SSA Realization for Spectrum Shaping and NBI

Suppression in Cognitive UWB Radios

Changguo Wu, Gangxing Jiang, Hongbo Zhu
(Wireless Communication and Electromagnetic Compatibility Labs., Nanjing University of Posts
andTelecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA)

Abstract-This paper investigates spectrum shaping in The main form of UWB signal is the base-band pulse,
ultrawideband (UWB) communications and introduces spectral which is as narrow as one nanosecond or several hundred
nulls to limit interference with narrowband signals. In order to
achieve the cognitive UWB radio, a design scheme for pulse picoseconds. Each transmitted pulse is referred to as a
waveform optimization based on Prolate Spheroidal Wave monocycle. The way by which the information data symbols
Functions (PSWF) has been investigated for producing the modulate the pulses may vary, so that Pulse Position
expected spectral notches while matching with the required Modulation (PPM) and Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
spectral mask. are commonly adopted as modulation schemes. The spectrum
We simulate the UWB pulse coexisting with 802.11a system of a UWB signal depends on the pulse waveform shape, the
without interference .The other simulation results show that we pulse width and pulse repeat frequency(PRF).
can adjust transmitted signal’s spectrum flexibility with SSA However, it has been widely realized that UWB pulse
scheme, so as to minimize interference to/from coexisting systems. waveform design presents a significant challenge for
Keywords-Cognitive radio (CR), PSWF, Soft-Spectrum
Adaptation; pulse shaping complying with the spectral masks, while still achieving
interference avoidance, as well as efficient transmission. From
then on, several research teams around the world have
I. INTRODUCTION investigated various design methods of UWB signal waveform
optimization, for coexistence, interference avoidance and
With the introduction of every new communication
matching with any regulatory spectral mask including the FCC
application, the spectrum becomes more and more congested.
limitation, which can be found in [6].
To exploit unused spectrum more efficiently in dynamically
Following this kind of signal waveforms adaptation
changing environments, we desire a communication system
approach in the cognitive UWB radio, we have investigated a
that adapts to rapidly changing environmental conditions
method of pulse waveform optimization based on the linear
while ensuring minimal, or at least manageable, interference is
combination of orthogonal basis functions, in which prolate
added to the existing users. Such a technology is termed the
spheroidal wave functions (PSWF) are utilized [7].
Cognitive Radio (CR). The CR idea was initially introduced
We first provide the SSA pulse waveform optimization
by Joseph Mitola[1] and defined as a communication system
based on Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions. We then
which has the ability to detect other users in the
simulate the pulse design in the WLAN frequency band as an
electromagnetic environment and then dynamically alter its
example. And we show the simulation results of adjusting the
power, frequency, modulation, coding and other parameters to
transmitted signal’s spectrum flexibility. At last, we draw a
efficiently utilize vacant spectrum while at the same time
brief conclusion in the end.
avoiding interference to existing systems [2, 3].
Ultra WideBand (UWB) has been seen as one promising II. SSA PULSE DESIGN USING PROLATE SPHEROIDAL WAVE
technology for the high data rate indoor wireless multimedia FUNCTIONS
transmission and it attracted increasing interest in academic In literature [8], based on the eigenvector of Hermitian
and industrial bodies in the past few years. In order to matrix, an algorithm to generate orthogonal pulses
facilitate this technology, the Federal Communications numerically for multiple access schemes has been proposed.
Commission (FCC) agreed to allocate 7500MHz of spectrum The designed pulses were limited to a short duration of time,
for unlicensed use of UWB devices for communication with the majority of their power was concentrated to the 3.1-
applications in the 3.1-10.6 Ghz frequency band. According to 10.6 GHz frequency band and that both fit the FCC spectral
the description on cognitive radio in the [4], especially mask requirement.
relevant to the CR scenario is the UWB wireless technology As mentioned above, we should find a set of pulse
and its application. Since UWB pulse waveforms are generally waveforms that are band-limited as well as time-limited with
spread over very large bandwidths, they will unavoidably high spectral efficiency . Assume ψ ( t ) is the pulse signal that
k

overlap with the existing and planned narrowband radio we wish to design:

{
systems so that coexistence and compatibility become a p (t ), t <T p 2
critical issue.[5] ψ k (t ) = k
0, elsewise
(1)

