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MATH 024A – ADVANCED
MATHEMATICS FOR CE
Module 1: Complex Numbers
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Imaginary Numbers
−1 = ?
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Imaginary Numbers
−1 = ?
−1 = 𝑖
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Imaginary Numbers
−1 = ?
−1 = 𝑖
𝒊=𝒊
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏
𝑖5 = 𝑖
𝑖 6 = −1
And so on…
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Imaginary Number Examples
Evaluate the following:
𝑖 654
𝑖 24 + 𝑖 20 + 𝑖 6
𝑖 2020 + 𝑖 1997 − 𝑖 59
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Complex Numbers
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
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Different forms of Complex Number
▪ Rectangular Form
▪ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
▪ Polar Form
▪ 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
▪ 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
▪ Exponential Form
▪ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑅
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Rectangular Form
▪ Plot
▪ 2 − 3𝑖
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Rectangular Form
▪ Conjugate of a complex number
Given:
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
It has a conjugate of:
𝑧ҧ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
Notes:
1. The conjugate reflects the complex number from the x-axis.
2. When a complex number is multiplied by a conjugate, it will always be a
real number.
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Rectangular Form
▪ Conjugate of a complex number
Example:
1
Evaluate
2+5𝑖
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Operations in Rectangular Form
Addition: 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑖
Subtraction: 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 𝑖
Multiplication: 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑖
𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 +(𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)
Division: =
𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
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Operations in Rectangular Form
▪ Examples
Evaluate:
1. 2 + 3𝑖 + 7 − 5𝑖
2. 2 − 5𝑖 − −9 + 2𝑖
3. 2 + 4𝑖 4 − 8𝑖
8−𝑖
4. 2+3𝑖
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Polar Form
▪ Can be derived using Trigonometry and Pythagorean
Theorem
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Polar Form
▪ Can be derived using Trigonometry and Pythagorean Theorem
𝑟= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
−1
𝑏
𝜃 = tan
𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Note:
𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
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Polar Form
▪ Can be derived using Trigonometry and Pythagorean
Theorem
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑜𝑟
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
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Operations in Polar Form
Multiplication:
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
Division:
𝑧1 𝑟1
= ∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2
Note:
For Addition/Subtraction, the complex number must be
transformed first to rectangular form to perform the operation,
then transform it back into polar form.
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Operations in Polar Form
▪ Examples
Evaluate:
1. (2∠30°)(3∠45°)
2. 5∠36.87° + 10∠53.13°
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Integer Powers of Complex Number
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠𝜃
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Integer Powers of Complex Number
▪ Examples
Evaluate:
5
1. 1+𝑖
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Integer Powers of Complex Number
▪ Examples
Evaluate:
5
1. 1+𝑖
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Integer Roots of Complex Number
1 1 𝜃 + 360𝑘 𝜃 + 360𝑘
𝑧𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 cos + 𝑖 sin ; 𝑘 = 0,1 … 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑜𝑟
1 1 𝜃𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑘 𝜃𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 cos + 𝑖 sin ; 𝑘 = 0,1 … 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑜𝑟
1 1 𝜃𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛∠
𝑛
Notes:
The number of roots is equivalent to the value of n.
The principal root is when 𝑘 = 0.
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Integer Roots of Complex Number
Example:
1. Find the square roots of 4∠90° in rectangular form
2. What is the sum of the square roots of 16𝑖
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Exponential Form
Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 i𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟
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Exponential Form
Examples
1. Convert 10∠60° into exponential form
8𝜋𝑖
2. Convert 12𝑒 3 into polar form
6+8𝑖
3. Evaluate + 2∠60° 2
solution should be in rectangular form
5𝑒 𝜋𝑖
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟
cos 𝜃 = 2
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟
sin 𝜃 = 2
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 𝑒 𝜃𝑟 +𝑒 −𝜃𝑟
cos 𝜃 = 2
cosh 𝜃 = 2
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 𝑒 𝜃𝑟 −𝑒 −𝜃𝑟
sin 𝜃 = 2
sinh 𝜃 = 2
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 𝑒 𝜃𝑟 +𝑒 −𝜃𝑟
cos 𝜃 = 2
cosh 𝜃 = 2
𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑟 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃𝑟 𝑒 𝜃𝑟 −𝑒 −𝜃𝑟
sin 𝜃 = 2
sinh 𝜃 = 2
cos 𝑖𝜃 = cosh 𝜃
s𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖 sinh 𝜃
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Final Formulae:
sin 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = sin 𝑎 cosh 𝑏 + 𝑖 cos 𝑎 sinh 𝑏
sin 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 = sin 𝑎 cosh 𝑏 − 𝑖 cos 𝑎 sinh 𝑏
cos 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = cos 𝑎 cosh 𝑏 − 𝑖 sin 𝑎 sinh 𝑏
cos 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = cos 𝑎 cosh 𝑏 − 𝑖 sin 𝑎 sinh 𝑏
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
Examples:
1. Evaluate cos(2 − 𝑖)
2. Evaluate sin 3𝑖
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Functions of a Complex Number
sin2 𝑧 𝑜𝑟 sin2 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
ln 𝑧 =?
