10
[2,] 11 12 13 14

[3,] 15 16 7 8

> z=x+y

>z

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 8 10 12 14

[2,] 16 18 20 22

[3,] 24 26 8 10

> z=x*y

>z

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 7 16 27 40

[2,] 55 72 91 112

[3,] 135 160 7 16

> d=x/y

>d

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 0.1428571 0.250 0.3333333 0.4000000

[2,] 0.4545455 0.500 0.5384615 0.5714286

[3,] 0.6000000 0.625 0.1428571 0.2500000

> e=x-y

>e

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] -6 -6 -6 -6

[2,] -6 -6 -6 -6

[3,] -6 -6 -6 -6

> #data frames

> df <- [Link](Name=c("Ajay", "Rahul"),

+ Age=c(35,40),

+ Score=c(80.5,95))

> print(df)
 Name Age Score

1 Ajay 35 80.5

2 Rahul 40 95.0

> # Factor

> gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Male", "Female"))

> gender

[1] Male Female Male Female

Levels: Female Male

> class(gender)

[1] "factor"

> # Arrays

> arr <- array(1:10, dim = c(3,3,3))

> arr

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 4 7

[2,] 2 5 8

[3,] 3 6 9

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 10 3 6

[2,] 1 4 7

[3,] 2 5 8

,,3

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 9 2 5
[2,] 10 3 6

[3,] 1 4 7

> # Type Checking & Type Conversion

> # Operators in R

> a <- 8.5

> b <- 5

> a+b #Addition

[1] 13.5

> a-b # Subtraction

[1] 3.5

> a*b #Multiplication

[1] 42.5

> a/b #Division

[1] 1.7

> a%%b #Reminder

[1] 3.5

> a%/%b #Quotient

[1] 1

> a^b #Exponent

[1] 44370.53

> # Vectors Function (Collection of similar data types)

> c1 <- c(8,9,6,7,5)

> c2 <- c(2,4,5,3)

> c1 + c2

[1] 10 13 11 10 7

> c1 - c2

[1] 6 5 1 4 3

> c1 * c2

[1] 16 36 30 21 10

> c1 / c2
[1] 4.000000 2.250000 1.200000 2.333333 2.500000

> c1 %% c2

[1] 0 1 1 1 1

> c1 %/% c2

[1] 4 2 1 2 2

> c1 ^ c2

[1] 64 6561 7776 343 25

> # Relational

>a

[1] 8.5

>b

[1] 5

> a<b

[1] FALSE

> a>b

[1] TRUE

> a==b

[1] FALSE

> a<=b

[1] FALSE

> a>=b

[1] TRUE

> a!=b

[1] TRUE

> c1

[1] 8 9 6 7 5

> c2

[1] 2 4 5 3

> c1<c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1>c2
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1==c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1<=c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1>=c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1!=c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

> # R if-else Statements

> x <- 55L

> if([Link](x)){

+ print("x is an integer number")

+}

[1] "x is an integer number"

> if([Link](x)){

+ print("x is an integer number")

+ }else{

+ print("x is not an integer number")

+}

[1] "x is an integer number"

> # R Switch Case

> # Switch (expression, case1, case2)

> x <- switch (2,

+ "Parth",

+ "Trusharkant",

+ "Mistry"

+)

>x

[1] "Trusharkant"

> x <- switch (3,

+ "Parth",

+ "Trusharkant",

+ "Mistry"

+)

>x

[1] "Mistry"

#data manepulation

##merging and joining data

# creating sample data frames

df1 <- [Link](ID=c(1,2,3,4), Name=c("A","B","C","D"))

df2<- [Link](ID=c(2,3,4,5), Score=c(85,90,78,88))

#Inner Join

df_inner <- merge(df1,df2,by="ID")

View(df_inner)

#left Join

df_left <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all.x = TRUE) #NA fill for missing value

View(df_left)
#Right join

df_right <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all.x = TRUE)

