Chapter 3

Livestock breeds and breed types

Remember when choosing a breed
There is no universal breed that is best for all traits
All breeds have weak and strong points
There is more variation within a breed as between breeds
Select a breed that is adapted to your particular production environment
Be sure you have a market for your animals
Replacement breeding stock should be freely available
Which production system and practice is the breed intended for

3.1. Cattle
3.1.1. Beef cattle breeds

[Link] Bos Taurus

Simmentaler
This ancient breed originates in the Simmen valley in Switzerland in the middle ages. There are
approximately 30 million Simmentaler cattle in the world and about 9 million in Europe alone,
where 95% of the cows are milked and the bulls are used for feedlot beef production. The first
imports of Simmentaler cattle into South Africa occurred in 1905. The main reason for its
popularity in southern Africa is its ability to be use either as an effective maternal or terminal breed
in crossbreeding programs to breed both replacement cows with excellent maternal abilities, as
well as fast growing weaners, oxen and bulls.

Simmentaler in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
Exotic (Originate in Switzerland)
Adapted to temperate environments
Large frame
Highly fertile
Late maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 580kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age: 241kg

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Figure 3.1 (a) Simmentaler cow; (b) Simmentaler bull

Limousin
Ancient rock engravings found in the caves of Southern France, resemble the present-day
Limousin. These golden-red cattle thrive in harsh, rugged and rocky conditions. They were
originally used as draught animals and then fattened for slaughter. The breed has developed
into a highly efficient beef producing animal with a well-muscled carcass, free of excessive fat.
The breed is found in 70 countries worldwide.

Limousin originated in the West of the Massif Central between Central and South West France,
a rather rainy region with harsh climatic conditions and poor granite soil. Consequently, the
growing of field crops was very difficult at best and emphasis was placed on animal agriculture.

The first Limousin cattle were imported to South Africa from 1974. The breed has increased in
popularity, with breeders growing from seven to 101. There are in excess of 11 000 animals
registered in South Africa today.

The breed is characterized by its medium, strong boned frame. It is an averaged size animal
that adapts well to the environment. Coat colour is golden-red and a lighter colour under the
stomach, inside the thighs, around the eyes and muzzle, and around the anus and end of the
tail. The skin is free of pigmentation. Mature Limousin females should average 650 kg and mature
males 1000 kg. The head is small and short with a broad forehead, and the neck is short with a
broad muzzle. It is known for its hybrid vigour, producing growth calves for the feedlot. With regard
to fertility, herds achieve 92% weaning rates. It is characterized by easy calving at 32 kg on
the veld. Cows show great longevity and regularly produce up to 14 calves.

Limousin in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
Exotic (Originate in France)
Highly adaptable
Medium frame
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 Highly fertile
Late maturing
Bulls are extremely fertile, and their good conformation is passed on to all progeny
Dams' lighter frame ensures ease of calving

Figure 3.2 (a) Limousin cow and calf; (b) Limousin bull

Angus
Angus cattle originated in Scotland and were noted for their high quality Scotch‖ beef. Aberdeen
Angus, as they are still known in the UK, are black beef cattle which produce red- coloured cattle
by virtue of a recessive coat-colour gene.

In 1895 Mr. Newburg of the Free State imported 10 Aberdeen Angus into South Africa with a view
to improve the beef conformation and production of the indigenous breeds, among others, the
Afrikaner. In the early 1960‘s, Barry Karmer of KwaZulu-Natal imported Red Angus cattle from
USA. Both colours are easily available in South Africa, although the Red Angus is more popular
in the SA Studbook, being 72% of total, and the Angus (black) 28% of the total stud population.

The Angus is numerically the largest breed of cattle in the world. It is an early-maturing,
medium-framed beef breed known for their calving ease. Calves are small at birth with an average
birth mass of 35.1 kg. Aberdeen Angus cattle are naturally polled and can be black or red in
colour although black is the dominant colour, white may occasionally appear on the udder.

They are resistant to harsh weather, undemanding, adaptable, good natured, mature extremely
early and have a high carcass yield with nicely marbled meat. Angus are renowned as a
carcass breed. They are used widely in crossbreeding to improve carcass quality and milking
ability. Angus females calve easily and have good calf rearing ability. They are also used as a
genetic dehorner as the polled gene is passed on as a dominant characteristic.

Angus and Angus cross calves are normally polled (no horns) and where Angus bulls are used
in a crossbreeding system, approximately 90% of the progeny are polled. Angus cattle are also
known for their early sexual maturity (8-12 months of age) and intercalving periods (421 days).
3
Angus in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
Exotic (Originate in Scotland)
Highly adaptable; Adaptable to all weather conditions
Medium frame
Highly fertile
Early maturing
Calving ease and vigourous, live calves
Superb mothers with superior milking ability
Naturally polled
Superior feed conversion
Natural marbling for tasty, tender beef
Preferred carcass size and quality

Figure 3.3 (a) Black Angus cow and calf; (b) Red Angus cow and calf; (c) Red Angus bull; (d)
Black Angus bull

Hereford

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As its name suggests, the Hereford evolved from the indigenous red cattle which roamed the
Welsh Border counties and the western extremities of England. The first two bulls were imported
to South Africa in 1890. Herefords have taken their name from the county Herefordshire, an
historic agricultural region of England where this breed has evolved. The breed quickly
established itself in Southern Africa, all the way up to Kenya, as their popularity grew.

The Hereford is a fast-growing, fertile beef breed of distinctive colour and markings. These
cattle are typically white-faced with a red body and white underline. They are muscular, moderate
to long in length of side, adequate in length of leg, large in size, trim, and smooth. They are
also well developed in the regions of valuable cuts - the back, loin, and hind quarters or round.

The breed has changed over the years from a small, compact type to a larger framed type that
was well adapted to South African environmental and market conditions. It has also changed from
an early maturing type that had an uncanny ability to convert grass into quality meat into a breed
adapted to feedlot requirements.

These cattle are known for their vigor and foraging ability and for their longevity, many females
live and produce calves beyond the age of 15 years. Bulls are capable of remaining profitable at
stud to the age of 12 or more. Many breeders keep their elderly cattle until they die of natural
causes.

Functional efficiency of the Hereford is attained by the following priorities which are presented in
order of importance: Fertility, conformation in relation to fertility, growth ability, functional
efficiency and fitness, adaptability, carcass quality, good temperament and general breed
conformation features.

Hereford in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
Exotic (Originate in England)
Highly adaptable
Large frame
Highly fertile
Late maturing
Mature males may weigh up to 820 kg, while mature females may weigh around 550 kg
Greater weight for age and rate of gain either at pasture or on yard feeding
The ability to command top prices in the markets as finished beef or as store cattle
High percentage of calf crops
Lower wintering costs
Docility and ease of management
Lower labour costs

5
Figure 3.4 (a) Hereford cow and calf; (b) Hereford bull

Charolais
The Charolais traces its origin back to the mountainous area of the Bresse-Plateau in Eastern
France from where it spread to the fertile Charolles area. Today, with a strength of three million,
the Charolais is the most important beef breed in France and represents 80% of cattle found in
the region. In 1773, Claude Mathieu, a farmer and cattle producers from the Charolles region,
moved to the Nievre province, taking his herd of white cattle with him. The breed flourished
there, so much so that the improved cattle were known more widely as Nivemais cattle for a
time than by their original name of Charolais.

It was only after the Second World War that Charolais made its appearance in other parts of the
world. At first small exports, such as four bulls and six females to Brazil in 1950; five bulls and
eleven females to Argentina in 1955; one bull and three cows to South Africa in 1955 followed
by three bulls and 15 females in 1956, took place. This small trickle developed into a big stream.

The typical Charolais is white in colour with a pink muzzle and pale hooves, horned, long
bodied, and good milkers with a general coarseness to the animal not being uncommon.

The Charolais is an economically highly efficient beef breed, well-adapted to South African
grazing conditions. The distinctive light coloured breed is classified as a large frame, lean meat
producer with a very deep and broad body. The tremendous growth potential and good muscling
make the Charolais a valuable factor in crossbreeding programs. With excellent meat
conformation, especially of the valuable parts and relative late maturity they are well suited to
fattening for high finished weight. They are well suited to all purpose cross breeding.

Other characteristics of the breed include excellent feed conversion ratios, excellent carcass
quality and outstanding temperament.

Charolais in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
6
 Exotic (Originate in France)
Highly adaptable
Large frame
Highly fertile
Early maturing
Good for growth and uniformity
Superior natural live-weight gain for age
Tremendous muscling and conformity
Easy to manage in terms of temperament
Ease of calving
The ability to fit into any system – grass based or intensive
Delivers a distinct colour code; Charolais cross calves have dominant colour
markings which provides a guarantee of their parentage

Figure 3.5 (a) Charolais bull, cow and calf; (b) Charolais bull

[Link]. Bos taurus africanus: Sanga

Afrikaner
Afrikander cattle were developed from the native Khoi-Khoi cattle of the Cape of Good Hope
which are thought to have arisen from the longhorned Zebu and the Egyptian longhorn and is a
native South African breed. Sanga type cattle, in huge herds, were owned by the Hottentots
when the Dutch established the Cape Colony in 1652. The animals were obtained by the colonists
who improved them for use as draft animals. It was Afrikaner oxen that drew the wagons which
carried Boer farmers and families on the Great Trek of 1835-36 from the Cape of Good Hope to
the Orange Free State, Natal and the Transvaal to escape British rule. The breed was almost
exterminated when huge numbers died of rinderpest (viral disease of cattle) or were destroyed
during the South African War

Since then the breed has been developed into a competitive beef breed and was the first
indigenous South African breed to form a breed society in 1912. Nowadays it is probably the
most popular indigenous cattle breed in South Africa. Though the population size in 1998 is
reported to be 20,465, its cryogenic conservation in semen form and keeping the animals in the
7
different improvement stations in South Africa is expected to ensure that it is not at risk.

Afrikaner cattle were bought to southern Africa by the San people and the ancestors of the
modern Afrikaner were already encountered by the Portuguese traders in the late 14 hundreds.
This breed is therefore closely linked with South Africa and its people. It is well adapted to
extensive condition and is therefore ideally suited for the production of natural or grass-fed beef.
In South Africa the Afrikaner played a role in the development of six composite or synthetic
breeds.

The breed has been bred according to breed standards for many generations and shows a high
degree of uniformity in colour and conformation, rarely encountered in other African livestock
breeds, it is among the largest breeds in Africa. The breed is typically red which can vary from
light tan to deep cherry red. They have long lateral horns of a flesh to creamy white in colour
with amber tips. A polled type has also been developed.

