Study Material

CBSE Study Material for Students

Employability
Class XII

Material Developed by –
COMMUNICATION SKILL
Ms Kiran Bhatt , HOD English , Modern School
Ms Urmil Guliani, Teacher of English
Mrs Hemal Handoo, Principal , Hansraj Model School, Delhi
SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL
Dr Vinita Srivastiva , Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SKILL
Mrs Hemal Handoo, Principal , Hansraj Model School, Delhi
ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL
Aditi Nemani
Founder of NurturePreneurs; Ex – EDII (Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India)
GREEN SKILL
Dr Manta Mohan , Professor , Amity International Business School ,Amity University, Noida.

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Communication skills
What is communication?
Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another
through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.

*The following figure represents types of communication

(Fig 1)

Learning objectives of Effective communication

1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
What is Writing?
Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas
on paper, to organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to
convey meaning through well-constructed text. In its most advanced form, written
expression can be as vivid as a work of art.
Grade 12

[Link]-A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence must

contain a subject and a verb.
The main focus here is to improve basic sentence composition skills. One can review the
types of sentences and the functions of their component parts listed below.
Simple, compound, and complex sentences
a) Simple sentence-

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A simple sentence is one independent clause that has a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought. Notice that there are some important requirements for a
simple sentence:


Must have a subject and a verb.

Must express a complete thought.

Must only have one clause.
Examples
 I am out of paper for the printer.
 Will you help me with the math homework?
b) Compound Sentence
A compound sentence allows us to share a lot of information by combining two or
more related thoughts into one sentence. It combines two independent clauses by
using a conjunction like “and.” This creates sentences that are more useful than
writing many sentences with separate thoughts.
Example of Compound Sentences
We use compound sentences all of the time. Here are some examples, the
independent clause is green, the second is purple, and the conjunctions are orange:

1.I drove to the office, and then I walked to the cabin.

c) Complex sentence –
A complex sentence is a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one
dependent clause.
Example

 Although Rohan had some doubts, he found the courses very useful.
The above example is a complex sentence: it has a dependent clause (a subject ' Rohan' and
a verb 'had'), followed by an independent clause (subject 'he' and a verb 'found') and forms
a complete thought.

 Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.
This example begins with an independent clause (subject 'computers' and verb 'have
come') that forms a complete thought, followed by a dependent clause (subject
'they' and a verb 'came').
[Link]
[Link]#lesson
The link mentioned above will further will help the students to strengthen their concept on
the above mentioned topics

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Writing skills
Activity- Mini sagas
Sometimes when we ask students to write a composition they spend very little time at the
important editing stage. In this lesson students will do a couple of ‘short writing’ activities
with the focus on editing and accuracy.
A mini saga is a piece of writing with exactly fifty words. It has to tell a story, have a
beginning, a middle and an ending. Mini sagas were ‘invented’ by the Science fiction writer
Brian Aldiss, who thought it would be fun and challenging to tell/write a story in very few
words.

Students work alone to write a mini saga. First they should spend a few minutes thinking of
what they are going to write about. The teacher will discuss few ideas on the board to help:
A description of a favourite object, place, person; a joke,something funny or scary that
happened with the student; a synopsis of a film they have watched or a book they have
read; a letter to an old school teacher,friend or relative. Students write their first draft,then
spend time editing, cutting out or adding words until the text has exactly 50 words

The above figure is an example of a Mini saga

It will help the students to learn how to edit their writing and to help students understand
that ‘quality’ is more important than ‘quantity’ when it comes to writing and make them
understand that ‘quality’ is more important than ‘quantity’ when it comes to writing
A worksheet can be taken up in the class to test the concept clarity.

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Worksheet
Identify the following sentences as simple,compound or complex.

1. The production of a single pound of honey requires nectar from approximately two million
flowers.
2. The vibrant trumpet-shaped blooms of the trumpet vine make it ideal for attracting
hummingbirds.
3. We can watch the boxing match, which will be broadcast at nine o'clock, or we can view the
documentary about the greatest innovations of the twenty-first century.
4. Russia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper and
lead.
5. The right hemisphere of the human brain typically controls muscle movement on the left side of
the body.
6. Aaron has an unconventional swing, but he manages to drive the ball farther than some
professional golfers.
7. During last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house.
8. An avid reader, Thomas attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every
month.

[Link] - Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of
speech.
The following link further explains use of phrases in communicating better and with much
ease.

Types of phrases
[Link] Phrase
A noun phrase is any noun or pronoun along with its modifiers:
Example –
 The school children
 Yesterday’s newspaper
2. Verb Phrase

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A verb phrase is any number of verbs working together:

Example

 Had been sleeping

 Will contact
 May have written

3. Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
(and its modifiers) that is called the object of the preposition:

Example

 Through the wheat field

 Preposition: through
 Object of the preposition: the wheat field

Some more examples of prepositional phrases:

 During the year

 Despite complaints

4. Verbal Phrases
There are three types of verbal phrases: participial phrases, gerund phrases, and infinitive
phrases. Each is explained below.

a) Participial Phrase
Participial phrases start with either a present or past participle. Here are some examples of
each.
Phrase with present participles:

 Watching silently

Phrases with past participles:

 Driven to succeed
b) Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase is a present participle (and its modifiers) that acts like a noun. It can
take on a variety of jobs in the sentence. Here are a couple of examples:
 Practicing helped a lot. (subject)
 I love reading. (direct object)
c) Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase is the infinitive and its modifiers:

Example

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 To sing
 To walk all that way
d) Appositive Phrase
An appositive phrase is a phrase that renames an earlier noun or pronoun
My best friend, Nick Palacio, loves scuba diving.

We watched Sirius, the brightest star in the sky

e) Absolute Phrase
Absolute phrases are the trickiest to identify. These phrases are not closely connected to
the rest of the sentence; they don’t describe a specific word, but modify the whole
sentence. They add extra information and are usually separated by commas (or dashes).
Example
The semester finished, Karen sold all her textbooks.
Absolute phrase: The semester finished

A worksheet can be taken up in the class to further built up the concept

For each sentence, Identify the phrase and state its kind.