View(df_right)

#Full join

df_full <- merge(df1,df2, by="ID", all = TRUE)

View(df_full)

# Importing Data Set

# Exporting Data Set

# CSV File

library(readxl) # IMPORT

Parth <- read_excel("C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]")

View(Parth)
> library(writexl) # EXPORT

> employee <- c("John", "Emily", "Sophia", "Michael", "Sarah", "David", "Anna")

> age <- c(33, 54, 65, 42, 21, 38, 39)

> salary <- c(50000, 60000, 52000, 80000, 56000, 75000, 54000)

> department <-c("HR", "Finance", "Marketing", "IT", "HR", "Finance", "Marketing")

> experience <- c(3, 11, 5, 8, 5, 12, 4)

> df <- [Link](employee, age, salary, department, experience)

> df

employee age salary department experience

1 John 33 50000 HR 3

2 Emily 54 60000 Finance 11

3 Sophia 65 52000 Marketing 5

4 Michael 42 80000 IT 8

5 Sarah 21 56000 HR 5

6 David 38 75000 Finance 12

7 Anna 39 54000 Marketing 4

> # FOR JavaScript

> write_json(df, "employee_data.json", pretty = T)

> print(toJSON(df, pretty = T)) # Optional

"employee": "John",
 "age": 33,

"salary": 50000,

"department": "HR",

"experience": 3

},

"employee": "Emily",

"age": 54,

"salary": 60000,

"department": "Finance",

"experience": 11

},

"employee": "Sophia",

"age": 65,

"salary": 52000,

"department": "Marketing",

"experience": 5

},

"employee": "Michael",

"age": 42,

"salary": 80000,

"department": "IT",

"experience": 8

},

"employee": "Sarah",

"age": 21,

"salary": 56000,

"department": "HR",
 "experience": 5

},

"employee": "David",

"age": 38,

"salary": 75000,

"department": "Finance",

"experience": 12

},

"employee": "Anna",

"age": 39,

"salary": 54000,

"department": "Marketing",

"experience": 4

> # 1. Create numeric vector

> v1 <- c(5, 10, 15, 20)

> v2 <- c("Red", "Blue", "Green")

> v3 <- seq(1, 10, by = 2)

> v1[2]

[1] 10

> v1 * 2

[1] 10 20 30 40

> # 1. Create simple list

> list1 <- list(1, "Apple", TRUE)

> list2 <- list(Name = "John", Age = 25, Passed = TRUE)

> list2$Name

[1] "John"

> list3 <- list(A = c(1,2,3), B = list("X","Y"))

> list2$City <- "Mumbai

> # 1. Create matrix

> m1 <- matrix(c(1,2,3,4), nrow = 2)

> m2 <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)

> m2[2,3]

[1] 8

> m2 + 5

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 6 9 12

[2,] 7 10 13

[3,] 8 11 14

> t(m2)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 2 3

[2,] 4 5 6

[3,] 7 8 9

> df1 <- [Link](

+ ID = c(1,2,3,4),

+ Name = c("Alice","Bob","Charlie","David"),

+ Age = c(25,30,35,40)

+)

>

> df1

ID Name Age

1 1 Alice 25

2 2 Bob 30

3 3 Charlie 35

4 4 David 40

> df2 <- [Link](

+ Product = c("Laptop","Tablet","Phone","Monitor"),

+ Price = c(700,300,NA,200),
+ Stock = c(10,NA,15,20)

+)

> df2

Product Price Stock

1 Laptop 700 10

2 Tablet 300 NA

3 Phone NA 15

4 Monitor 200 20

> df3 <- [Link](

+ Student = c("John","Emma","Liam","Sophia"),

+ Score = c(85,90,78,88),

+ Grade = c("B","A","C","B")

+)