Afrikaner cattle exhibit good resistance to heat, a high level of tick resistance, quiet temperament
and a satisfactorily high level of fertility under harsh conditions. It is a heavy beef- type animal
and has good meat quality but show lactation anoestrus in times of environmental stress. Mature
cows are of a medium size weighing approximately 525 to 600 kg and bulls weigh 750 to
1000 kg. They have loose skin and large drooping ears. The bulls have the the hump of muscle
and fat on the neck which can rise to 7cm or more above the topline similar to the Zebu.

Afrikaner in brief:
Classified as Sanga
Indigenous
Extremely hardy
Adapted to tropics
Small to medium frame
Good fertility
Early maturing (can be slaughter from veldt at a relatively young age)
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Resistant against diseases and parasites
Long productive live
Outstanding meat quality
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 476kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age:191kg

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Figure 3.6 (a) Afrikaner cattle; (b) Afrikaner bull

Nguni
Nguni cattle descend from both Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle and entered Africa around
8000 years ago. The name Nguni refers to the original ancestors of the present day Nguni
people. They were migrating southwards from the central lake area of Africa and brought the
ancestors of the present day Nguni cattle into the country. Through natural selection and
environmental interaction, the cattle evolved into the hardy breed we know today as the Nguni.

As the tribes settled in different areas, distinctive cattle ecotypes developed, but are essentially
still Ngunis. These cattle are still found wherever the descendants of the original groups of the
Nguni people settled, namely, in Swaziland, Zululand and Mozambique. Over 90 colour
combinations and patterns are recognized by traditional Nguni owners. The Nguni was originally
used for beef and dairy production and as a draft animal. Today it is becoming increasingly
popular as a beef breed.

The Nguni is a breed that has adapted to the African environment over many years and
therefore displays functional characteristics. It is slightly smaller in size compared to the large
beef breeds of other countries, but this just enables it to live in the Highveld regions of Africa.
Bulls are medium sized and weigh between 500 kg and 600 kg. They are muscular and display
typical male characteristics with well developed, muscular, cervico-thoracic humps, which mean
that the hump is in front of the foreleg. The cows are small and weigh between 300kg and
400kg. They are feminine with sleek, delicate lines around the neck and forequarter and a
prominent wedge shape with the weight in the stomach and hindquarter area. The sloping rump
is a distinctive characteristic of the Nguni cow and ensures ease of calving. The udder is small to
medium, well attached with small, functional teats.

Horn shapes and hide patterns are varied and no two animals are alike which has its own
attraction and the cause of this breed being so distinctive from other breeds. Their hide is sleek
and glossy to prevent ticks attaching itself to the animal. The legs and hoofs are strong to
enable the animal to walk and climb to find enough grazing. The tail is thin and flexible with a full
brush and extends to below the hock. The Nguni is known for its good temperament.

Nguni cattle are heat and light tolerant and can handle extreme heat and cold alike. They are
adaptable and hardy and possess excellent resistance to internal and external parasites with

9
natural immunity to tick borne diseases. Early maturity, fertility, ease of calving and longevity
ensures that cows have long and productive lives, cows will produce 10 or more calves. The cows
show great efficiency and often wean calves that weigh 45-50% of their body mass. The average
birth weight of calves is 22.5kg and wean at approximately 175kg, they grow at about 0.70 kg
per day until weaning. Nguni cattle are less prone to dystocia, this being ascribed to their
sloping rumps, small uterus and low birth mass.

Nguni in brief:
Classified as Sanga
Indigenous
Extremely hardy
Adapted to tropics
Small frame
Highly fertile
Early maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Resistant against diseases and parasites
Indigenous people used it for both beef and dairy production
Long productive live
Reproductive ease
Extreme temperature tolerance
Quality carcass, even distribution of fat
Excellent foragers
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 367kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age:155kg

Figure 3.7 (a) Nguni cow and calf; (b) Nguni bull

Tuli
The Sanga breed from which Tuli originate from evolved several thousand years ago in Africa. It
is thought that the breed was the result of natural mixing of indigenous cattle with the Zebu
cattle, which were herded through the continent by nomads during the first Arab invasion. The
10
Tuli is indigenous to Southern Africa with hardiness and adaptability bred into it through a process
of natural selection over a period of at least 5 000 years.

The Sanga breed is prone to wide variations in constitution and appearance. Most are a light
shade, ranging from yellow to reddish - brown and have a humped neck. They can have either
short or long horns, depending on the exact ancestry of any given animal.

Tulis are moderate framed cattle and have three basic coat colours - red, yellow and white. These
colours enable them to adapt to intense sunlight. Their coat is smooth, they have moderate sized
ears and dewlap and they can be horned or polled. Tulis are known for their early maturity, docile
nature, good mothering ability and high fertility, and they can withstand intense heat without
showing signs of stress. Due to their unique genotype, Tulis offer the maximum hybrid vigour in
a crossbreeding program. They are highly disease-resistant, especially to tick-borne diseases.

Tuli cattle produce high quality beef, their meat receives consistently excellent ratings for its
flavour, tenderness and marbling, and usually Tuli cattle are large enough to be slaughtered at
about 18 months of age. In female animals the emphasis is on fertility, milk production and low
calf mortalities, which in bulls it is on growth, feed conversion and carcass quality. The Tuli has
a unique genetic make-up which makes it particularly successful in crossbreeding programs. Tuli
steers and Tuli- cross calves finish faster off the veld than many other breeds.

Tuli in brief:
Classified as Sanga
Indigenous
Highly adaptable to heat and nutritional stress
Medium frame
Medium maturing
Carcass merit
Fertility and maternal strength
Calving ease
Disposition
Outcross genotype
Polled - 70-80% are naturally polled
Solid colour
Low maintenance
Adaptability

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Figure 3.8 (a) Tuli cow and calf; (b) Tuli bull

Drakensberger
The Drakensberger is indigenous to South Africa and was developed over a period of several
centuries. After Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape in 1497, he briefly went ashore to acquire a
black ox from the local native people in exchange for three bracelets. Da Gama subsequently
paid tribute to the excellent quality of its meat. This is history's first recording of the black cattle
of the Cape.

Nearly four hundred years later, at the time of the Great Trek, several Voortrekker families left
the Cape to travel north with teams of the same black oxen then known by the name of Vaderland
cattle. Most of these trekkers settled along the Drakensberg range, among them the Uys family
who began farming in the present-day Volksrust area. The latter's dedicated contribution to the
improvement and maintenance of the breed's purity was universally acknowledged, and in due
course the name of the breed was changed to Uys cattle.

This name remained unchanged until 1947 when the Drakensberger Cattle Breeders Society of
South Africa was formed to receive immediate official recognition. By that time the black cattle
had become known as Drakensbergers because of their widespread concentration in the mainly
sourveld Drakensberg region, beginning at Dordrecht in the Cape and stretching east and north
over a distance of more than a thousand kilometers. Today the breed has spread throughout the
country, from Humansdorp in the south, through the eastern Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and
eastern Mpumalanga to Messina in the Northern Province.

The Drakensberger is black in colour with a smooth coat, long and deep bodied medium to large
framed cattle. Mature bulls weigh from 820 kg to 1100 kg, and cows from 550 kg to 720 kg, calves
weigh approximately 35 kgs at birth. Cows remain in production for up to 20 years.

Although the Drakensberger has always thrived extremely well on sourveld grazing, of late it
has been found to do even better in the sweetveld areas, as a result of which the breed has

12
been moving in substantial numbers into the North-West Province and north western Free State
and into the mountainous areas of the Karoo. This breed is a damline breed where emphasis is
put on female traits such as calving ease, fertility, milk, maternal instincts. Another special merit
of the breed is its ability to cross well with both Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds, making it
exceptionally suitable as a mother line breed in crossbreeding systems.

Drakensberger in brief:
Classified as Sanga
Indigenous
Medium frame
Medium maturing
Ability to adapt to all conditions
Good milk production - 240 kg weaning weight (205 days) is common in stud
Fertility - 90%, ICP to 353 days/92 cows
Low mortality - in official tests 49% lower than most breeds from birth to wean
Impressive weight reached by weaner calves - heifers 210 kg and bullcalves 240 kg, on
average 25 kg more in sweetveld
Even temperament, easy handling
Outstanding mothering ability
Long productive life of 14 years and more
Tender and succulent meat

Figure 3.9 (a) Drakensberger cows; (b) Drakensberger bull

[Link]. Bos indicus: Zebu

Brahman
The Brahman breed (also known as Brahma) originated from Bos indicus cattle from India, the
"sacred cattle of India". Through centuries of exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect
pests, parasites, diseases and the weather extremes of tropical India, the native cattle developed
some remarkable adaptations for survival which cattle producers in the USA found useful and
advantageous.

The Brahman was developed in the United States of America as a composite breed, utilizing

13
five different Zebu strains. The first Brahman cattle were imported into the South Africa in 1954
from Texas. During the last fifty years the Brahman changes the South African cattle scene
dramatically. Its ability to cross well with virtually every breed as well as its ability to adapt well
to the majority of environments helped to establish it in southern Africa.

It was also instrumental in the developing of several other synthetic breeds. Today, its use in
crossbreeding has become a great tool for the production of steers for various purposes. Its
meat is highly appreciated in the five continents. Synthetic breeds have resulted from such
crossings: Brangus, Braford, Simbra and Beefmaster. These are just a few examples of Brahman
popularity

All Bos indicus cattle including the Brahman are characterized by a large hump over the top of
the shoulder and neck. Brahmans vary in colour from very light grey or red to almost black. A
majority of the breed are light to medium grey. Mature bulls are normally darker than cows and
usually have dark areas on the neck, shoulders and lower thighs. They have short, thick, glossy
hair which reflects much of the sun‘s rays and black pigmented skin, making it able to graze in
the midday sun without suffering. Their horns curve upwards and sometimes tilt to the rear plus
they have pendulous ears.

Brahman have an abundance of loose skin which is thought to contribute to its ability to
withstand warm weather by increasing the body surface area exposed to cooling. Another
feature of this breed is the increased number of sweat glands and the ability to sweat freely. Bos
indicus cattle also produce an oily secretion from the sebaceous glands which has a distinctive
odour and is reported to assist in repelling insects.