1. He was a man of great wealth.

2. The principal was an old man of friendly disposition.

3. The workers belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills.

4. There I met a boy with red hair.

5. Only a man with plenty of money can buy a car of such beauty and power.

6. He was a young man of great promise. 7. He wore a turban made of gold.

8. He ran with great speed.

9. You can buy it in all places.

10. He replied in a very rude manner.

11. How does he live without any worries?

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Writing skills - Branding and Brand names

It explores the theme of branding and brand names. Students will have an opportunity to
read and discuss the context of a text and create and brand their own imaginary product.

It involves some discussion, reading and writing. It explores the area of 'brands' and the
associations we have with particular brand names. Students will rank their favourite brand
names and discuss what they like/dislike about them. They will read and discuss the context
of a text about brand naming and complete related vocabulary building exercises. Lastly
students will create and brand their own imaginary product which they will present to the
rest of the class.
Example

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Task 1: Reading
The name is the most important element of a successful brand. Packaging changes,
advertising changes, products even change but brand names never change. Where do great
brand names come from? For example,McDonald’s is a family name, Adidas was created
from the inventor’s name Adi Dassler, Volvo means “to roll” in Latin.
Task 2: Discussion
Discuss the following questions in pairs:
1. Why are brand names important?

2. Name three different sources of brand names.

3. Do you think brands are important? Why?
4. Do you have a favourite brand? What is it and why do you like it?
Task 3: Mini write up
In pairs students will invent a new product and give it a name.

They will think about the following points:

• What is special or unusual about your product?
• Why would people want to use or buy it?
• How does the name relate to the product?
Once they have chosen a name for their product,they will prepare a short write to be given
in front of the class.
Here are some useful phrases that may help them with their presentation:

• We would like to introduce our new product…

• We chose the name… because…
• You can use it to…

 Some of the idea for a new product

A digital watch with a built in mobile phone and mini-computer

A new digital homework personal organiser

[Link] of sentences –

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In writing and speaking, there are four basic kinds of sentences:

 Declarative sentences
 Interrogative sentences
 Imperative sentences
 Exclamatory sentences
a) A declarative sentence is the most basic type of sentence. Its purpose is to relay
information, and it is punctuated with a period. For example:
I walked home.
b) Interrogative sentences interrogate, or ask questions. These are direct questions,
and they are punctuated with a question mark. For example:
 Why haven’t you completed your work?
c) Exclamatory sentences are like declarative sentences in that they make a statement
instead of asking a question, but their main purpose is to express strong emotion.
They are easily recognized because they end in an exclamation point instead of a
period: For example
 Wow,he just got an appraisal!
d) Imperative sentences do not simply state a fact but rather tell someone to do
something. These can be in the form of friendly advice, basic instructions or more
forceful commands. For example:

 Turn left at the bridge.

Using Different Sentence Types to Add Variety to Writing

Writing skill- Email writing

( Activity)
Students will learn the rules of writing emails and will compose and send an email. The
main focus of this lesson will be on writing semi-formal emails.
Example

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 The students will send a email to a language school offering part time
language courses .

Some hints
a) Do you do a part time course for school students, which helps them with their
essay writing skills
b) How many hours a week are the courses?
c) What after-school activities are there? Will they help me to improve my
communications skills?
d) What is the actual cost of the course? Do you offer any scholarship?
*I’m hoping to join the course soon, so if you can get back to me as soon as
possible,it would be great. Thanks for your help.

Format of a Semi formal E- mail

This will help them to study the difference between writing a Formal,informal and semi
Formal email writing using different kind of sentences.

6. Parts of a sentence-
Every sentence can be broken into two parts
a) Complete Subject
b) Complete Predicate
The complete subject consists of simple subject ( The noun or the pronoun is the subject is
about) and its modifiers

 The complete predicate is made of up of verb and its modifiers.

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The subject of a complete sentence is who or what the sentence is about, and the predicate
tells about that subject.
Yesterday after lunch the students were complaining about the short recess.
The students” are the subject (red) of the sentence. The predicate always includes the verb,
and tells something about the subject; in this example, the students ( purple)“were
complaining about the short recess.”
After explaining the concept of parts of sentence, an activity will be taken up to strengthen
the topic.

Writing skills - Creating a professional portfolio

Finding employment can be challenging for anyone, but the job market can be especially
tough for recent college graduates/ Undergraduates, people re-entering the workforce after
time away, or someone who has been in a position for a long time. Competition is stiff; the
market is filled with other strong job candidates, too. So how can students increase their
chances for getting a great job in the field they love? For almost everyone, it starts with a
resume ( The following Flowchart will help the students to create a professional resume)

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(Sample of Resume writing format)

r freshers) Th The
following link will further help the students to understand how to create professional
resume better
([Link]
5. Parts of speech- A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic
functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner,
verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
The following figure represents eight parts of speech

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1. NOUN- A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

London,Flower,Happiness
2. .PRONOUN- A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
She, we,they, it

3. VERB- A verb expresses action or being.

Jump ,is,become
4. ADJECTIVE -An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Pretty,old
5. ADVERB -An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Gently, extremely
6. PREPOSITION -a preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase
modifying another word in the sentence.
By,with,
7. CONJUNCTION -A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. T
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared.
8. INTERJECTION - An interjection is a word used to express emotion.

Oh! Wow!
The following link will help to reinforce the concept
([Link]
(Writing skill)

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Activity
Adopt a word
Students will be given templates with a heading

Word Meaning Part of speech Example of usage

 The students choose a word that they would like to adopt and do some research on
it using the template above.
 Each student then gives a short presentation on his or her adopted word until all
the class has had a chance.
 The words are then stuck to a large paper chart on the wall
In between we quizzes can be organised about the new words. The students greatly enjoy
contributing words, researching and presenting.
This activity will help the students to streamline their thoughts and build up their
vocabulary.
[Link] writing
Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news,
items of general interest or specific topics.
The following figure represents the format of Article writing
* Figure 5

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The following link will help to build up the concept

[Link]
Example
You are Renu/Ronit. Write an article in 1OO-120 words for your school magazine on
journalism as a career.