> df3

Student Score Grade

1 John 85 B

2 Emma 90 A

3 Liam 78 C

4 Sophia 88 B

df4 <- [Link](

+ EmpID = c(101,102,103),

+ EmpName = c("Rahul","Priya","Aman"),

+ Salary = c(50000,60000,55000)

+)

>

> df4

EmpID EmpName Salary

1 101 Rahul 50000

2 102 Priya 60000

3 103 Aman 55000

> df5 <- [Link](

+ BookID = c(1,2,3),

+ Title = c("Math","Science","English"),

+ Price = c(250,300,200)

+)

>

> df5

BookID Title Price

1 1 Math 250

2 2 Science 300

3 3 English 200

> #Factors

> # 1. Colors

> f1 <- factor(c("Red", "Blue", "Green", "Red", "Green", "Blue"))

> f1

[1] Red Blue Green Red Green Blue

Levels: Blue Green Red

> # 2. Education Levels

> f2 <- factor(c("High School", "Bachelor", "Master", "PhD", "Master"))

> f2

[1] High School Bachelor Master PhD Master

Levels: Bachelor High School Master PhD

> # 3. Job Positions

> f3 <- factor(c("Analyst", "Manager", "Executive", "Manager", "Analyst"))

> f3

[1] Analyst Manager Executive Manager Analyst

Levels: Analyst Executive Manager

> # 4. Numeric as Factor

> f4 <- factor(c(5, 3, 4, 2, 1, 4, 5))

> f4

[1] 5 3 4 2 1 4 5

Levels: 1 2 3 4 5

> # 5. Yes/No/Maybe

> f5 <- factor(c("Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Maybe", "Yes", "Maybe"))

> f5

[1] Yes No Yes Yes No Maybe Yes Maybe

Levels: Maybe No Yes

> # 6. Performance Rating

> f6 <- factor(c("Good", "Bad", "Average", "Excellent", "Good", "Bad", "Excellent"))

> f6

[1] Good Bad Average Excellent Good Bad Excellent

Levels: Average Bad Excellent Good

> #ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

> # 1. 2:13

> arr1 <- array(2:13)

> arr1

[1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

>

> # 2. 20:40

> arr2 <- array(20:40)

> arr2

[1] 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

>

> # 3. 1:16 (4x4 array)

> arr3 <- array(1:16, dim = c(4,4))

> arr3

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 5 9 13

[2,] 2 6 10 14
 [3,] 3 7 11 15

[4,] 4 8 12 16

>

> # 4. 6:18

> arr4 <- array(6:18)

> arr4

[1] 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

>

> # 5. 7:24 (3x6 array)

> arr5 <- array(7:24, dim = c(3,6))

> arr5

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]

