EARTH AND LIFESCIENCE
ROCK
Review:
§ Arrange the jumbled letters to find the appropriate criteria to determine
whether a material is classified as a mineral or not.
1. N L T L A U R Y. N G O I R U C C
-a term which identifies
minerals as part of Earth’s natural processes.
2. C A I I R O N G
- means a substance is not a product
of an organism but rather of Earth’s physical processes.
3. S O U E N E G O M O H D I L O S
- have definite shape and
volume.
4. E N I L LAT SY R C E S RT RU CU T
- atoms are arranged in
order of increasing pattern.
5. L M CE HA I N O I T O CM O PS I
- represented by chemical
formula.
Objective:
[Link] the three types of rocks;
[Link] rocks as to igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks;
and
[Link] the importance of rocks
in our daily life.
ROCK
§ is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one
or more minerals.
§ Are made up of different minerals
§ Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
Petrologists classify rocks based on how they
were formed. (derived from the Greek words
“petra” which means “rock” and “logos” which
means “study”)
v Rocks are classified by how they are
formed!!!
Rocks
Monomineralic Polymineralic
§ 1 Mineral § More than 1 Mineral
vRocks are classified by
how they are formed!!!
Rock
ROCKS change over time through
the Rock Cycle
3 Types o f Rocks
There are 3
different
types of
rocks;
§ Igneous
§ Sedimentary
§ Metamorphic
Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are formed by magma and lava as it cools.
-formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten
material that originates deep within the earth.
Igneous rocks form in two different ways.
§ The term “igneous” is based from the Latin ignis, meaning fire.
ú Rock that comes from lava cools very fast and can either be very
light and airy or the rocks can be glassy.
ú Rocks that come from magma are formed under ground. They are
often times very hard and have more colors.
Igneous rock
Magma can form:
When rock is heated
When pressure is released
When rock changes
composition
Magma is a mixture of many
minerals
Two types of igneousrock:
[Link]/Volcanic rock - forms
when magma makes its way to
Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small
(fine-grained) since the cooling
process is fast.
Intrusive/Plutonic - It
cools slowly beneath
the Earth surface and
arecreated by magma.
The intrusive igneous
rocks have verylarge
crystals (coarse
grained).
Intrusive Extrusive
§ Cools below the § Cools at the Earths
earths surface surface (quickly!)
(slowwwwly!)
§ Lava
§ Magma § “Volcanic”
§ “Plutonic”
v The longer the rock takes to cool, the larger
the crystals!
§ Cools slow …..Large crystals
§ Cools fast …….small crystals
§ Cools immediately……NO Crystals (glass)
Classificatio n o f Igneous Rock
1. Composition- it refers to rock’s mineral and
chemical make-up.
§ Felsic – igneous rocks that are light in colors;
feldspar and silicates
Granite
Mafic – dark-colored igneous rocks made up of
magnesium, calcium andiron
Intermediate – refers to igneous rocks
between mafic and felsic composition.
Ultramafic – denotes igneous rocks that
composed chiefly of mafic minerals.
474 × 635
Igneous Rocks
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Igneous Rock
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the size,
shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral crystals.
A. Aphanitic – fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by
aid of microscope.
B. Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks
C. Porphyritic – large crystals with small
crystals
D. Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass
with no visible mineral crystal.
E. Pyroclastic- results from explosive
fragmentation of volcanic material.
Vesicular- gas pockets
Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms
from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material.
It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or coarse-
grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or
Extrusive?
Sedimentary Rock
§ Sedimentary rock is made
when sediments (sand,
gravel, and dirt) are
pressed together over time
and become a rock
§ Sedimentary rock is
formed in layers.
Sedimentary rock is
formed by erosion
Sediments are
deposited in
layers, with
the older ones
on the bottom
The layers
become
compacted and
cemented
together
Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion
Sediments are moved from one place to
another
Sediments are deposited in layers, with
the older ones on the bottom
§ The layers become compacted and
cemented together
Sedimentary Rock
§ provide information about surface
conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
§ Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period
of time harden into rocks.