• Hints – Journalism suitable for those who are good at language’

• Ones who desire to present truth to the public
Activity
Media diary
Students write about the different ‘media’ that they have been watching or reading. This
could include TV programmes, films at the cinema or on DVD,websites that they have been
looking at, magazines, books, etc. This will help the students to have clarity about present
day situations and organise their thoughts in a more constructive way.

5. Construction of the Paragraph

What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related
to a single topic.

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(Writing skill)

Activity – Argument essay

This activity will help students organise their argument essays and so improve their writing.
A possible cause of the student’s poor performance is that students do not know how to
organise argument essays or paragraphs
Following points can help them( students) to write/pen down their thoughts in a
constructive manner.

 Explain the overall organisation of an argument essay to students.

 Explain paragraph organisation.
 Give students a list of connectives which they could use in their essays. Make
sure that they understand the relationships that are implied by these
connectives.
 Give students a model argument essay. Once they have read it, ask them to
draw a spider-diagram of the essay in the following way:

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 Firstly, students will identify the thesis. They will write it in a circle in the
middle of a blank piece of paper.
 Next, identify the claims or statements that are made to support this thesis.
Students will write these around the thesis.
 Then they will identify and list the details and examples which are given to
support each claim/statement.
 Finally, students will write relevant connectors between the thesis and the
claims/statements and between the claims/statements themselves.
This activity aims to help student to recognise their own problems with paragraph
construction and to identify errors, which improves their own re-drafting skills.
Summary:
A classroom environment relies heavily on the quality of communication taking place within
it. As an instructor, taking steps towards improving the communication skills of students will
contribute positively towards your classroom climate. Students with effective
communication skills will be more likely to contribute to class discussions, will be more
productive members in group projects, and will ultimately gain more from their experience
in the class. Learning and practicing writing skills help students to handle professional and
social tensions.
References

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: Google
: You tube
: British council Library

References
: Google
: You tube

: British council Library

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 1

Warm Up
A Listening Cues Game

In pairs take on the following roles:

Role Play:Learning about Active Listening

Phase 1

Student 1 Read a news article to your partner, Student 2 .

Read with proper expression and at a normal speed.

Student 2 Do not show your card to your partner!

You are a very poor listener. Display poor listening behavior .You are :

 fidgeting
 looking around
 interrupting to ask questions
 making inappropriate facial expressions.

Phase 2

Student 2

Explain /read the article that was just read to him, back to Student 1

Student 1

You should display positive listening skills. You are :

 making eye contact

 sitting still
 making appropriate facial cues

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

 taking notes
 waiting until the end to ask questions.

Phase 3 All groups review the article together.

 identify things Student 2 missed because he wasn't listening closely

 demonstrate how important it is to use proper listening behaviors to
understand the message being relayed.

B Listening With Distractions Game

Phase 1

 In groups of about 6 or more students play the following game:

 One student will play the role of teacher.
 Tell them you will read out a story (any story will do).
 Give one set of people on your left side a task.
 For example, ask them to count now many times you say the word "and."
 Ask others to count the number of times you smile.
 Give the other set of students on your right side no task at all, except to listen.

Phase 2

 Read the story.

 When you have finished, ask each group member to write down answers to
three questions about your story.
 Find out which group answered better.
 You will find that the people who were distracted by a task may not answer
the questions as easily as those who were listening without tasks.

Phase 3

All groups :Discuss how difficult it was for people to pay attention when they were
not focused on the message itself.

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

C WARM-UP: TELEPHONE

Introduction :Stand in a circle. Explain that you will be playing the game of Telephone. Ask if
any student is familiar with the game and would like to explain how to play.

1Start by whispering the following sentence into a student’s ear: “I want to know what it feels
like to listen and what it feels like to be heard.”

2This first student will then whisper what they think they heard into the next student’s ear.
Students will repeat this process until the last person is reached. The last student will then say
the word or phrase they heard out loud for the whole class to hear. More likely than not, the
last student will have heard something totally different from the original message.

3a)Next sit in a circle and discuss the following:

 What happened to the original message?

 Was it easy or difficult to hear the message? Why do you think it might have been
difficult?

b) Do you think the following reasons are correct?

 It was hard to hear because the person was whispering.”

 “We weren’t making eye contact.”
 “Students were talking or laughing.”
 “It’s hard to understand an isolated word or phrase without any context; i.e., without
context, words and phrases can sound like they come from out of the blue.”

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 2

A Review the warm ups you did in Worksheet [Link] the activities in mind as well as other
factors discuss the following with your partner:

1 What is listening ?

2 How is it different from hearing ?

a) Examine the sentences below and fill in the blanks with the correct word. Discuss what
your choice of word tells you about the differences between hearing and listening.
b) In pairs, make a table listing the differences between listening and hearing.
c) Check the information given in Figures 1a and [Link] the new information to your table

(i)I can’t ….(hear/listen) you. Could you speak louder please?

(ii) My grandmother likes to ….(hear/listen) to the radio.

(iii) Did you ……(listen/hear) the thunder last night/

(iv) The vet is …….(hearing /listening)to the dog’s heartbeat.

Figure 1a) Figure 1 b)

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

3 Look at Figure 2. Using the information on how listening and hearing differ fill in the blanks
with suitable words.

Figure 2

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Comment [A1]: Delete following words

Leave blank for stu to fill in
Column A
Passive
Ear
not
_____voluntary
Column B
Active
sound
Conscious
voluntary

CS 11 Worksheet 3

1Examine Figure 3 .

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Let us now think about the different stages of listening. listening

2Using the words given in the box below complete the table.

3 Check your answers given at the end.

Figure 3

Stage 5
Stage 1 stage 2 Stage 3 stage 4
Responding
_________ __________ __________ _______

understanding, responding
evaluating ,remembering
receiving

4 a)Look at Figure 4,column A and r,understanding

B. What are the 5 stages of Listening .Under Column A write
the numeral 1-5 and in Column B write the name of each of the stages in the correct order .

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

b) Next, look at column C. It has the description of the 5 stages in jumbled order. Read
carefully and match the different stages of listening listed in Column B with its
corresponding description given in column C.