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃𝑟
General Equation:
ln 𝑧 = ln |𝑧| + 𝑖 𝜃𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑘 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2, … ∞
Note:
𝑧 = 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1. Logarithmic function of a complex number has an infinite solution.
2. The Principal value is when k = 0.
3. Logarithmic function of a complex number is also called a multivalued function.
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Review Rectangular to Polar Form:
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Review Rectangular to Polar Form (Degrees):
−1 𝑏
Case I (Quadrant I): 𝜃 = tan 𝑎
𝑏
Case II (Quadrant II): 𝜃 = 180 − tan−1 𝑎
−1 𝑏
Case III (Quadrant III): 𝜃 = 180 + tan 𝑎
𝑏
Case IV (Quadrant IV): 𝜃 = 360 − tan−1 𝑎
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Review Rectangular to Polar Form (Radian):
𝑏
Case I (Quadrant I): 𝜃𝑟 = tan−1 𝑎
rad
𝑏
Case II (Quadrant II): 𝜃𝑟 = 𝜋 − tan−1 𝑎
𝑟𝑎𝑑
−1 𝑏
Case III (Quadrant III): 𝜃𝑟 = 𝜋 + tan 𝑎
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑏
Case IV (Quadrant IV): 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝜋 − tan−1
𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Example:
1. Convert −5 − 5𝑖 to polar form
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Example:
1. Convert 5 − 5𝑖 to polar form
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Example:
3. Evaluate the principal value of ln −2 + 5𝑖 4
Logarithmic Function of a Complex
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Number
Example:
3. Evaluate the principal value of ln 3 − 4𝑖 4+𝑖
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Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Function of Complex Numbers
sin−1 𝑧 =?
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Function of Complex Numbers
sin−1 𝑧 =?
sin−1 𝑧 = −𝑖 ln 𝑧𝑖 ± 1 − 𝑧 2
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Function of Complex Numbers
Derive: sin−1 𝑧 = −𝑖 ln 𝑧𝑖 ± 1 − 𝑧 2
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Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Function of Complex Numbers
Inv. Trig Functions Inv. Hyperbolic Functions
sin−1 (𝑧) = −𝑖 ln 𝑧𝑖 ± 1 − 𝑧 2 sinh−1 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 ± 𝑧 2 + 1
cos −1 (𝑧) = −𝑖 ln 𝑧𝑖 ± 𝑖 1 − 𝑧 2 cosh−1 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 ± 𝑧 2 − 1
−1 𝑖 𝑖+𝑧 −1 1 1+𝑧
tan (𝑧) = ln tanh 𝑧 = ln
2 𝑖−𝑧 2 1−𝑧
1 𝑧+𝑖 1 𝑧+1
cot −1 (𝑧) = ln coth−1 𝑧 = 2 ln 𝑧−1
2𝑖 𝑧−𝑖
−1 1 1+ 1−𝑧 2 −1 1± 1−𝑧 2
sec (𝑧) = ln sech 𝑧 = ln
𝑖 𝑧 𝑧
−1 1 1+ 𝑧 2 −1 −1 1± 1+𝑧 2
csc (𝑧) = ln csch 𝑧 = ln
𝑖 𝑧 𝑧
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
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Function of Complex Numbers
Example: Evaluate cosh−1 (2 − 4𝑖)
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