Brahmans are intermediate in size among beef breeds. Bulls will generally weigh from 720 kg to
1 000 kg and cows from 450 kg to 650 kg in average condition. The calves are small at birth,
weighing 30 to 45 kg, but grow very rapidly and wean at weights comparable to other breeds.
Brahmans are unusually thrifty, hardy and adaptable to a wide range of feed and climate.
However, these characteristics also suggest careful, kind handling methods. They quickly
respond to handling they receive, good or bad. Well bred, wisely selected and properly treated
Brahmans are as easily handled as other breeds.

They are also good mothers and produce a very satisfactory milk flow under favorable conditions.
Cancer eye is almost unknown in the breed. They have established a considerable reputation
for a high dressing percentage, and their carcasses have a very good "cutout" value with
minimum of outside fat.

Brahman in brief:
Classified as a Bos indicus synthetic or composite
Exotic (Originate in the USA)
Extremely hardy
Adapted to tropics
Medium frame
Good fertility

14
 Relative early maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Resistant against diseases and parasites
Long productive live
Quick growth
Early finish
Abundant muscle
Ideal formation
Sexual precocity
Regular calving
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 520 kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age: 209kg

Figure 3.10 (a) Brahman cow; (b) Brahman bull

Boran
The Boran developed in eastern Africa, more specifically the Borana plateau in southern Ethiopia.
This area was where all the different breeds migrated through to their various destinations in
Africa. The Boran developed into the dominant breed of eastern Africa and especially in Kenya,
where the Kenyan Boran Cattle Breeders' Society (BCBS) have bred the "Improved Boran" since
the turn of the century.

As far as can be determined this is the only breed in Africa to have this specific combination of
genes. Genetic studies have shown that the genetic composition of the Kenyan Boran is unique.
The genetic background of the Kenyan Boran is predominantly zebu. The Boran is a breed that
had its last infusion of 'new' genes in 700 AD.

The Boran is therefore not a synthetic or compound breed that has been crossbred in the last
few decades. It has been bred as a pure breed for 1300 years. The importance of this to the
commercial breeder is that the Boran will have much stronger hybrid vigour than modern
compound breeds. Today Boran breeders have greatly improved the beef conformation of their
15
animals, but they have never lost sight of the important qualities of the indigenous Boran.

The Boran is medium in size with a short head, small ears, loose dewlap and a large hump
above the shoulders. They can be horned or polled. They vary in height from 114cm to 147cm
tall, and in weight bulls weigh approximately 500kg to 850kg. Cows weigh about 380kg to
450kg. Their skin is loose, thick and extremely pliable for added insect repellence plus it is dark
pigmented with fine short hair for heat tolerance. Hair colour can be a range of colours except
brindle or solid black.

The Boran male and female share breed points, the sexes, however, show marked dimorphism
- the female being notably small, whilst the male grows to a large size. The cow has a well-
carried udder with strong attachments and neat, small teats, in contrast to some Asian Zebu
breeds. Boran heifers reach puberty at an average age of 385 days. She is an excellent mother,
not only will she feed her calf so well that high weaning weights are attainable, but she guards
against predators, and will never allow her calf to get lost in the bush. Calving problems hardly
exist. Calves at birth weigh an average of 28 kg for males and females, 25 kg.

Boran cattle have developed adaptive traits of crucial importance for their survival. Some of
these characters are - the ability to withstand periodic shortage of water and feed, ability to walk
long distances in search of water and feed and ability to digest low quality feeds. The herd instinct
of the Boran makes it easy to manage and survive in bush country.

The well-developed beef conformation shows up in carcass appraisals. The depth of eye
muscle, marbling, even fat cover and ratio of hind to forequarter make the Boran difficult to beat,
hence the preference of Kenya butchers for young, well-finished Boran steers.

Boran in brief:
Classified as a Bos indicus
Exotic (Originate in Ethiopia)
Hybrid vigour
Good maternal instincts
Longevity
Medium frame
High fertility
Disease resistance
Quiet temperament
Quality carcass
Efficient food conversion
Early maturing

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Figure 3.11 (a) Boran cow and calf; (b) Boran bull

[Link]. Synthetic breeds: B. taurus x B. indicus

Bonsmara
The Bonsmara has been scientifically bred and strictly selected for economical production in
extensive cattle grazing in sub-tropical climates. In 1937 it was generally noted that British breeds
did not have the required heat tolerance for the sub tropics and that the Afrikaner did not perform
as well in terms of calving regularity. Professor Jan Bonsma decided to test different breed
combinations at the Messina Livestock Research Station.

The Bonsmara is a synthetic or composite breed that was developed at the Mara Research
Station in the Northern Province. Bulls of five British Beef breeds were used on Afrikaner cows
and the progeny then performance tested. After pilot trials it was decided to continue only with
the better performing Hereford and Shorthorn cross-breds. The Bonsmara consist of 5/8
Afrikaner and 3/8 Exotic (Shorthorn/Hereford) breeding.

The first results were already encouraging. Under the management circumstances prevailing at
Mara in those days, the weaning weights of the crossbred cows were on average 195kg at 240
days (about 20% higher than those of the three parent breeds). Likewise, the calving
percentages of the crossbred cows were appreciably higher. The first calves of this type were
born in 1943.

The Bonsmara is red in colour with a blend of Bos indicus and Bos taurus attributes. They are
polled or horned and must be de-horned to conform to breed standards. Body conformation
and traits have all been selected for to satisfy the commercial requirements of todays market.
Today all inspected and approved purebred Bonsmaras are branded with the Bonsmara symbol
on the right shoulder.

The Bonsmara cow is well adapted to natural grazing condition and is excellent mothers. Its
high fertility and ability to produce heavy weaners under a wide variety of environments made it
a popular choice in South Africa. It is currently the largest beef breed in terms of numbers in the
country.

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Bonsmara in brief:
Classified as a synthetic or composite
Consist of 5/8 Afrikaner & 3/8 Exotic (Shorthorn/Hereford)
Indigenous
Hardy
Adapted to tropics
Medium frame
Excellent fertility
Relative early maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Resistant against diseases and parasites
Long productive live
Outstanding meat quality
Well adapted to sub-tropical climate
Calving ease
Calm temperament and easy handling
Performance tested and inspected to minimum breed standards
Suitable for use in cross breeding
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 503 kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age: 217kg

Figure 3.12 (a) Bonsmara cow and calf; (b) Bonsmara bull

Beefmaster
Beefmaster cattle are the first American composite breed (combination of three or more breeds).
These cattle have been developed by the Lasater Ranch then headquartered in Texas. The
breeding program leading to their establishment was started by Ed C. Lasater in 1908, when
he purchased Brahman bulls to use on his commercial herd of Hereford and Shorthorn cattle
18
(Beefmaster cattle are 50% Brahman, 25% Hereford, and 25% Milking Shorthorn).
The breed is recognized as a "Dual Purpose" breed, meaning Beefmasters blend strong maternal
traits with excellent growth and carcass abilities. The cattle are heat, drought and insect
resistant. They are moderate in size, and while there is no set colour pattern in the breed, they
are generally light red to dark red and some will have white mottle on their faces. The females
are excellent mothers, raising a heavy calf each year, and the bulls are aggressive breeders.
Beefmasters are intelligent, gentle cattle that are truly a pleasure to work with.

The thing that probably most differentiates Beefmaster cattle from other breeds is the Six
Essentials, which were the founding selection principles on which the breed was formed:
Disposition, Fertility, Weight, Conformation, Hardiness and Milk Production. Lasater’s concept
was that you select for cattle only based on these six traits of economic relevance, to the exclusion
of many traits that other breeds have expended genetic energy on like colour pattern, horns,
height, etc. This unique approach is why Beefmasters are known by the slogan "The Profit
Breed."

Beefmasters are developed to fulfill the six essentials:

Fertility, Milking ability, Weight, Conformation, Hardiness and Disposition

You can expect minimal calving problems, heavy weaning weights, exceptionally few health
problems, and high fertility from females and bulls. Beefmasters can take heat and cold.
Furthermore, their heat tolerance causes many cattlemen to comment that while their other
cattle are standing in ponds or lying under shade trees, Beefmasters will be grazing. Beefmaster
bulls have few equals when asked to service cows grazing endophyte-infected fescue in hot
weather. Likewise, their heat tolerance makes Beefmaster cows more likely to settle in extremely
hot weather, especially when grazing fescue. In addition, pinkeye is extremely rare for Beefmaster
cattle.

Figure 3.13 (a) Beefmaster cow; (b) Beefmaster bull

Brangus
The Brangus breed was developed to utilise the superior traits of Angus and Brahman cattle.
Their genetics are stabilised at 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Angus. The combination results in a breed
which unites the traits of two highly successful parent breeds. The Brahman, through rigorous
19
natural selection, developed disease resistance, overall hardiness and outstanding maternal
instincts. Angus are known for their superior carcass qualities. They are also extremely functional
females which excel in both fertility and milking ability.

A review of the development of the Brangus breed would take us back beyond the founding of
the American Brangus Breeders Association in 1949; however, registered Brangus descend
from the foundation animals recorded that year or registered Brahman and Angus cattle enrolled
since then. Much of the early work in crossing Brahman and Angus cattle was done at the
USDA Experiment Station in Jeanerette, Louisiana. According to the USDA 1935 Yearbook in
Agriculture the research with these crossed started about 1932.

Brangus cattle are black or red, polled, with a sleek coat and pigmented skin. Their ears are
medium to large and the skin is loose, with neck folds. The rump is slightly rounded, and the
bulls have a moderate hump.

The Brangus have a good temperament which was originally selected for when the breed was
created. Mature Brangus bulls generally weigh between 820 and 920 kg, while mature females
generally weigh around 500 to 550 kg. The cows are good mothers and the calves are usually
of medium size at birth. Bulls mature by two years of age and are ready to go into service by 18
months. Heifers are ready to breed by 14 months of age and deliver their first calf at 24 months
of age. The bulls can remain in service through age 12, while the cows can produce calves
beyond the age of 14.

This breed is considered to be very versatile being high performers on pasture and in the feedlot
and have also proven resistant to heat and high humidity. Under conditions of cool and cold
climate they seem to produce enough hair for adequate protection.

Brangus in brief:
Classified as a synthetic or composite
Exotic (Originated from USA)
Resistant to heat and high humidity
Hardy in cold climates
Good mothers
Resistance to ticks and bloat
A good forager
Rapid weight gain
Average to slightly late maturing
A carcass without excessive fat

20
Figure 3.14 (a) Red Brangus cow; (b) Black Brangus bull

Simbrah
In the late 1960's a few cattlemen experimented by combining Simmentaler with Brahman,
these crosses evolved into the breed Simbrah. Originally developed in the hot, humid areas of
the Gulf Coast, Simbrah have been selected so they can thrive in the Northwest and Northeast
regions of the United States where temperatures range from 45oC in the summer to -12oC in the
winter.