Comment [A2]: Pls delete thi!!!
Figure 4

A B C

s.n
description of the stage
stages of listening

____________
 attempts to figure out the meaning of the message.
a)
stage
?

b ___________
 receiver provides verbal or nonverbal feedback
stage
? about the speaker or message.

c _________  listener judges the content of the message or the

stage character of the speaker
?

d __________
 this stage is represented by the ear because it is the
stage
? primary tool involved with this stage of the listening
process

e _________  receiver either places information into long-term

stage memory or forgets the information presented
?

Worksheet 4 What is Active Listening ?

A Read the following points which describe active Listening:

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

1Active listening involves attentively seeking to understand a speaker’s message, rather than
passively hearing the words that a speaker says.
2Active Listeners provide verbal and nonverbal feedback to show their sincere investment in
what the speaker is sharing.
3Active listening can help to build trust within a conversation, thereby allowing the speaker to
communicate more easily, openly and honestly.

B Role Play :In pairs ,take on the following roles:

1)Teacher
 You have been teaching the student about how to conduct an interview..
 You have seen the video recording of the interview.
 You are now giving feedback and tips to your student on how to become an active
listener.
 Enact your role by reading aloud the script below..

2)Student Interviewer
 You are passionate about becoming a television interviewer.
 You have recently taken an interview of an Alumnus who has excelled in Sports .
 The interview has been videotaped.
 You have come to your teacher for feedback.
 Enact your role by reading aloud the script below.

Script : Feedback on Active Listening
Teacher: Hello! I have watched the video of the interview you took. It’s a good one! I saw you
being an active listener. I was happy to see you using the techniques of being a good
interviewer !
I noticed you leaned forward to show that you were interested !
And ,you were smiling while the interviewee talked. Good…these are examples of excellent
nonverbal listening skills.

Student I wanted to ask one question? Is it okay to interrupt the person I am interviewing?

Teacher: No,no! Never interrupt. No matter how anxious you are to hear what
someone has to say, you never interrupt.

Student : But I see this happening on Television all the time! Reporters interrupt and cut off
people off all the time.

Teacher: Yes, I’ve seen that too! But remember you’re not here to get someone to confess to
wrong doing or moderate a political debate. You’ve asked a classmate to
share a very personal story. Remember what I told you in class? A good interviewer knows that
the people they interview are important and conduct their interviews with respect and

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

sensitivity and curiosity.

So, even if the person doesn’t answer the question you ask… let them finish their thoughts and
don’t interrupt them.
Let me tell a very good strategy that active listeners use…that is…to wait three to five seconds,
counting quietly to yourself, before you ask the next question.
If you do this you might get some very interesting facts and details which you might have
missed otherwise! So never forget the cardinal rule …show your respect for the interviewer by
never interrupting!

Student Oh thank you so very much Sir! I won’t ever forget this advice! But Sir, how was my
interview on the whole?.

Teacher: Overall, you did a great job!

You used body language to show that you cared about the interviewee without your having to
speak.
You also had very good follow-up questions.
And you can only have good follow-up questions if you are listening to what a
person is saying.
Remember: don’t rush them, don’t interrupt them. Let them finish their thoughts. But most
important, while she’s talking listen, listen, and listen.

Student Oh thank you Sir! I will remember these wonderful tips! Thank you!

Adapted from Transcript :Tips for Active Listening

© STORYCORPS, INC | MORE AT [Link]

C Discuss the following :

1)Which of the tips given by the teacher were nonverbal strategies?

2)Which of the tips were verbal strategies?

3)What are examples of other tips for active listening?

4)Do you know how important the strategies of pause and short silence are in active listening ?
Use short silences and do not interrupt the interviewee while interviewing.

b) Role Play:In pairs interview each other, using the following prompt:

(i) Formation of pairs:Ask one student to conduct the pairing by counting off. For example, if
there are 20 students, count off one to 10 and pair students who have the same number. If
there are an uneven number of students, ask your teacher to participate.

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

(i)Tell me something about yourself that might surprise me.

(ii) While interviewing remember to practice using short silences. This means that whenever
the narrator stops speaking, the interviewer should pause for six to eight seconds (counting
quietly to themselves) before asking a follow-up question. During this period, the narrator is
free to add any details to their story. The interviewer will then need to wait for another
opportunity to ask a follow-up question.

(iii) Form Pair students up by counting off. For example, if there are 20 students, count off one
to 10 and pair students who have the same number. If there are an uneven number of
students, ask your teacher to participate.

Student 1 will tell their story for five minutes total, with Student 2 pausing before they ask any
follow-up questions.

After you have interviewed for 5 minutes, switch roles.

Discuss :

1As the interviewer, how did it feel to pause before asking questions?

2Were the pauses helpful when you were telling your story?

3Did this listening exercise differ from the other peer interviews we have done in class? If so,
how?

4Do you think people often use this method of ‘short silences’ in real life?

5What does it feel like when someone interrupts you?

6What do you think might cause someone to interrupt another person?

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 5 Why should you become an Active Listener?

5 a)Think of 5 important reasons why you should become an active listener? The visuals given
below in Figure 5(b) are clues to the possible answers ..

Worksheet 4 Figure 5a

_____ ____

_______
__________ _______
________

________ ______
_______ __________________

Figure 5b

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Worksheet 5(contd.) Why is Active Listening Important for Interviews and at the Workplace?

adapted from ALISON DOYLE

5 b)Like critical thinking and problem-solving, active listening is a soft skill that’s held in high
regard by employers. Active listening is extremely important for interviews and at the
workplace your career.

1 An active listener does the following ;

 avoids interrupting at all costs

 summarizes and repeats back what he/she has heard
 observes body language to get an extra level of understanding.

2 Active listening is a helpful skill for any worker to develop for the following reasons:

 helps you truly understand what people are saying in conversations and meetings (and
not just what you want to hear, or think you hear).
 can help build rapport with your interviewer.
 can redirect one’s focus from what is going on inside one’s head to the needs of the
prospective employer or interviewer.

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

 can help reduce your nervousness during an interview.

3 An active listener shows that he/she is :

 a) interested in the organization’s challenges and successes;

 b) ready to help them problem-solve work issues, and
 c) a team player as opposed to being nothing more than a self-absorbed job candidate.