[1,] 7 10 13 16 19 22

[2,] 8 11 14 17 20 23

[3,] 9 12 15 18 21 24

> #RELATIONAL OPERATORS

>a<b

[1] FALSE

>a>b

[1] FALSE

> a == b

[1] TRUE

> a <= b

[1] TRUE

> a >= b

[1] TRUE

> a != b

[1] FALSE

> a <- 3.2

> b <- 2

>a+b

[1] 5.2

>a>b

[1] TRUE

> # Arithmetic

>a+b

[1] 5.2

>a-b

[1] 1.2

>a*b

[1] 6.4

>a/b

[1] 1.6

> a %% b

[1] 1.2

> a %/% b

[1] 1

>a^b

[1] 10.24

> # Relational

>a<b

[1] FALSE

>a>b

[1] TRUE

> a == b

[1] FALSE

> a <= b

[1] FALSE

> a >= b

[1] TRUE
> a != b

[1] TRUE

> a <- 12

> b <- 2

> # Arithmetic

>a+b

[1] 14

>a-b

[1] 10

>a*b

[1] 24

>a/b

[1] 6

> a %% b

[1] 0

> a %/% b

[1] 6

>a^b

[1] 144

> # Relational

>a<b

[1] FALSE

>a>b

[1] TRUE

> a == b

[1] FALSE

> a <= b

[1] FALSE

> a >= b

[1] TRUE
> a != b

[1] TRUE

> a <- 9

> b <- 3

> # Arithmetic

>a+b

[1] 12

>a-b

[1] 6

>a*b

[1] 27

>a/b

[1] 3

> a %% b

[1] 0

> a %/% b

[1] 3

>a^b

[1] 729

> # Relational

>a<b

[1] FALSE

>a>b

[1] TRUE

> a == b

[1] FALSE

> a <= b

[1] FALSE

> a >= b

[1] TRUE

> a != b
[1] TRUE

> c1 <- c(8,8,6)

> c2 <- c(3,4,5)

> # Arithmetic

> c1 + c2

[1] 11 12 11

> c1 - c2

[1] 5 4 1

> c1 * c2

[1] 24 32 30

> c1 / c2

[1] 2.666667 2.000000 1.200000

> c1 %% c2

[1] 2 0 1

> c1 %/% c2

[1] 2 2 1

> c1 ^ c2

[1] 512 4096 7776

> # Relational

> c1 < c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 > c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1 == c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 <= c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 >= c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1 != c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1 <- c(7,8,5)

> c2 <- c(2,2,4)

> c1 + c2

[1] 9 10 9

> c1 - c2

[1] 5 6 1

> c1 * c2

[1] 14 16 20

> c1 / c2

[1] 3.50 4.00 1.25

> c1 %% c2

[1] 1 0 1

> c1 %/% c2

[1] 3 4 1

> c1 ^ c2

[1] 49 64 625

> c1 < c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 > c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1 == c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 <= c2

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

> c1 >= c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> c1 != c2

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

> #if and else

> num <- 10

> if (num > 0) {

+ print("Positive Number")

+ } else {

+ print("Negative Number")

+}

[1] "Positive Number"

> num <- 7

> if (num %% 2 == 0) {

+ print("Even Number")

+ } else {

+ print("Odd Number")

+}

[1] "Odd Number"

> age <- 18

> if (age >= 18) {

+ print("Eligible to Vote")

+ } else {

+ print("Not Eligible")

+}

[1] "Eligible to Vote"

> a <- 12

> b <- 8

> if (a > b) {

+ print("a is greater")

+ } else if (a < b) {

+ print("b is greater")

+ } else {

+ print("Both are equal")

+}

[1] "a is greater"

> #switching data

> day <- 2

>

> result <- switch(day,

+ "Sunday",

+ "Monday",

+ "Tuesday",

+ "Wednesday",

+ "Invalid")

> print(result)

[1] "Monday"

>

> operation <- "+"

> a <- 10

> b <- 5

>

> result <- switch(operation,

+ "+" = a + b,

+ "-" = a - b,

+ "*" = a * b,

+ "/" = a / b,

+ "Invalid")

> print(result)

[1] 15

>

> grade <- "A"

>

> message <- switch(grade,

+ "A" = "Excellent",

+ "B" = "Good",

+ "C" = "Average",

+ "Poor")

> print(message)
[1] "Excellent"

> #data frame

> df2 <- [Link](

+ Product = c("Laptop","Tablet","Phone"),

+ Price = c(700,300,500),

+ Stock = c(10,5,15)

+)

> str(df2)

'[Link]': 3 obs. of 3 variables:

$ Product: chr "Laptop" "Tablet" "Phone"

$ Price : num 700 300 500

$ Stock : num 10 5 15

> summary(df2)

Product Price Stock

Length:3 Min. :300 Min. : 5.0

Class :character 1st Qu.:400 1st Qu.: 7.5

Mode :character Median :500 Median :10.0

Mean :500 Mean :10.0

3rd Qu.:600 3rd Qu.:12.5

Max. :700 Max. :15.0

> df3 <- [Link](

+ EmpID = c(101,102,103),

+ EmpName = c("Rahul","Priya","Aman"),

+ Salary = c(50000,60000,55000)