The Brahman was chosen for heat and insect tolerance, hardiness and excellent foraging
ability, as well as maternal calving ease and longevity; the Simmentaler for early sexual maturity,
fertility, milking ability, rapid growth and good beef characteristics. The docile disposition of most
Simmentaler is also a plus for this composite. These two cattle breeds have been used in
cooperation to produce Simbrah.

There is great interest in the breed worldwide. Simbrah are being developed in many areas where
Zebu breeding predominates as well as other areas where Simbrah‘s blend of features is desired.
The Simbrah are a medium sized cattle breed which take its characteristics from both the
Brahman and the Simmentaler. They come in various colours, usually red with a bit of white on
the face or black with a bit of white on the face. They have a slight hump above the neck and
have slightly larger ears than European beef breeds.

Simbrah in brief:
Classified as a synthetic or composite
Exotic (Originated from USA)
Excellent maternal traits
Rapid growth
Hybrid vigour
Heat tolerance
Lean high quality beef
Longevity
21
Figure 3.15 (a) Simbrah cow and heifer; (b) Simbrah bull

Braford
The Braford was created to provide a consistent and efficient product for beef production. The
breed was made by a cross between a Hereford bull and a Brahman cow. They carry the
characteristics of both breeds. This was first done in Florida, 1947. It took a few attempts to get
the right genetics as the first bulls suffered with poor feet and eyes and were not used to the
Florida climate. Braford cattle are approximately 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Hereford. The Braford is
red like a Hereford with white underbelly, head, and feet. It is stockier than a Hereford, getting
the stockiness from the Brahman. The Braford is primarily used for beef.

Brafords are known for superior maternal ability. Early puberty, fertility, calving ease, optimum
milk production, maternal aptitude and productive longevity have earned Brafords this
distinguished reputation. Brafords also have heat and insect resistance because of a chemical in
their blood; this also makes them bad-tempered by nature. They do best in warm climates.

Brafords have always been recognized for their superior maternal ability. Early puberty, fertility,
calving ease, optimum milk production, maternal aptitude and productive longevity are attributes
that have earned Braford females this distinguished reputation. Using Braford bulls on adapted
purebred or crossbred cows allows farmers to produce excellent replacement females with the
Braford maternal edge.

Braford bulls are not terminal sires. Braford breeders have been careful to increase growth rate
in their cattle while avoiding associated large increases in mature size that can reduce the ability
of Braford bulls and females to function in everyday conditions. By avoiding the "bigger is better"
syndrome that has plagued the purebred cattle business for years, Braford breeders have also
avoided associated problems of difficult calving and market steers that are too big to fit industry
needs when finished.

22
Figure 3.16 (a) Braford cow and calf; (b) Braford bull

Santa Gertrudis
The Santa Gertrudis breed of cattle, named for the Spanish land grant where Captain Richard
King first established the King Ranch, were developed to thrive, prosper and gain weight on the
native grasses of the South Texas brush country. The first and perhaps the most enduring
efforts to produce the rugged breed began in 1910 when the King Ranch decided to
systematically crossbreed its Shorthorn and Hereford cattle with Brahman. After a few crosses,
the Brahman X Shorthorn cross showed the most promise, and the ranch headed toward a
cross of 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Shorthorn as the optimum blend of the two breeds.

In 1920 an outstanding bull calf called Monkey was produced. With a distinctive red colour, and
an exceptionally deep and well-muscled body, Monkey was the most impressive calf ever born
on King Ranch. In 1923, Monkey was used in a breeding herd of first-cross Brahman X
Shorthorn red heifers. His offspring were superior cattle that were well adapted to the harsh
environment in which they were developed. Most importantly, the calves made money for the
ranch. Highly prepotent, Monkey became the foundation herd sire for the Santa Gertrudis breed.
Through many generations his descendants have retained the rapid and efficient growth, solid
red colour, hardiness and good disposition for which Monkey was noted.

The Santa Gertrudis is red in colour and display a blend of Bos indicus and Bos
taurus attributes. They have a short, straight slick coat with loose and moveable skin which is
red in pigmentation. Their confirmation is broad, strong and well muscled; they may be polled or
horned.

Mature Santa Gertrudis bulls weigh in excess of 900 kg and a mature Santa cow can weigh up
to 750 kg. Daily weight gains of Santa Gertrudis bulls are regularly monitored at more than 1.5
kg per day. Females with adequate conditions will breed at 12-14 months of age and produce
their first calf as a two-year old. The Santa Gertrudis is an above average producer of milk. Due
to this heavy milk production she will also wean a heavier calf. A female can remain in production
well past her 12th birthday and may stay in the breeding herd as long as 18 years. Santa bulls
have outstanding foraging ability which means they can thrive even under the harshest
conditions and they are noted as very active and athletic sires.
23
Santa Gertrudis are adaptable to most climates, environments and terrains. Their make-up of
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn has proved to be ideal in most of the varied environments around
the world. Their thick hide serves as insulation to the cold and as a barrier to insects and parasites.
The presence of sweat glands in their loose hide also helps them dissipate heat in warm
environments. Santa Gertrudis are very disease resistant and will stay healthy in feedlots and
confined environments. Santa Gertrudis cattle are hardy animals that will travel long distances
in search of forage or water.

Santa Gertrudis in brief:

Classified as a synthetic or composite
Exotic (Originated from Texas)
Exceptional maternal traits
Fertile
Calving ease
Feed efficiency
Rapid growth
Quality beef
Hardy
Less prone to disease and parasites

Figure 3.17 (a) Santa Gertrudis cow and calf; (b) Santa Gertrudis bull

Hugenoot
The Hugenoot was developed by Dennis Solomon of Crocodile Valley Estates in sub-tropical
bushveld. The objective was to combine the hardiness ans easy calving characteristics of the
Afrikaner with the good beef production qualities of the Charolais. The Hugenoot (60% Charolais,
40% Afrikaner) is the product of ten generations of breeding and selection for functional efficiency
under harsh bushveld conditions.

The name Hugenoot - commemorating the Hugenoot pioneers who arrived in South Africa in
1668, was introduced in 1980. In 1995, the Hugenoot breed was given full recognition by the
South African Stud Book Association.

A medium to large framed smooth coated beef breed with a bone structure lighter than that of

24
the Charolais. A moderate sloping rump, less pronounced than that of the Afrikaner, ensures
that the Hugenoot is an easy calving breed. The Hugenoot is generally gold in color but "Afrikaner
red" occurs occasionally.

Hugenoot in brief:
Classified as a synthetic or composite
Indigenous (Originated from Limpopo)
Good fertility - early maturing and good return to service
Easy calving, good mothering ability and low calf mortality
Heat and tick tolerant
Good walking and foraging ability
Good growth and weight gain off the veld - early marketability
Excellent conformation
Mature weight of males 900 – 1000 kg; females 500 – 650 kg
Birth weight of male calves ± 39 kg; female calves ± 37 kg
Weaning weight of males 270 – 300 kg; females 250 – 280 kg
Age at first calving: 36 months
Average intercalving period: 395 days

Figure 3.18 (a) Hugenoot cow and calf; (b) Hugenoot bull

3.1.2. Dual purpose breeds

Dual purpose breeds are utilized for both milk and beef production. The majority of these breeds
were developed in Europe and Britain and are therefore more adapted to temperate
environments. In South Africa they are utilized more as specialized beef breeds, where they
produce excellent weaner calves.

Simmentaler

See 3.1.1, page 25.

Red Poll
The Red Poll originated in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The first animals were
25
introduced into South Africa by Cecil John Rhodes. The breed is recognized for its milking and
mothering ability, fertility, and ease of calving and fast growing calves. In South Africa this breed
is primarily use as a beef producer. In recent years the breed had lost some of its popularity and
in 2008 the society consisted of only 12 herds of which only four participate in the National Beef
Improvement Scheme.

Red Poll cattle are a deep red colour with good eye and udder pigmentation (avoids sunburn)
and naturally polled. They are medium size with strong legs and good walking ability. Both cows
and bulls are very docile and so are easy to handle, they are easy calving and because of their
milking ability they produce a low weight, fast growing calf. For these reasons the bulls are used
as dairy beef sires plus the cows frequently produce calves at the age of 15 or more.

The Red Poll still maintains its superiority as a feminine breed and is an obvious choice where
improvement of fertility and milking ability is required, particularly in regard to cross breeding
programs. The Red Poll cow is the ideal suckler dam, having been selected over the centuries
for the maternal traits of high milk yield from rough forage, early maturity (first calf at two years
old) and short calving interval. She is capable of calving the progeny from the more muscled
terminal sires without assistance.

Red Poll in brief:

Classified as Bos taurus Exotic Originate in England)
Adapted to temperate environments
Medium frame
Highly fertile
Medium maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Fast growth of calves
Milk yield @ 4.2% butterfat and 3.5% protein
Docile temperament
Long productive live (many have a production life of 12 to 15 years)
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 497 kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age: 221kg

Figure 3.19 (a) Red poll cow; (b) Red poll bull
26
Pinzgauer
This breed originated in the Pinzgau region in the Salzburg Province of Austria and is mentioned
in documents dating back to the 17th century. The first Pinzgauer cattle arrived in southern
Africa in 1902. The South African farmers were impressed with the Pinzgauer‘s adaptability and
qualities and soon large numbers of breeding cattle were on their way to South Africa. The breed
is well known for its high fertility and milk production as well as its fast growing calves. In South
Africa this breed is primarily use as a beef producer. In recent years the breed had lost some of
its popularity and in 2008 the society consisted of only 15 herds of which eight participate in the
National Beef Improvement Scheme.

Pinzgauer cattle are characterized by a dark, chestnut base colour with typical white marks on
the back, the flanks and belly as well as on the front legs and calves. Their hair is smooth, and
the skin is flexible which helps prevent insect infestations. The Pinzgauer has been bred horned
and polled. They are a medium to large framed dual purpose breed, but the focus has been
predominantly on their beefing qualities.

Mature bulls weigh on average above 910 kg and cows 450 – 725 kg. They have sturdy hooves,
the ability to travel over long distances and a russet coat which protects them from UV radiation
which means Pinzgauer cattle thrive even under the harshest environmental conditions. On a
global scale, Pinzgauer cattle may be classified as beef cattle. Outside of Europe, and for
decades, they have been selected for their meat since they were first exported.