Remember the following:

 Don’t interrupt, or worse, try to answer the question before you know what the
interviewer is asking.
 Listen carefully to the interviewer’s questions, ask for clarification if necessary, and wait
until the interviewer has finished talking to r

5 c)1 Read about the 8 active listening techniques listed in column A:Each technique has an
example given in Column B, but they are in jumbled order.

2 Match the techniques given in Column A with its corresponding example in Column B.
Number 4 i.e. brief verbal affirmations has been done for you

Worksheet 5 :Figure 6

s.n A:Technique B:Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & ’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is your
rapport average rate of staff turnover?’
2 Demonstrating Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the department.” “Can
concern you please provide some history for me regarding your relationship with
your former business partner?”
3 Paraphrasing to ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the birth of my
show son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of my personnel, due
understanding to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if it’s necessary, it never
gets easier.”
4 Brief verbal Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read on your

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

affirmations website how you donate five percent of each sale to charity.”
5 Asking open- “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your new
ended Q’s supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we need to
build up our social media marketing efforts.”
6 Asking specific I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some tough
Q’s,seeking challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring can be – how is
clarification staff morale at this point?”
7 Waiting to “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback about your
disclose your performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in speaking to me.”I
opinion see,. I understand..,Sure etc
8 Disclosing similar I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which aspect of
experiences to his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the current situation is
show intolerable for you. What changes would you like to see?”
understanding

Tips for becoming an Active Listener!

 Don’t interrupt, or worse, try to answer the question before you know what the
interviewer is asking.
 Listen carefully to the interviewer’s questions, ask for clarification if necessary, and wait
until the interviewer has finished talking to r

Finally never underestimate the power of “soft skills” (also known as “people skills”) like active
listening, problem-solving, flexibility, self-motivation, leadership, and teamwork. Your CV or
resume may look great, but don’t forget to nourish your soft skills.

Especially for young, first-time job candidates with limited work experience, these people skills
often are the deciding factor in whether an employer will be willing to take the risk in hiring

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

them over others who may have more experience (but possibly weaker interpersonal
communications talents). Don’t forget to highlight your soft skills in your interview (and even in
your resume).

5d Using all that you have learnt about Active Listening prepare posters on the following topics:

(i)What is Active Listening?

(ii)Why is Active Listening important?

(iii)How to become an Active Listener?

(iv) How to be successful in your interview?

(v) Think of effective slogans to get your message across!

ANSWERS

Worksheet 2 Answers: Figure 2

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 3 Answers: Figure 3

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Stage 1 stage 2 Stage 3 stage 4

receiving understanding remembering evaluating

add one more box and label

it responding

Worksheet 4 Answers: Figure 4

A B C

s.n stages of listening

 this stage is represented by the ear because it is
a) receiving
stage the primary tool involved with this stage of the
1
listening process

b understanding
 attempts to figure out the meaning of the
stage
2 message.

c remembering  receiver either places information into long-term

stage memory or forgets the information presented
3

d evaluating
 listener judges the content of the message or the
stage
4 character of the speaker.

e responding
 receiver provides verbal or nonverbal feedback
stage
5 about the speaker or message.

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 4 Answers: Figure 5

better stu

more effective
successful at in your
work relationships

others percieve
strong public
you as more
speaker
intelligent

Worksheet 5 Answers: Figure 6

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

s.n A:Techniques B: Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & ’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is
rapport your average rate of staff turnover?’
2 Demonstrating Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the
concern department.” “Can you please provide some history for me
regarding your relationship with your former business partner?”
3 Paraphrasing to ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the
show birth of my son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of
understanding my personnel, due to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if
it’s necessary, it never gets easier.”
4 Brief verbal Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read
affirmations on your website how you donate five percent of each sale to
charity.”
5 Asking open- “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your
ended Q’s new supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we
need to build up our social media marketing efforts.”
6 Asking specific I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some
Q’s,seeking tough challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring
clarification can be – how is staff morale at this point?”
7 Waiting to “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback
disclose your about your performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in
opinion speaking to me.”I see,..I understand..,Sure etc
8 Disclosing similar I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which
experiences to aspect of his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the
show current situation is intolerable for you. What changes would you
understanding like to see?”

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 5 Answers: Figure 6

A:Techniques B:Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & “Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read on your
rapport website how you donate five percent of each sale to charity.”
2 Demonstrating “I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some tough
concern challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring can be – how
is staff morale at this point?”
3 Paraphrasing to “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your new
show supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we need to
understanding build up our social media marketing efforts.”
4 Brief verbal “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback about your
affirmations performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in speaking to me.”I
see,..I understand..,Sure etc
5 Asking open- I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which aspect
ended Q’s of his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the current
situation is intolerable for you. What changes would you like to see?”
6 Asking specific ‘’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is your
Q’s, seeking average rate of staff turnover?’’
clarification
7 Waiting to Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the department.” “Can
disclose your you please provide some history for me regarding your relationship
opinion with your former business partner?”
8 Disclosing similar ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the birth of
experiences to my son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of my personnel,
show due to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if it’s necessary, it
understanding never gets easier.”

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Session 1
Introduction to Presentation Software
A presentation is a systematic display of information. It consists of a number of slides
containing text, graphics, movies, sound, and graphs. Slides of a presentation are displayed one
by one on the screen.

Some common terms used in a Presentation software are:

Slides are the individual pages of a presentation. Each slide may contain text, graphics, movies,
and sound.

Handouts are very small images of slides printed together on a sheet of paper, which can be
given to the viewers for reference.

Speaker notes are notes added to the slides as a reference for the presenter. They are not
visible to the audience during a presentation.

There are differernt sofwares like MS Powerpoint , OpenOffice Impress that can be used to
create a presentation.
You will learn how to create a simple presentation in OpenOffice Impress.
OpenOffice Impress is a part of the [Link] suite. It is used for creating effective
multimedia presentations.

STARTING OPENOFFICE IMPRESS

To start OpenOffice Impress,

1. click Start All Programs  [Link] 4.1.5  [Link] Impress.

2. The Presentation Wizard dialog box appears (Fig 1). Select the desired option from the
following:
a. Empty presentation - Choosing this option starts a new blank presentation.
b. From template – You can choose this option to create a
presentation using a predesigned template.
c. Open existing presentation- You can choose this option to open an already
saved presentation that you can work on.
3. Select Empty Presentation.
4. Click Create.