+)

> str(df3)

'[Link]': 3 obs. of 3 variables:

$ EmpID : num 101 102 103

$ EmpName: chr "Rahul" "Priya" "Aman"

$ Salary : num 50000 60000 55000

> summary(df3)
 EmpID EmpName Salary

Min. :101.0 Length:3 Min. :50000

1st Qu.:101.5 Class :character 1st Qu.:52500

Median :102.0 Mode :character Median :55000

Mean :102.0 Mean :55000

3rd Qu.:102.5 3rd Qu.:57500

Max. :103.0 Max. :60000

#Module 2

#Module 2

#create data for the graph

#pie charts

x<-c(12,55,36,70)

lables<-c("US", "UK", "Singapore", "Indonesia")

pie(x,lables)

#pie chart (to write the head and colour fill)

x<-c(20,35,66,70)

lables<-c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia")

pie(x,lables, main="country pie chart", col=rainbow(length(x)))

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia")

colors<-c("blue","green","red","orange")

pie(x,lables, main = "country pie chart",col = colors)

x<-c(12,35,56,75)

lables<-c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia")

colors<-c("blue","green","red","orange")
pie(x,lables, main = "country pie chart",col = colors)

legend("topright", c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia"), cex = 0.8, fill = colors)

#Dimensional pie chart

x <- c(20, 55, 76, 52)

lables<-c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia")

pie_lables <- paste(round(100 * x/sum(x),2),"%")

pie(x, labels = pie_lables)

# labels and %

# Define Data

lables<-c("Singapore", "UK", "Japan", "Indonesia")

#Calculate Percentages

percent <- round(x/sum(x)*100,1)

labels_with_percent <- paste(labels, percent, "%")

#Define custom colors

colors <- c("pink", "green", "red", "orange")

#Create the pie chart with percentages

pie(x, labels = labels_with_percent, main = "Country Pie Chart", col = colors)

#Legend

legend("topright", labels_with_percent, cex = 1, fill = colors)

#Excel Sheet

#Simple

# Read the data from the Excel file

data_path <- "C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet = "Sheet1")

#count occurrences of each gender

gender_count <- table(data_df$Gender)

colors <- c("gold", 'orange')

#Create Pie Chart

pie(gender_count, labels = names(gender_count),

col = colors, main = "Gender Distribution")

#bar charts

H1<-c(42,88,76,23,41)

barplot(H1)

H2<-c(72,30,40,50,33,38)

M2<-c("feb","mar","apr","may","may","jun")

barplot(H2, [Link]=M2, xlab="month",

ylab="Revenue", col="yellow", main="Revenue Bar Chart",

border="red")

#Group Bar Chart & Stacked Bar Chart

months<-c("jan","feb","mar","apr","may")

region<-c("west","north","south","east")
values<-matrix(c(21,22,25,40,67,66,87,78,69,56,44,23,88,55,85), nrow=4,

ncol=5, byrow= TRUE)

barplot(values, main="Total Revenue", [Link]=months,

xlab="month", ylab="Revenue",

col=c("pink","orange","black","yellow","brown","green"))

legend("topright", region, cex =.6, fill=c("gold","blue","lightblue"))

#Excel

#simple

#read data

data_path <-"C:/Users/parth/OneDrive/Desktop/SEM-4/PBAR/[Link]"

data_df <- read_excel(data_path, sheet= "Sheet1")

#count occurrences of each education level

gender_count <- table(data_df$Gender)

colors<- c("pink","blue")

#create a bar chart

bar_positions <- barplot(gender_count, col= colors,

main= "Gender Distribution",

xlab= "Gender Level", ylab= "count",

las= 2) #rotate x-axis lables for better visibility

text(bar_positions, gender_count, labels = gender_count,

pos = 1, cex = 1.0, col="black")