Pinzgauers are highly fertile. Heifers are early maturing and calve at an early age, mostly
before they are 30 months old. Obviously, the most important economic factor in any breeding
program is reproduction. When it comes to male fertility, Pinzgauers possess the two most
important qualities in a breeding bull: high sperm count and libido. Pinzgauers are well known
for their longevity. Bulls continue to breed up to 11 to 12 years of age. Their strong legs and hard
dark hooves carry them through many successful working seasons. Cows, however, breed up
to the age of 16 to 18 years, but cows breeding up to 21 years of age are no exception.
Pinzgauer provide good mothering ability and a good milk yield which ensures high weight gain
in calves.

Pinzgauer in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus
Exotic (Originate in Austria)
Adapted to temperate environments
Medium to large frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Medium to late maturing
Excellent dam line with good milk production
27
 Long productive live
Average weight of females at weaning of their calves: 533 kg
Average weaning weight of the calves at 205 days of age: 216 kg

Figure 3.20 (a) Pinzgauer cow and calf; (b) Pinzgauer bull

3.1.3. Dairy cattle breeds

Remember when choosing a breed:

The smaller breeds are better adapted to pasture base systems

The environment will determine the production system
Market requirements for the product will determine the most profitable breed
Select a breed that is popular in the area
Personal preference

Ayrshire
The Ayrshire breed originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland, prior to 1800 and was regarded
as an established breed by 1812. During its development, it was referred to first as the Dunlop,
then the Cunningham, and finally, the Ayrshire. How the different strains of cattle were crossed
to form the breed known as Ayrshire is not exactly known. There is good evidence that several
breeds were crossed with native cattle to create the foundation animals of the breed. Prior to
1800 many of the cattle of Ayrshire were black, although by 1775 browns and mottled colours
started to appear.

The first Ayrshire reached South Africa in 1890. It is well adapted to a range of environments
and production systems. They also have outstanding grazing ability. The cows are also known
for its excellent drinking milk quality. It is high in protein- and butterfat percentage and gives
high cheese yields.

Many changes have taken place during the late 1980's and early 1990's which have affected the
numbers of Ayrshires (and all other breeds) leading to a decrease. Much of this is due to
increased profitability of all dairy cows, which has led to an over-supply of milk to the domestic

28
market. However, careful management has convinced Ayrshire breeders that their chosen
breed has served them well and will continue to do so in the future.

Ayrshires are red and white in colour. The red colour is a reddish-brown mahogany that varies
in shade from very light to very dark. On some bulls, the mahogany colour is so dark that it
appears almost black in contrast to the white. The colour markings vary from nearly all red to
nearly all white. The spots are usually very jagged at the edges and often small and scattered
over the entire body of the cow. Usually, the spots are distinct, with a break between the red
and the white hair. Some Ayrshires exhibit a speckled pattern of red pigmentation on the skin
covered by white hair. Brindle and roan colour patterns were once more common in Ayrshires,
but these patterns are rare today.

For many years, the Ayrshire horns were a hallmark of the breed. These horns often reached a
foot or more in length, they gracefully curved out and then up and slightly back. When polished
for the show ring, the Ayrshire horns were a spectacular sight. Horns are not very practical, and
today almost all Ayrshires are dehorned as calves.

Ayrshires are medium-sized cattle and weigh approximately over 550kg at maturity. They are
strong, rugged cattle that adapt to all management systems including group handling on dairy
farms with free stalls and milking parlors. Ayrshires excel in udder conformation and are not
subject to excessive foot and leg problems.

Few other breeds can match the ability of the Ayrshire to rustle and forage for themselves under
adverse feeding or climatic conditions. The ruggedness of the terrain and the unfavourable
climatic conditions of their native land led to the selection for those points of hardiness that
adapt them to less than ideal conditions. These traits make Ayrshires outstanding commercial
dairy cattle.

Other traits that make Ayrshires attractive to the commercial dairyman include the vigor of
Ayrshire calves. They are strong and easy to raise. Ayrshires do not possess the yellow tallow
characteristic that would reduce carcass value, so Ayrshire bull calves can be profitably raised
as steers. They are known for low somatic cell counts, ability to convert grass into milk efficiently,
and hardiness. The breeds strong points are the now desired traits of easy calving and longevity,
Ayrshires are also free of genetic disease.

Ayrshire milk is referred to as "the ideal drinking milk". Their milk is not excessively rich, not
lacking adequate fat, and it possesses quantities of desirable non-fat solids such as protein. In
South Africa, a chain of large upscale stores selling only high quality products had their
cliental taste different kinds of dairy milk (Ayrshire, Holstein, and Jersey). Over 70% preferred
the taste of Ayrshire milk over all the other milk. As well, the high fat, protein and kappa casein
in Ayrshire milk is a more desirable milk for conversion into yogurt, cheese and ice cream because
the particles of fat are slightly smaller and better distributed throughout the milk.

Ayrshire in brief:
Classified as Bos taurus Exotic (Originate in Scotland)
29
 Adapted to temperate environments
Medium frame
Highly fertile
Long productive live
Average weight of females 544 kg
Average milk production: 5400 kg
Average butterfat content: 3.9%
Average protein content: 3.3%

Figure 3.21 (a) Ayrshire cow; (b) Ayrshire bull

Guernsey
The Guernsey originated on the small Isle of Guernsey, situated in the English Channel just off
the coast of France. There is no concrete evidence as to the development of the Guernsey before
the 19th Century. The Guernsey was first recorded as a separate breed around 1700. In 1789,
imports of foreign cattle into Guernsey were forbidden by law to maintain the purity of the breed
although some cattle evacuated from Alderney during World War II were merged into the breed.
The first Guernsey cattle arrive in South Africa at the beginning of the previous century and are
known for its adaptability to extremes of climate and environment.

The colour of the Guernsey varies from yellow to reddish-brown with white patches. They have
a finely tuned temperament, not nervous or irritable. Physically the breed has good dairy
conformation and presents the visual impression of a plain animal bred for utility rather than
good looks. The cow weighs 450 to 500 kg slightly more than the average weight of the Jersey
cow which is around 450 kg. The bull weighs 600 to 700 kg.

They have an attractive carriage with a graceful walk, a strong back, broad loin, wide rump and
deep barrel, strong, attached udder extending well forward, with the quarters evenly balanced
and symmetrical. Heifers generally come into milk at about two years of age. The average
weaning weight of heifers and bull calves is 75 kg. The Guernsey bull has an attractive
individuality, revealing ample vigour and masculinity. It has smooth-blending shoulders showing
good refinement, strength and even contour.
30
Guernseys are efficient converters of feed to product, being of intermediate size, Guernseys
produce their high quality milk while consuming 20 to 30 percent less feed per pound of milk
produced than larger dairy breeds. The milk that the Guernsey produces is high in butterfat and
is golden in colour. Guernseys are capable of high milk flow.

Guernseys reach reproductive maturity at an early age and can calve at 22 months of age. This
provides an early return on investment. Cows produce calves big at birth, which are easy to
rear; they are also well known for having the minimum of calving complications.

Guernseys are adaptable to all climates and management systems and lack any known
undesirable genetic recessives. Her fawn and white coat enhances her heat tolerance and
reduces heat stress, which adds to her ability to maintain production levels anywhere. They are
docile and have an ideal Dairy Temperament.

Guernsey in brief:
Classified as Bos Taurus Exotic (Originate on the Island of Guernsey)
Adapted to temperate environments
Large frame
Highly fertile
Long productive live
Average weight of females 450 kg
Average milk production: 5900 kg
Average butterfat production: 257 kg
Average protein production: 203 kg
Average butterfat content: 4.3%
Average protein content: 3.4%

Figure 3.22 (a) Guernsey cow; (b) Guernsey bull

Holstein
31
The Holstein breed originated in Europe. The major historical development of this breed occurred
about 2000 years ago in what is now the Netherlands and more specifically in the two northern
provinces of North Holland and Friesland which lay on either side of the Zuider Zee. The
original stock were the black animals and white animals of the Batavians and Friesians,
migrant European's who settled in the Rhine Delta region about 2000 years ago. For many
years, Holsteins were bred and strictly culled to obtain animals which would make best use of
grass, the area's most abundant resource. The intermingling of these animals evolved into an
efficient, high-producing black-and-white dairy cow.

Today the Holstein is the only the highest milk producing dairy cattle breed in the word but also
the most common. The first Holsteins were registered in South Africa in 1906.

Holsteins are most quickly recognized by their distinctive colour markings and outstanding milk
production. Holsteins are large cattle with colour patterns of black and white.
A healthy Holstein calf weighs about 40 kg or more at birth. A mature Holstein cow weighs
about 680 kg.

Holstein heifers can be bred at 15 months of age, when they weigh about 360 kg. It is desirable
to have Holstein females calve for the first time between 24 and 27 months of age. While some
cows may live considerably longer, the normal productive life of a Holstein is six years.

Holsteins have the highest milk productions in the world. They have an unequalled genetically
anchored achievement ability which has no biological ceiling. Genetic improvements of 1 to 2
percent per year are totally realistic.

They adapt to all management and utilization systems. They can be stabled but are equally
suitable for grazing. They can be kept on grassland or in mixed farming systems with bi-annual
grazing or be stabled throughout the year. Not only are Holstein suitable for low-cost farming
systems, they are also eminently suitable as dairy industry cows in intensive farming, which
requires the stabling of cows.

However, Holsteins, compared to natural breeds, are not as resistant to heat and diseases
when in difficult agro-ecological areas. Their reaction to such conditions is a reduced production
capacity. Experience has taught that they exhibit divergent adaptation abilities, which should
therefore receive attention from a technical point of view when breeding. In the case of cross-
breeding with natural breeds the calves show a higher heat tolerance and higher production
figures are achieved than in the case of cross-breeding with other cultural breeds.

Holsteins produce vigorous calves distinguished by rapid growth, early maturity and easy care.
If they are managed well, they exhibit no fertility problems. They are good-natured, are easy to
handle and can be stabled without any problems. They are also resistant to stress, exhibit a
herd mentality and are not solitary animals.

Holsteins are more than just a dairy breed. The animal also contributes to the meat supply
32
worldwide, have a high growth percentage in the fattening sector and produce meat with a fine
fibre. In industries aimed exclusively at milk production, they are cross-bred with beef breeds for
better quality veal.