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Fig 1 Presentation Wizard dialog box

5. The Impress window screen appears with a blank presentation named Untitled 1 by default
(Fig. 2).

Components of OpenOffice Impress Window

The various components of the Impress window are shown in Figure 2.

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Formatting
Title bar Menu Standard bar bar
bar

Slide pane
Task
pane

Workspace

Status
Drawing bar
bar

Fig. 2 [Link] Impress window

Title bar It is located at the top and displays the name of the application and
the name of the current document

Menu bar It is located below the Title bar and contains different menu options.

Standard bar It contains icons for the most commonly used commands.
Formatting bar It contains the buttons for the commonly used formatting commands.
Slide pane It is located at the extreme left and shows the thumbnail view of various slides in a
presentation.
Drawing bar It contains the buttons for the most commonly used drawing tools.
Workspace It is the main work area to create or modify individual slides
Task pane It is positioned to the right. It contains features such as slide layout
and slide transition to format the slides.

Status bar It is positioned at the bottom and displays information such as slide number and
zoom level.

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ADDING SLIDES TO A PRESENTATION

Inserting a New Slide
You can insert a new slide in [Link] Impress presentation in any one of the following
ways:
• Select Slide option from the Insert menu.(Fig 3)

• Right-click on a slide in the Slide pane and select New Slide in the shortcut menu. (Fig 4)

• Click on the Slide icon on the Standard bar. (Fig 5)

Fig 3 Slide option of Insert menu

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Slide icon

Fig 4 Shortcut menu

Fig 5 Slide icon on Standard bar

Deleting a Slide
To delete a slide:
1. Select the slide in the Slide pane.
2. Press Delete key.

Changing the Slide Layout

To change the slide layout in Impress, the steps are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Click the Slide Layout icon on the Standard bar. (Fig 6)
3. Different slide layouts are displayed. Click on a suitable layout.

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Fig 6 Selecting Slide Layout

Entering text in a slide

You can enter text in a text box in a slide.

If you have selected a blank slide, you can insert a text box at the desired position.

Inserting a Text Box

You can insert a Text box using Text button on the Drawing bar. If the Drawing bar is not visible,
select View Toolbars Drawing to make it visible.

The steps to insert a text box in a slide are:

1. Click the Text button on the Drawing bar.

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2. The mouse pointer changes to + the sign.

3. Place the mouse pointer on the slide where you want to add the text box.
4. Click and drag on the slide to draw a text box. (Fig 7 )

Text
box

Text
button

Fig 7 Drawing a Text box

Editing and Formatting Text

Like OpenOffice Writer, OpenOffice Impress includes all the basic editing features
—copy, move, insert, delete, spell-check, etc. You can also format the text, i.e. change the font,
style, size, font color, etc.

You can use the formatting options in the Formatting bar to change the font, size and color of
the text (fig 8)

Italic
Bold
Font color
Font size
Font Fig 8 Formatting bar
Applying a Slide Design Underline
The steps to apply a slide design are:
1. Select Slide Design option from the Format menu (Fig 9).
Or

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Click the Slide Design button on the Standard bar. (Fig 10)
Or
Right-click on any slide in the Slide pane and select Slide Design in the shortcut menu. (Fig 11)

Fig 9 Slide Design option from the Format menu

Slide Design

Fig 10 Slide design button on the Standard bar

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Fig 11 Shortcut menu

2. The Slide Design dialog box appears (Fig. 12).

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Fig. 12 Slide Design dialog box

3. Click the Load button. The Load Slide Design dialog box appears (Fig 13)

Fig. 13 Load Slide Design dialog box

4. Select Presentation Backgrounds in the Categories section. Select the desired template
from the list. You can also click More to get the Preview box. Select the Preview
checkbox (Fig. 14).

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Fig 14 Preview option in the Load Slide Design dialog box

4. Click OK. The Slide Design dialog box reappears.

5. Click OK.

Changing Background Style

The steps to change the slide background in [Link]
Impress, are:
1. Select Page option from the Format menu. (Fig 15)
2. The Page Setup dialog box appears.
3. Click the Background tab.
3. Click the Fill drop-down menu arrow and choose the desired fill effect (Fig. F8-16).

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Fig 15 Page option of Format menu

Fig. 16 Background tab of Page Setup dialog box

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4. A message box appears (Fig. 17). Click Yes if you want

to use the selected background style for all the slides. Click
No if you want to set it only for the current slide.

Fig. 17 Page Settings message box

SAVING A PRESENTAT ION

The steps to save a presentation are as follows:
1. Select Save option from the File menu.
Or
Click the Save button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press Ctrl + Shift + S.
2. The Save As dialog box appears. (Fig 18)Select the drive and the folder where you want to
save the presentation.
3. Give a name to the file in the File name text box.
4. Click Save. Your presentation will be saved with a .odp extension.

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Fig 18 Save As dialog box

CLOSING A PRESENTATION
A presentation can be closed in any one of the following ways:
• Select Close option from the File menu.
• Click the Close Document button on the right side of the Menu bar.

EXITING IMPRESS
To exit [Link] Impress, the steps are:
• Select Exit option from File menu.
Or
• Click the Close button at the top-right corner of the Title bar.

OPENING A PRESENTATION
To open an already saved presentation the steps are:
1. Select Open option from the File menu.
Or
Click the Open button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press Ctrl + O.
2. The Open dialog box appears.(Fig 19) Select the file and click Open.

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Fig 19 Open dialog box

Lets Try It

1. Create a new blank presentation.

a. Add 4-5 slides on the topic Pollution’.
b. Change the slide design.
c. Select desired font, size, and color for the text and the heading.
d. Save the presentation.

Worksheet
1. Name any two softwares used for creating presentation.
______________________
______________________
2. What do you mean by a slide?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Name the bar present at the top of the Impress window.
_____________________________
4. How can you delete a slide?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5. Write keyboard shortcut to save a presentation.
_____________________________

Session 2

VIEWING AND ORGANIZING SLIDES

A presentation in OpenOffice Impress can be viewed in following ways:

Normal View
The Normal view is the default view that is used to create and edit slides. This view has three
panes:
 Slide pane,
 Task pane, and
 the Workspace showing the current slide.