978-1-4244-1880-0/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE. ICMMT2008 Proceedings

 and in the time domain, the kth sub-band defined as h2 (t ) = 2 f 2U sin c (2 f 2U t ) − 2 f 2 L sin c (2 f 2 L t )
(10)
hk (t ) = 2 f kU sin c (2 f kU t ) − 2 f kL sin c (2 f kL t )
(2) where = 3.1GHz， = 5.15GHz， = 5.825GHz， f =
f1U f1L f 2U 2L
f f
where kU and kL denote the low and high frequency 10.6GHz . With the expression (15) and N=64, Tm=1ns,
respectively. And the output of the impulse filter can be Using MATLAB to simulate the process. The optimized pulse
expressed as following: waveform generation based on PSWF p (t ) , p (t ) , p (t ) , p (t ) are
1 2 3 4

∞ plotted in Fig.1.
λkψ k (t ) = ∫ ψ (τ )hk (t
−∞ k
− τ ) dτ
(3)
λk
where is an arbitrary constant factor. Sinceψ (t) is designed
k

to be time-limited and energy-concentrated over the

pulsewidth [−T / 2, T / 2] , (3) can be simplified as
p p

Tp 2

λkψ k (t ) = ∫ ψ k (τ )(t −τ )dτ

−Tp 2
(4)
Then, the obtained sub-band wavelet can be further
combined to form a more complex wavelet corresponding to
arbitrary multiple sub-bands system including dual-, triple-and
multiband architecture. The waveform expression for the
multiband combination can be written as follows:
N
ψ mul (t ) = ∑ψ k (t )
k =1 (5)
With the PSWF characteristics[10],Eq. (4) can be expressed
as:
Tp 2
sinWk (t − x )
λkψ k (t ) = ∫ ψ k ( x ) dx
−Tp 2 t−x
(6)
We use the PSWF-based pulse waveform designing to make
up the basis of our proposed Soft- Spectrum Adaptation. It is
very suitable for Pulse Shape Modulation even in multiple
accessing environment expected by multiuser services.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
In regard of the ultimate goal of realizing a “perfect”
cognitive UWB radio and being capable of configuring itself
to any kind of wireless environment and any required
transceiver type, we focus on the key issue of adaptive UWB
pulse waveform generation for cooperative spectrum sharing,
which may provide us the required physical basis if we want
to further enable dynamic spectrum accessing with varying Figure 1 optimized pulse waveform
degrees of cognitive awareness and intelligence.
UWB pulses coexist within WLAN systems without interference and the combination pulse waveform in time domain and
A typical interference is from the IEEE802.11a [Link] frequency domain illustrate in figure 2 and figure 3.
IEEE802.11a WLAN systems occupy the frequency band
5.15G-5.825GHz, the expressions of H , H are expressed as
1 2

follows:
1, 3.1G < f < 5.15G
H1 ( f ) = 
0, others
1, 5.825G < f < 10.6G
H2 ( f ) = 
0, others
The corresponding impulse responses are shown below:
h1 (t ) = 2 f1U sin c (2 f1U t ) − 2 f1L sin c (2 f1L t )
(9)
 Figure 4 Power spectrum density of designed UWB-pulse
Figure 2 combination pulse waveform in 3.1 to 10.6GHz

Figure 3 Power spectrum density of designed UWB-pulse Figure 5 Power spectrum density of designed UWB-pulse
We can see the PSD comply with FCC regulations and the
spectral efficiency is high, while the WLAN frequency band IV. CONCLUSIONS
interference is mostly avoided. In this paper, a novel UWB spectrum shaping scheme has
UWB spectrum shaping under specification in CR-UWB been introduced and investigated. SSA-UWB wireless system
SSA can be used as a key method to realize cognitive UWB has been analyzed for co-existence, interference avoidance,
radio adaptable to various wireless channel conditions. Under matching with regulatory spectral mask (e.g. FCC spectral
such specification, we can change the parameters flexibly and mask). Based on SSA-UWB proposal with adaptive multi-
configure itself to any kind of wireless environment and any band pulse waveform shaping, we have investigated the
required transceiver type. We focus on the key issue of design scheme for pulse waveform optimization based on
adaptive UWB pulse waveform generation for cooperative Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions.
spectrum sharing, which may provide us the required physical The resulting spectrum has been shown to fit the FCC
basis if we want to further enable dynamic spectrum accessing spectrum mask and at the same time contain a spectral null at
with varying degrees of cognitive awareness and intelligence. the frequency of Wlan to effectively avoid interference on
existing IEEE 802.11a frequency band. Also we can adjust
transmitted signal’s spectrum flexibility with SSA scheme, so
as to minimize interference to/from coexisting systems.
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