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Distributed Systems Point Wise Notes

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and architectural models. It discusses the importance of time and clocks in maintaining consistency, as well as challenges like scalability and security. Additionally, it covers inter-process communication methods and consensus algorithms essential for coordination in distributed environments.

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mrmario9390
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4 views3 pages

Distributed Systems Point Wise Notes

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and architectural models. It discusses the importance of time and clocks in maintaining consistency, as well as challenges like scalability and security. Additionally, it covers inter-process communication methods and consensus algorithms essential for coordination in distributed environments.

Uploaded by

mrmario9390
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION & MODELS

- Distributed system: Collection of independent computers connected by a network.


- Appears as a single system to users despite physical distribution.
- Centralized systems rely on a single central server for processing.
- Distributed systems provide scalability, fault tolerance, and load sharing.
- No global clock and no shared memory in distributed systems.
- Architectural models define structure such as client-server and peer-to-peer.
- Fundamental models define behavior such as timing, failure, and security assumptions.
- Challenges include heterogeneity, scalability, partial failures, and security.
UNIT 2 – TIME, CLOCKS & GLOBAL STATES
- Distributed systems lack a global physical clock.
- Clocks are required to order events and maintain consistency.
- Logical clocks track event ordering without real time.
- Lamport clocks provide partial ordering of events.
- Vector clocks capture causal relationships and concurrency.
- Global state consists of all process states and channel states.
- Inconsistent global states lead to incorrect system behavior.
- Snapshot algorithms are used to record consistent global states.
UNIT 3 – COORDINATION, COMMUNICATION & IPC
- Inter-process communication enables coordination between distributed processes.
- IPC mechanisms include sockets, RPC, message queues, and publish-subscribe.
- Marshalling converts data into a portable format for transmission.
- Consensus ensures agreement among distributed nodes despite failures.
- Paxos and Raft are commonly used consensus algorithms.
- Multicast communication reduces communication overhead in group coordination.
- Client-server model follows request-response interaction.
- Group communication improves scalability but increases complexity.

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