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To open the Normal view (Fig. 20):

• Select Normal option from the View menu.
Or
• Click the Normal tab above the workspace.

Normal tab

Workspace

Slide
pane

Fig. 20 Normal view

Outline View
The Outline view shows the Slide pane and textual content of all the slides in a presentation.
The steps to open the Outline view are: (Fig. 21):
• Select Outline option from View menu.
Or

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• Click the Outline tab above the workspace.

Fig. 21 Outline view

Notes View
The Notes view is used to add notes to a slide. These notes are not visible to the audience
during the slide show.
To enter notes in a slide (Fig. 22), follow these steps:
1. Select Notes Page option from View menu.
Or
Click the Notes tab above the workspace.
2. Select a slide from the Slide pane.
3. Click and type the notes in the space provided.

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Fig. 22 Notes view

Handout View
In the Handout view, you can adjust the number of slides to be printed on each page.
To open the Handout view (Fig. 23):
• Select Handout Page option from the View menu.
Or
• Click the Handout tab above the workspace.

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Fig. 23 Handout view

Slide Sorter View

The Slide Sorter view displays miniature forms of all the slides in a presentation.
To open the Slide Sorter view (Fig. 24):
• Click the View button and then click Slide Sorter in the drop-down menu.
Or
• Click the Slide Sorter tab above the workspace.

In this view, you can easily delete a slide, change the order of the slides, insert a new slide.

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Fig. 24 Slide Sorter view

Commands used in Normal and Slide Sorter views

Action Option
Select consecutive multiple slides Hold down the SHIFT key and select the
slides.
Select non-consecutive multiple slides Hold down the CTRL key and select the
slides.
Delete slide(s) Select slide(s) and press the DELETE key.
Move slide(s) Select the slide(s) and drag to the new
location.

INSERTING IMAGES

You can insert image in a slide using any one of the following ways:
 Gallery
 From File

Inserting Images Using Gallery

The steps to insert an image using the gallery are:
1. Select Gallery option from the Tools menu. (Fig 25)

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Or
Click the Gallery icon on the Drawing bar. (Fig 26)

Fig 25 Gallery option of Tools menu

Gallery icon

Fig 26 Drawing bar

[Link] Gallery appears above the workspace (Fig. 27).

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Fig 27 Gallery

3. Select the theme from the left section of the gallery area. The images of
that theme will get listed on the right side.
4. Click on the required image. Drag the image and drop it on the slide.
5. To close the Gallery, select Tools Gallery.
Inserting Pictures from File
The steps to insert a picture from a file are:
1. Select Insert  Picture  From File .
2. The Insert picture dialog box appears (Fig. 28).
2. Locate the picture you want to insert and click Open.

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Fig. 28 Insert picture dialog box

Editing a Picture
When you select a picture, Picture toolbar appears (Fig. 29). You can use the tools of this
toolbar to edit the picture.

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Graphics Side
Formatting bar
bar

Fig. 29 Picture toolbar

USING FONTWORK GALLERY

In OpenOffice Impress, Fontwork Gallery is used to apply special effects to the text.
The steps to use the Fontwork Gallery are:
1. Click the Fontwork Gallery button on the Drawing bar. (Fig 30)
2. The Fontwork Gallery dialog box appears (Fig. 31).
3. Select a Fontwork style and click OK.
4. The selected Fontwork design will appear on the slide (Fig. 32).
5. Double-click the Fontwork design. The default text, i.e., Fontwork will appear in editing
mode (Fig. 33).

Fontwork Gallery

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Fig 30 Drawing bar

Fig. 31 Fontwork Gallery dialog box

Fig. 32 Fontwork design on the slide

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Fig. 33 Editing Fontwork text

6. Change the text and then click anywhere in the document. (Fig 34)
7. Using the Fontwork bar (Fig. 35), you can change the style of the text,
letter height, etc.

Fig 34 text on the Slide

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Fig. 35 Fontwork bar

INSERTING SHAPES
You can insert basic pre-defined shapes a slide. The steps to add the shapes are:

1. Click the arrow next to the Symbol Shapes option (Fig. 36) on the Drawing bar.
2. Select the desired shape.
3. Click and drag on the slide to draw the shape.
4. Similarly, you can use the options available on the Drawing bar to draw many other shapes,
arrows, callouts, etc. (Fig 37)

Fig 36 Symbols option on Drawing bar

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Fig 37 Shapes drawn on a slide

Editing Shapes
The inserted shapes can be edited using the Line and Filling bar. This bar appears when you
select a shape. The various options of the toolbar are shown in Figure 38.

Line color Fill Style Fill

Line width Colour
Line style

Fig. 38 Line and Filling bar

Lets Try It
1. Create a new presentation of 4-5 slides on the topic ‘Activities in My School’.

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a. Use Fontwork gallery to write the headings.

b. Choose suitable font, size and color for the text.
c. Apply suitable background to the slides.
d. Insert suitable pictures in each slide.
2. Create a new blank presentation for children of Primary level to teach them about
different shapes.
a. Use FontWork to write the headings.
b. Choose suitable font, font style, size and color for the text.
c. Apply suitable background to the slides.
d. Insert different shapes from the Drawing bar.
e. Edit these shapes to change their fill and line styles and color.
f. View the presentation in the following views
i. Normal view
ii. Slide Sorter view
g. Change the order of slides in the Slide Sorter view.

Worksheet
1. How can you perform the following actions in Slide Sorter view?
a. Select consecutive multiple slides
b. Select non-consecutive multiple slides
c. Delete slides
2. Name the view used to see all the slides in a miniature form.
3. Name the bar that has option to insert basic shapes.
4. Name the two ways in which you can insert pictures in a slide.

Session 3

INSERTING SOUND OR MOVIES

You can add sound and video files in a presentation created in Impress. The steps are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select Movie and Sound option from the Insert menu. (Fig 39)
3. The Insert Movie and Sound dialog box will appear (Fig. 40).
4. Select the desired sound/movie file and click Open.