Holstein in brief:
Classified as Bos Taurus Exotic (Originate in the Netherlands)
Adapted to temperate environments
Large frame
Good fertility
Average weight of females 550 kg
Average milk production: 6900 kg
Average butterfat production: 257 kg
Average protein production: 203 kg
Average butterfat content: 3.5%
Average protein content: 3.0%

Figure 3.23 (a) Holstein cow & calf; (b) Holstein bull

Jersey
The breed was developed on the Island of Jersey in the English Channel just off the coast of
France. A law was passed in 1763, prohibiting the importation of any cattle into the island. The
Jersey population on the Island was therefore totally isolated for the past 250 years. The first
Jerseys that were imported into South Africa arrive in the Western Cape in 1881. It is currently
one of the most popular breeds in the country.

The Jersey is the smallest of all the dairy breeds weighing about 400 – 450 kg with a fine but
strong frame. It is typically light brown in colour, though this can range from being almost grey
to dull black, which is known as Mulberry. They can also have white patches which may cover
much of the animal. A true Jersey will however always have a black nose bordered by an almost
white muzzle. The Jersey usually have black feet that are much less prone to lameness.

Jerseys has little or no calving problems, greater fertility, a shorter calving interval, and earlier
maturity. They stay in the herd longer than any other dairy breed. Jerseys perform well under a

33
wide range of systems and are well-known for their high feed conversion efficiency. Jerseys are
well-known to be less susceptible to lameness because of their black hoof colour which makes
their hooves very hard. Because Jerseys are a lighter breed this may also give them less
problems with lameness.

Good temperament is important in a dairy cow. In today's modern parlors rapid throughput is of
top priority. An animal misbehaving by continually kicking, off the units will cause unwanted
delays and even damage to the expensive equipment. Jerseys are thought to have the one of
the best temperaments among, the dairy breeds; although a lot of this depends on the handling
the animals receive.

Jersey milk has greater nutritional value, plus the highest yield and greater efficiency when
processed into cheese and other value-added products and is in many ways unique. As a product
it contains 18% more protein, 20% more calcium and 25% more butterfat than "average" milk.
Scientific studies also show the Jersey cow produces milk more efficiently than other breeds. This
can be especially important in countries where feed may be restricted. As well as making the
Jersey a profitable option in agriculturally developed countries.

Jersey in brief:
Classified as Bos Taurus Exotic (Originate on the Island of Jersey)
Adapted to temperate environments
Small frame
Excellent fertility
Long productive live
Average weight of females 400 kg
Average milk production: 4500 kg
Average butterfat content: 5.0%
Average protein content: 4.0%

Figure 3.24 (a) Jersey cow; (b) Jersey bull

3.2. Sheep breeds

3.2.1. Wool breeds

34
Basically, all fine wool breeds were developed from the Spanish Merino using selection and
controlled crossbreeding. Of these breeds the pure Merino were the most numerous. Although
they produce wool with outstanding quality, their meat was also utilized. However, the quality of
the carcasses that these animals produce was not up to standard. This led to the development
of quite a few synthetic breeds such as the Afrino and Dohne Merino. Over time the carcass
quality of the Merino was also improve through selection and breeding. Today the wool breeds
still produce the majority of mutton in this country. The introduction of synthetic fibers such as
nylon, polyester and viscose, lowered the demand for wool in the world. In order for farmers to
compete with these fibers, sheep were selected to produce even finer wool. Today it is possible
to get sheep that produce wool of only 14µ. Wool has some unique properties that will help the
industry to remain in demand.

Dohne Merino
The Dohne Merino is a synthetic, dual-purpose sheep breed that was developed by the South
African Department of Agriculture at the Dohne Research Station in the Eastern Cape, using
Merino ewes and German Mutton Merino sires (presently known as the South African Mutton
Merino).

The main purpose for developing the breed was to produce a wool sheep breed that was adapted
to the sour grass veldt areas of the country. High fertility, rapid lamb growth rate, and fine Merino
wool under commercial rangeland conditions were the main aims in the selection program. The
breeding program started in 1939 and the Breed Society was formed in 1966. The Dohne Merino
is one of the leading woolled breeds in South Africa.

The Dohne Merino fact sheet:

Breed Category: fine wool
Synthetic breed (originated in South Africa)
Cross between German Mutton Merino rams and Merino ewes
Adapted to temperate environments
Medium frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 55 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 27 kg
Average clean fleece weight: 3.5 kg
Fiber diameter vary from: 15µ - 21µ
Distribution: South Africa, Australia and New Zealand

35
Figure 3.25 (a) Dohne Merino ewe and lamb; (b) Dohne Merino ram

Merino
South Africa was the first country outside Europe to which Merinos were exported. In 1789 the
Dutch Government donated two Spanish Merino rams and four Spanish Merino ewes to Col Jacob
Gordon, the military commander at the Cape. These sheep were initially the property of the King
of Spain, who had the sole right to export Merinos. However, the king sent a number of sheep as
a gift to the House of Orange. The sheep could not adjust to the high rainfall in the Netherlands
and were therefore sent to Col Gordon. He immediately realized the possibilities of this breed
and decided to keep it pure. By 1830 wool sheep farming in the Western and Southwestern Cape
was already fairly well- established. Within a few years the Merino had spread to all parts of the
country.

There are currently about 14 million Merino sheep in South Africa. The Merino's production
potential for finewool is unique and is the only sheep in the world that can produce 10- 15% of
its own live mass in clean wool. Fiber diameter varies from strong wool (25 micron) to the finest
wool (16 micron)

The Merino fact sheet:

Breed Category: fine wool
Originated in Spain but is currently regarded as a landrace breed
Widely adapted from temperate to semi arid environments
Medium frame
Highly fertile

36
 Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 50 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 26 kg
Average clean fleece weight: 5 kg
Fiber diameter varies from: 15µ - 25 µ
Distribution: Worldwide

Figure 3.26 (a) Merino ewe & lambs; (b) Merino ram

3.2.2. Dual purpose breeds

Dual purpose breeds were developed in order to obtained animals that can produce both good
quality wool and mutton. These breeds are usually larger frame animals and are kept under
more temperate environments that can vary from natural pastures to intensive feeding systems.
They are fast growing and highly fertile animals that often produce twins.

SA Mutton Merino
SA Mutton Merino‘s (SAMM) were imported into South Africa by the Department of Agriculture
from 1936 to 1974 from Germany where the Deutsche Fliesch Merino is a common meat sheep
of Germany, Austria, and Poland. In South Africa it was first known as the German Mutton Merino.
In 1974, the South African Breed Society changed the name to the South African Mutton
Merino.

The SAMM is bred specifically to produce a slaughter lamb at an early age, while still being able
to produce good volumes of medium to strong wool. In South Africa it was used to develop quite
a few synthetic breeds like the Afrino, Dohne Merino, Dormer and Vandor.

The SA Mutton Merino fact sheet:

Breed Category: dual purpose

Originated in Germany but is currently regarded as a landrace breed
Widely adapted from temperate to semi arid environments
Large frame

37
 Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 70 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 35 kg
Average clean fleece weight: 3.5 kg
Average Fiber diameter: 22.5 µ
Distribution: Worldwide

Figure 3.27 (a) SA Mutton Merino ewe and lambs; (b) SA Mutton Merino ram

Dorset Horn
The exact history of the Dorset Horn sheep is unknown, however, it is possible that when Spain
wished to conquer England, Merino sheep were brought into Southwest England and were
crossed with the Horned Sheep of Wales. This produced a desirable dual-purpose sheep breed
that spread over Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and most of Wales.

Dorset Horns are an all white sheep of medium size and muscle conformation to produce a
desirable carcass. The fleece is very white, strong, close and free from dark fiber. Dorset Horns
are one of the few British breeds that do not have a restricted breeding season. The ewes are
good mothers, with high milk production and multiple births are not uncommon. Although there
are no Dorset Horns in South Africa, they were used to develop three synthetic breeds namely
the Dorper, Vandor and Dormer.

The Dorset Horn fact sheet:

Breed Category: dual purpose

Originated in England
Adapted to temperate environments
Large frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam with good milk production
38
 Average weight of ewes: 85 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 35 kg
Average clean fleece weight: 3.0 kg
Average Fiber diameter: 30 µ
Distribution: Worldwide

Figure 3.28 (a) Dorset Horn ewe & lambs; (b) Dorset Horn ram

3.2.3. Mutton breeds

In the past the majority of mutton was produce either by wool sheep or fat tailed sheep.
However, both these types had poor carcass qualities. This led to the importation of some
European and British breeds for crossbreeding with the local animals in order to improve their
carcasses. Quite a few specialized synthetic breeds were eventually developed from these
crosses. Some of these breeds, like the Dorper, are world renowned.

Dormer
The Dormer was developed at Elsenburg Agricultural College near Stellenbosch in the Western
Cape. It is a cross between Dorset Horn rams and German Merino ewes (presently known as
the South African Mutton Merino). The name Dormer is an abbreviation of the linkage Dorset-
Merino.

The main purpose of the development of the Dormer was to develop a mutton breed which
could adapt to conditions in the winter rainfall area of South Africa (cold and wet) and from
which suitable rams could be produced for crossbreeding purposes. The Dormer is well known
for its high fertility, excellent mothering abilities, long breeding season and easy lambing.

The Dormer fact sheet:

Breed categories: White wool (meat)

Synthetic (originated in South Africa)
Cross between Dorset Horn rams and German Merino ewes
Adapted to the winter rainfall areas and temperate environments
Large frame
39
 Highly fertile
Excellent dam with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 65 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 35 kg
Distribution: South Africa

Figure 3.29 (a) Dormer ewe and lambs; (b) Dormer ram

Dorper
The Dorper breed is numerically the second largest breed in South Africa. The Dorper was
developed in South Africa in the 1930's at the Grootfontein Agricultural College near Middelburg
in the Eastern Cape. Blackhead Persian ewes were crossed with the Dorset Horn rams.

The main purpose for developing the breed was to produce a sheep breed with outstanding
carcass qualities that was adapted to the dry arid areas of the country. The breed can either
have a characteristic black head (Dorper) or can be all white (White Dorper). Their skin covering
is a mixture of hair and wool and it will drop off in summer without being sheared.