§ Compaction-due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it bind together to form
the sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone
Shale
Sandstone
Granite
Three types of sedimentary rocks
[Link] Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of
clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and shells.
Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
Sandstone and shale
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body of
seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.
C. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation
of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in
the form of plants fragments.
Metamorphic Rock
§ Metamorphic rocks are made from other
rocks. Metamorphic means to change. These
rocks are often formed from the mountains.
§ The pressure and heat changes these rocks.
§ Heat and pressure help change an igneous or
sedimentary rock into a new kind of rock
(think about how a caterpillar becomes a
butterfly)
Metamorphic:
§ Rocks that are changed due to extreme heat
and/or pressure.
§ DO NOT MELT!!! (they recrystalize)
Metamorphic rocks become…
1. Harder
2. More dense
3. Banded or foliated
4. Distorted
Metamorphic Rock
§ forms from pre-existing rocks: either
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or
other metamorphic rocks that have been
altered by agents of metamorphism.
§ Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
§Metamorphism –
transformation
of one rock type into
another.
2 types o f metamorphism
[Link]-due to changes in pressure
and temperature over large region of the
crust. It may happen when rock is buried
deep below the surface of the earth.
[Link]-the rock minerals and textures
are changed mainly by heat due to
contact with magma.
Classification:
[Link] - refers to the size arrangement and grains
within the rock.
Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains
or structural features within the rock.
[Link] rocks – can be arranged in terms of
increasing metamorphism, and it appeared layered
or banded with compressed mineral grains. Example:
mica
[Link]-foliated rocks – usually made up of only few
minerals.
Banding
Foliated
Identifying Characteristics of
Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary
§ Intergrown crystals § Cemented fragments
§ Glassy texture (sediments)
§ Fossils
§ Organic material
Metamorphic
•Banding
•Foliated
The Rock Cycle
PARTS OF ROCKS
Rocks have many di f f er ent par t s
§ Rocks can be sorted into groups
by looking at their parts. Some
rock parts are:
ú Crystals
ú Grains
Crystals
§ Crystals are different atoms that are formed
in a pattern. They can be big or small, fat or
thin.
Grains
§ Grains are smaller pieces of rock or sediment.
Grain size is something that is used a lot to
help decide the rock type.
1. On a school trip, Jenny learned about a
gigantic volcanic eruption and saw some of
the rocks it formed. Which kind of rocks did
she see?
[Link] igneous
[Link] igneous
[Link] sedimentary
David is analyzing a rock. He knows that it
was revealed by erosion and he can see
large crystal structures through the
magnifying glass. Which kind of rock is
David analyzing?
A. Granite
B. Sandstone
C. Limestone
D. Slate
Igneous rock that forms from lava on
Earth's surface
[Link] Rock
[Link] Rock
[Link] Rock
[Link] Rock
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
FELSIC or MAFIC
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
FOLIATED OR NON FOLIATED
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
CLASTIC, CHEMICAL, ORGANIC
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
PORPHYRITIC, GLASSY, PYROCLASTIC, APHANITIC
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC
FOLIATED OR NON FOLIATED
ASSIGNMENT
Pick a 3 rocks on your
way home and bring
tomorrow.
Rock Explorers
§ Lets look at some rocks!
§ Get a partner and a magnifying glass
§ Come and pick up a rock (you will be looking at one rock a
time)
§ You and your partner will take turns looking at the rock.
Decide if you think that crystals are large or small. Look t
see if it has grains.
[Link] burial
2. Sedimentation
3. Erosion
4. Metamorphic rock
5. Sedimentary rock
6. Magma
7. Igneous rock
8. Melting of rock and minerals
9. Crystallization
Answer:
[Link]
2. Crystallization
3. Igneous rock
4. Erosion
5. Sedimentation
6. Sedimentary rock
[Link] burial
8. Metamorphic rock
9. Melting of rock and minerals