The Dorper fact sheet:

Breed categories: hair (meat)

Synthetic (originated in South Africa)
Cross between Dorset Horn ram and Blackhead Persian ewes
Widely adapted to arid environments
Medium-large frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 70 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 30 kg
40
 Distribution: Worldwide

Figure 3.30 (a) White Dorper ewe and lambs; (b) Dorper ram

Ronderib Afrikaner
This extremely hardy mutton/wool breed was descendants of the original Khoi-Khoi sheep. It is
one of the larger breeds of indigenous sheep which are generally smaller than imported breeds.
There are two known varieties of this breed, one which has soft, fine, shiny hair being the
Blinkhaar Ronderib Afrikaner and a second which has coarse hair, the Steekhaar Ronderib
Afrikaner which was thought to be extinct. However, twenty animals were found in 1995 on a farm
near Upington. The ribs of both are oval in cross section rather than flat. It is these two
characteristics of coat and rib shape which give this breed its distinctive name. It is well adapted
to desert conditions and can survive long periods without water.

The Ronderib Afrikaners show a further characteristic of desert animals in that, like the gemsbok,
their heels are close together. The aim of the old Ronderib breeders was to select sheep with a
shiny coat covering suitable for the making of skin blankets (velkomberse). This is another sheep
breed that is endangered and has been kept from extinction by a few breeders in the Karoo and
Northern Cape who recognized the value of the breed.

The Ronderib Afrikaner fact sheet:

Breed categories: hair (meat), fat-tailed

Indigenous
Widely adapted to arid environments
Small frame
Highly fertile
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live

41
 Average weight of ewes: 45 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 25 kg
Distribution: South Africa

Figure 3.31 (a) Ronderib Afrikaner ewes; (b) Ronderib Afrikaner rams

Van Rooy
In 1906, Senator J. C. van Rooy, of the farm Koppieskraal in the Bethulie district, started to
develop a breed of sheep for slaughter lamb production: The requirements he set for this breed,
were threefold:

The breed had to be strong and hardy to cope with regular droughts;
It had to be fertile in order to maintain a high percentage of production;
It had to have an excellent conformation.

He crossed a white Blinkhaar Afrikaner ram and eighty Rambouillet ewes. Later a polled
Wensleydale ram was introduced in an effort to improve conformation. The present day Van
Rooy sheep is still run mostly in the arid areas where survival and reproduction on natural grazing
are essential for the economic production of meat.

The Van Rooy‘s tail is characteristically fat-rumped. It is a medium to large framed sheep and
both rams and ewes are polled. They have a characteristic dewlap from the jaw to the brisket
and a very prominent chest and brisket. A combination of hair and wool covers parts of the
body.

The Van Rooy fact sheet:

Breed categories: hair (meat), fat-tailed
Synthetic (originated in South Africa)
Cross between white Blinkhaar Afrikaner ram and Rambouillet ewes. Later a
polled
Wensleydale ram was introduced
Widely adapted to arid environments
Medium to large frame
42
 Highly fertile
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 55 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 27 kg
Distribution: South Africa and Australia

Figure 3.32 (a) Van Rooy ram; (b) Van Rooy lambs, ewes and ram

3.3. Pelt breeds

In the extreme arid desert areas of southern Africa very few domestic animals can survive. This
also applies for production systems. One of the only systems that were profitable and viable in
these areas was the production of pelts. This is because the ewes don‘t needed to raise lambs,
as they are slaughter for their pelts just after birth. This gave her enough time to obtain the
necessary fat reserve to survive during the frequent droughts. Although it seems cruel, it was
the only way of making a living in the desert areas for a long time. During those times pelts fetch
extremely high prices as it were sought after in Europe and the United States of America.
However, animal right groups started to campaign against the wear of animal pelts. This led to a
sharp drop in the popularity of fur jackets and -coats. Today this industry is a fraction of its original
size.

The Karakul
The Karakul may be the oldest domesticated sheep breed in the world. Archeological evidence
indicates the existence of Persian lambskins as early as 1400 B.C. and carvings of a distinct
Karakul type sheep have been found on ancient Babylonian temples. The Karakul is native to
the plains of Central Asia. They have a fat broad tail in which fat is stored. This is a source of
nourishment, similar in function to the camel's hump. In Central Asia, Namibia and South Africa,
large flocks of Karakuls are still raised for pelt production. The skins of newly born lambs are
used in the "Persian lamb" fur trade. Their fleeces, long and colorful, are prized by hand
spinners. Felting (a method to create cloth in ancient times) evolved by using Karakul wool.

The Karakul fact sheet:

Breed categories: wool, fat-tailed, pelt production, rare
Originated in Central Asia
Widely adapted to arid environments
43
 Small to medium frame
Average weight of ewes: 50 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 20 kg
Distribution: Southern Africa USA, Middle East, Europe, Asia

Figure 3.33 (a) Karakul ewe and lambs; (b) Karakul ram

3.4. Goats
3.4.1. Dairy goat breeds
Dairy goats produce approximately 2% of the world's total annual milk supply. Doe milk naturally
has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream remains suspended in the milk,
instead of rising to the top, as in raw cow milk. This means that the milk need not to be
homogenized and makes goats milk ideal for the production of cheese. Some of the other dairy
products that are derive from goats’ milk is butter, ice cream and yogurt. Goat‘s milk is also
given to human babies that have an allergic reaction to cow‘s milk. All dairy goat breeds perform
at their best in cooler climatic environments.

Saanen
The Saanen is a white goat with no markings that originate in the Saanen valley in Switzerland.
It is the largest dairy breed in the world with the ewes weighing about 65kg. The first Saanen
goats (two males and 15 females) were imported into South Africa in the early 1900s. Later further
imports were done from Germany and England. Today, 432 females and 120 males are registered
in South Africa.

The Saanen fact sheet:

Breed categories: Dairy goat
Originated in Switzerland
Adapted to temperate environments
Medium to large frame
Average weight of ewes: 65 kg
Average milk production per year varies between: 816 - 907 kg
Average butterfat percentage: 3.75%

44
Figure 3.34 (a) Saanen ewe; (b) Saanen ram

The Toggenburg
This is another breed that originates in Switzerland. They are also credited as being the oldest
known dairy goat breed and was bred in the Toggenburg Valley in the Swiss Alps. The
Toggenburg‘s colour may vary from fawn to dark chocolate with white markings. The first
Toggenburg goats arrive in South Africa in the early 20th century. Today only 21 females and
eight males are registered in this country.

The Toggenburg fact sheet:

Breed categories: Dairy goat

Originated in Switzerland
Adapted to temperate environments
Medium frame
Average weight of ewes: 55 kg
Average milk production per year varies between: 680 - 725 kg
Average butterfat percentage: 3.7%

45
Figure 3.35 (a) Toggenburg ewe; (b) Toggenburg ram

3.4.2. Meat breeds

Goat meat comprises 60% of the red meat consumed in the world today. It is marketed as a
health food and compare favourably with chicken in terms of energy and fat content. The South
African goat breeds are world renown for their excellent meat production properties and are
sought after in several countries worldwide to upgrade the local goat populations.

Boer goat
The modern Boer goat was developed by farmers in the Eastern Cape in the late 1920‘s. Their
vision was to improve the indigenous breeds of South Africa to be able to utilize bush and
shrubs as well as to produce more high quality meat. The breeders also concentrated on
mothering ability, high productivity and hardiness.

The Boer goat is primarily used as a meat goat with several adaptations to the region in which it
was developed. It is a horned breed with lop ears and showing a variety of color patterns.
However, a large white body with a red brown head and neck are favored. The Boer goat is
being used very effectively in South Africa in combination with cattle due to its browsing ability
and limited impact on the grass cover. Weaning rates in excess of 160% is not uncommon and
the Boer goat ewe is a low maintenance animal that has sufficient milk to rear a kid that is early
maturing.

The Boer goat fact sheet:

Breed categories: Meat
Indigenous (originated in South Africa)
Widely adapted to arid environments
Large frame
Highly fertile (kidding rate -200%)
Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 80 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 24 kg
Distribution: Worldwide

46
Figure 3.36 (a) Boer goat ewe and kid; (b) Boer goat ram

The Kalahari Red goat

This breed was developed by farmers in the Northern Cape and adjacent areas of Namibia
which preferred a slightly smaller red lop-eared goat that can thrived in the dry semi desert and
desert areas of southern Africa. These hardy minimum care goats have a smooth short hair coat
and are well pigmented.

The Kalahari Red goat fact sheet:

Breed categories: Meat
Indigenous (originated in South Africa)
Widely adapted to arid environments
Medium-large frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 75 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 22 kg
Distribution: South Africa

47
Figure 3.37 (a) Kalahari Red ewe; (b) Kalahari Red ram

Savannah goat
This breed was developed in the Northern Cape near the Vaal River in the 1950s. The animals
were expected adapt and thrive on typical savannah veldt. Local multicoloured lop-eared goats
were used as basis from where a fertile, heat- and parasite tolerant, drought resistant animal
with good meat quality were developed. A typical savannah goat is a white, lop-eared animal,
with all expose hairless areas either black or brown pigmented.

The Savannah goat fact sheet:

Breed categories: Meat
Indigenous (originated in South Africa)
Widely adapted to arid environments
Medium -large frame
Highly fertile
Good meat quality
Excellent dam line with good milk production
Long productive live
Average weight of ewes: 60 kg
Average weaning weight of the lambs at 100 days of age: 25 kg
Distribution: South Africa

48
Figure 3.38 (a) Savannah ewe and lambs; (b) Savannah ram

3.4.3. Fiber producing goat breeds

Angora goat
The Angora goat originated in the district of Angora in Asia Minor and dates back prior to early
biblical history. Mention is made of the use of mohair in the time of Moses. This means that the
Angora was already known between 1571 and 1451 B.C. Mohair became a valuable product in
commerce early in the nineteenth century and Angora stock was distributed to different countries.
A pair of Angoras was imported to Europe by Charles V about 1554. In 1765 an importation was
made by the Spanish government and twenty years later a considerable number were imported
into France. None of these importations were successful in establishing mohair production. On
the other hand, Angoras were taken to South Africa in 1838, and from this importation and later
importations mohair production was established in that country. The average Angora goat
produces approximately 2.5 kg of mohair per shearing and is usually sheared twice a year. They
produce a fiber with a staple length of between 12 and 15cm.

The Angora goat fact sheet:

Breed Category: Mohair goat breed
Originated in Turkey
Widely adapted from temperate to semi arid environments
Small frame
Average weight of ewes: 40 kg
Average clean fleece weight: 2.5 kg twice a year
Average Fiber diameter: 23 µ in young animals; 30-38µ in adults
Distribution: Worldwide

49
Figure 3.39 (a) Angora ewe and lambs; (b) Angora ram

3.5. Pig breeds

Pigs can be classified either as pork breeds or bacon breeds. Pork breeds are large later maturing
animals and produce a leaner carcass, while bacon breeds are smaller earlier maturing animals
that produce a fat carcass. They are also able to forage. Differences between indigenous and
improved breeds are listed below.

Improved breeds are:

Originated in Europe
Faster growing
More efficient converters of feed into meat
Have more litters
Produce more piglets per
litter Have a leaner carcass
Susceptible to sunburn
Matures late
Farmed with in highly managed productive systems

Indigenous breeds are:

Originated in Asia
Slow growers
Small body size
Matures early
Well adapted to harsh environments
Generally black or spotted
Fertile
Raise in backyards or as scavengers

50
3.5.1. Pork breeds

Duroc
This breed originated in the eastern United States. The colour of these animals varies from light
to dark red with medium cherry as the preferred colour. It has ears that drooped forward and is
known for its good growth and feed conversion rate, as well as its mothering ability.

Figure 3.40 (a) Duroc sow; (b) Duroc boar

Large White
This breed originated in Yorkshire County, England and is currently one of the most important
pig breeds in the world. They are distinguished by their erect ears, white colour and pink skins
and are adaptable to a wide variety of environments. They are known to produce large litters
and their maternal instinct and mothering ability, as well as their high milk production and lean
carcases makes them a favourite amongst pig producers.

Figure 3.41 (a) Large White sow; (b) Large White boar

Landrace
This breed originated in Denmark in 1895 and is a cross between the Large White of England
and some indigenous Danish pigs. The Landrace is a large white breed with ears that loped
forward and down. They are also known for their outstanding mothering abilities and large
litters.
51
Figure 3.42 (a) Landrace sow; (b) Landrace boar

3.5.2. Bacon breeds

Hampshire
This Hampshire originated in England and is black with a white belt that encircles the forepart of
the body. The forelegs are included in the white belt. It has erect ears and is known for its foraging
ability and lean carcasses. They are also popular in crossbreeding programs.

Figure 3.43 (a) Hampshire sow; (b) Hampshire boar

Tamworth
This breed originated in Ireland in the early 1800‘s. It is a red animal with shades that varies
from light- to dark red. Ears are erect and it has a long head and snout. Sows are good mothers
with enough milk for their large litters. They are known for their foraging ability.

Figure 3.44 (a) Tamworth sow; (b) Tamworth boar

52
3.6. Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds in South Africa can be classified as indigenous, dual purpose, light breeds and
ornamental or pedigree breeds.

3.6.1. Indigenous Breeds

These breeds include the Naked Neck, the Venda, and the Ovambo breeds. They are all well
adapted and hardy and perform extremely well in adverse conditions. In rural areas these
breeds are used for both meat and eggs. They are also normally kept in a scavenging system,
where they need to fend for themselves. In these conditions they outperform the highly efficient
breeds.

Naked Neck
The South African Naked Neck breed is thought to arrive in South Africa with the Dutch Settlers
who possibly brought them from Malaysia. They are currently been utilized in the rural areas of
the country for egg- and meat production. They have a variety of colours and because they
have fewer feathers, it is thought that they use less food to reach the same weight as other
birds. They are also more heat tolerant.

Figure 3.45 (a) Naked Neck hen; (b) Naked Neck cock

Ovambo
This breed originated in the northern parts of Namibia and Ovamboland. The Ovambo is dark
coloured and smaller in size than the other indigenous breeds. These two differences help to
camouflage the bird and protect it from raptors. It is a good flyer and roost in the top of trees to
avoid predators. It is also very aggressive and agile and is known to catch and eat mice and
young rats.

53
Figure 3.46 (a) Ovambo hen; (b) Ovambo cock

Venda
This breed is named after the region in which it was discovered first. The Venda is multi- coloured
breed with white, black and red as the predominant colours. Rose coloured combs and five-toed
feet occur regularly in the breed. The Venda is fairly large and lays tinted eggs of a generous
size. The hens are broody and are very good mothers.

Characteristics of indigenous breeds:

Trait Naked Neck Ovambo Venda

Male Female Male Female Male Female
Weight at 16 weeks (kg) 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.2
Weight at 20 weeks (kg) 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.5 2.0 1.4
Sexual maturity (days) 155 143 143
Egg weight (g) 55.1 52.5 52.7
Eggs in 52 weeks 139 126 153

54
Figure 3.47 Venda hens and cocks

3.6.2. Dual purpose breeds

These breeds are bred to produce both meat and eggs. Examples of these breeds are the
Rhode Island Red, Black Australorp and the Potchefstroom Koekoek. They are better adapted
to adverse conditions than the specialized breeds and do extremely well in a commercial free
ranging system.

Black Australorp
This breed was developed in 20th century in Australia, primarily from the Orpington. The
animals are black in colour and well adaptable to confinement or free range conditions. They
are calm, docile and are easily handled. They are only average egg producers (250 eggs per
year when well looked after) but are extremely well adapted to both cold and hot environments.
They are good brooders and mothers.

Figure 3.48 (a) Black Australorp hen & cock; (b) Black Australorp chicks

Rhode Island Red

This breed was developed in New England in the United States of America in the 19 th century.
The Rhode Island Red has a very deep red colour with a brilliant gloss. It is well adaptable to
55
both confinement and free range production systems. The hens are active, calm and fairly
docile but the cocks can be aggressive. The hens are infrequent brooders and dutiful mothers.
These large birds have above average egg production with between 250 and 300 eggs per
year.

Figure 3.49 (a) Rhode Island Red hen & cock; (b) Rhode Island Red chick

Potchefstroom Koekoek
The Potchefstroom Koekoek was developed locally from crosses between the black Australorp
and the White Leghorn. It has been for its dual purpose properties and adaptability to a variety
of environments and productions systems. It is a fairly large breed with outstanding carcass and
egg laying capabilities. The term Koekoek describes the colour pattern rather than the breed.
The Koekoek colouring is present in as many as nine different breeds. It is also sex-linked which
makes it very useful in breeding programmes. If a black or red cock is crossed with a Koekoek
hen, the female offspring are completely black whilst the males have a white spot on the head.

Characteristics of the dual purpose breeds:

Trait Rhode Island Red Black Australorp Potch Koekoek

Male Female Male Female Male Female
Weight at 20 weeks (kg) 3.9 2.9 3.9 3.0 4.3 3.4
Eggs in 52 weeks 250-300 250 200

56
Figure 3.50 (a) Potchefstroom Koekoek hen; (b) Potchefstroom Koekoek cock; (c)
Potchefstroom Koekoek chicks

3.6.3. Light breeds

These breeds have been genetically selected for high egg productivity. They have small bodies.
This makes them undesirable as meat producers. However, because of their small size very few
nutrients are wasted on supporting a large body and more are directed into the egg production.
The egg producing breeds are further divided into birds that produce white egg shells or brown
egg shells.

Leghorn
This breed is one of the oldest chicken breeds known and is named after the Italian city of Leghorn
or Livorno. It was already well known during Roman times. Although they mature early, they are
relatively small in size (1.4 – 1.8 kg). They excel in egg production, producing around 300
white eggs per year. Leghorns are noisy, flighty and are easily excited. They are widely used
in crossbreeding programs or to develop new layer hybrids. This is generally not a broody breed.

57
Figure 3.51 (a) Leghorn hen; (b) Leghorn cock; (c) Leghorn chicks

3.6.4. Ornamental breeds

These animals are usually selected for its beauty and production doesn‘t play any role in the
selection process. The birds are exhibit on shows where they are judge on breed characteristics
and beauty. Some of the popular show breeds are Bantams, Silkies and Buff Orpingtons.

Figure 3.52 (a) Bantam hen; (b) Bantam cock; (c) Bantam chick

58
Figure 3.53 (a) Silkie hen and cock; (b) Silkie chick

Figure 3.54 (a) Buff Orpington hen; (b) Buff Orpington cock; (c) Buff Orpington chick

59
3.6.5. Specialized Hybrid Breeds
Broilers
Broiler (meat) chickens are the result of combining several different breeds (usually 4)
using crossbreeding. They have been subjected to intense genetic selection and in the past
50 years, broiler growth rates have increased by over 300% (from 25 g per day to 100 g per
day). Their efficiency also increased dramatically with birds only using 1.9 kg of feed for every
1kg of weight gain. Throughout the world the majority of broilers are reared using very similar,
modern, intensive systems of production where birds are confined within high density housing
till slaughter. It takes about 40 days to raise a broiler from hatching to slaughter weight. These
high growth rates resulted in the production of meat at a low cost but have also resulted in
reduced viability and welfare as well as poor walking ability.

Birds are kept in environmentally controlled houses with deep litter on the floors. The
house temperature, lighting and ventilation are carefully controlled from day-old to slaughter.
Specially formulated feeds and clean water are supplied ad libitum to allow maximum growth.
The aim of any broiler grower is to supply a bird of about 2.2kg for slaughter in the shortest
possible time.

Layers
Modern layers are, just as broilers, a combination of several breeds, selected specifically to
produce more eggs. In the 1940‘s an average bird produces 121 eggs per year. In contrast a
modern hybrid can produce up to 320 eggs per year.

These birds are usually housed in cages in large sheds, sometimes in numbers as high
as
50,000 birds per shed. The cages have sloping metal floors that cause eggs to roll onto a
transport line for collection. A typical laying cage system consists of long rows of cages
stacked between 3 and 9 tires high. Besides a water nipple and feeding lot the cages are
bare. The floor is often made of wire or bars. Droppings fall onto a conveyor belt below the
tiers, often through the living space of other hens. Each cage houses up to five hens in a
space of 550 cm2 per hen. This is equivalent to a sheet of A4 paper per hen (around 18
hen‘s m2).

An alternative more animal friendly system is the barn production system. This system is
seen as somewhere between a caged egg production - and outdoor free range production
systems. The hens are raised in barns and are provided with perches and platforms to get
up above ground level. They are allowed to nest. Birds raised in these systems have
more room to stretch, flap their wings, fly and practice some of their natural behaviors. The
maximum stocking density is 25 hens per m2 of floor area.

Free range is the high point of extensive egg production. Free range hens are housed under
similar conditions to barn hens, but they must also have regular access to an outdoor
space with trees and grass during daylight. In the European Union regulation states
control the maximum stocking density to a 1000 birds per hectare. Free-range systems
are gaining in popularity worldwide.

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