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Fig 39 Movie and Sound option of Insert menu

Fig. 40 Insert Movie and Sound dialog box

3. If you insert a sound file, the sound ( ) icon appears on the slide.
4. If you insert a movie file, the movie appears on the slide.

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SLIDE TRANSITION
The steps to apply transition effects to a slide are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select Slide Transition option from the Slide Show menu. (Fig 41)
Or
Click the Slide Transition tab in the Task pane.
3. The Slide Transition panel will appear in the Task pane (42).
4. The steps to apply transition are:
a. Select a slide transition effect
b. Select the speed of transition
c. Select sound
d. Select a method to move to the next slide.
e. Select Automatic Preview to see the preview of the current slide.
f. Click Apply to all slides to apply transition to all slides

Fig 41 Slide Show menu

Slide transition
tab

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Fig 42 Slide transition tab

CUSTOM ANIMATION EFFECTS

The steps to apply custom animation effects to an object are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select the object to which you want to apply custom animation.
3. Select Custom Animation option from Slide Show menu (Fig 41).
4. The Custom Animation panel appears in the Task pane (Fig. 43).

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Fig. 43 Custom Animation panel

3. Click the Add button under Modify effect.
4. The Custom Animation dialog box appears with the Entrance tab selected (Fig. 44). Choose
the desired effect and adjust the speed.

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Fig 44 Custom Animation dialog box

The other tabs of this dialog box and their options are as follows:
Emphasis tab This tab allows you to highlight the object on the slide.
Exit The options under this tab allow you to select how the object will leave the slide.
Motion Paths This tab helps you to select the motion path that the object will follow on the
slide.
Misc Effects This tab has the commands to control a media file, i.e., an audio or
a video file. You can select options for starting, pausing, or stopping the video or
sound file.
5. Click OK.
6. Repeat the above steps for other objects on the slides.

Changing the Order of Animation

The steps to change the order of animations are as follows:
1. In the Custom Animation panel, select the animation whose order you want to change.

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2. Use the Change Order buttons to move the animation up or down.

Removing Animation Effects

The steps to remove an animation are as follows:
1. In the Custom Animation panel, click the animation effect you want to remove.
2. Click the Remove button

SLIDE SHOW
The Slide Show view is used to display a presentation slide-by-slide in full screen mode.

You can run a slide show in any one of the following ways:
• Press F5.
• Click the Slide Show button on the Standard bar.
• Click the View button and then click Slide Show in the drop-down menu.
• Click the Slide Show button and then click Slide Show in the drop-down menu.

During a slide show, you can move to the next slide in the following ways:
• Click the mouse button.
Or
• Press ENTER or the spacebar.

PRINTING A PRESENTATION
The steps to print a presentation are as follows:
1. Select Print option from the File menu (Fig 45).
2. The Print dialog box appears. (Fig 46)
a. Select a printer.
b. Select number of copies to be printed.
c. Select the slides to be printed.
d. Click the Print button.

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Fig 45 File menu

Fig. 46 Print dialog box

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Lets Try IT

1. Create a presentation of 7-8 slides on the topic ‘Natural Resources’

a. Choose suitable font, size and color for the text.
b. Write headings using FontWork.
c. Insert suitable pictures in each slide
d. Insert a video related to the topic in the last slide.
e. Apply custom animation to the objects on the slide.
f. Apply Slide transition to the slides.
g. Print the handouts of the slides.

Worksheet
1. Custom animation is applied to the _____________________.
2. Slide transition is applied to the _____________________
3. How can you insert an audio in a slide?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. Name the menu and the option used to print slides of a presentation.
________________________________________
5. Mention any two ways to run a slide show.
___________________________________

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Unit 1 Spreadsheet Software

Session 1 Introduction to Spreadsheet software

OpenOffice Calc is a spreadsheet program, a part of the free OpenOffice suite. The program is
easy to use and contains most of the commonly used features found in commercial
spreadsheet programs.
OpenOffice Calc is software that helps in performing calculations using formulae and in
analysing data.

ore

ADVANTAGES OF SPREADSHEETS
Spreadsheet programs have become very popular because of the following features:
• Built-in functions make calculations easier, faster, and more accurate.
• Large volumes of data can be easily handled and manipulated.
• Data can be exported to or imported from other software.
• Data can be easily represented in pictorial form like graphs or charts.
• Formulae are automatically recalculated whenever underlying data values are changed.

STARTING OpenOffice Calc

To start OpenOffice Calc:

1. Click Start  All Programs  OpenOffice 4.1.5  OpenOffice Calc. (Fig 1)

2. A spreadsheet workbook named Untitled1 opens up in an OpenOffice Calc application
window (Fig. 2).

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Fig 1 Starting OpenOffice Calc

Columns Menu bar Standard Formatting

Title bar
bar bar
Name
box
Active
Formula
cell
bar

Rows

Side bar

Sheet tabs

Status bar
Fig. 2 OpenOffice Calc worksheet

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Components of a Calc Screen

Title bar The title bar is located at the top of the Calc window. It displays the name of the
workbook on which you are currently working. A workbook is a collection of one or more
worksheets. The right side of the title bar contains the Minimize, Restore Down or Maximize,
and Close buttons.

Menu bar The menu bar has commands like File , Edit, etc. Clicking on each menu option
displays a list of commands.

Standard bar This bar contains icons (buttons) to provide quick access to commands such as
New, Open, Print, Copy, and Paste etc.

Formatting bar It has buttons and drop-down menus that allow you to select a formatting
option like, font, font color, alignment, number format, border, and background color.

Formula bar It contains the Name Box and a long white box, known as the Input line.

Name Box It is present to the left of the Formula bar and displays the address of the selected
cell.

The rest of the window contains the spreadsheet. It is divided into rows that have a number at
the left of each row, and columns with a letter at the top of each column.

Worksheet tabs A workbook, by default, opens three worksheets named as Sheet1, Sheet2,
and Sheet3. You can click any sheet tab to open that
worksheet. To insert a new worksheet, the steps are:
1. Clicking the empty area after the sheet tab.
2. The Insert Sheet dialog box appears. (Fig 3)
3. Select the required option and click OK

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Click blank
area to add
more sheet

(Fig. 3). Fig 3 Inserting a new sheet

Rows and columns A worksheet in OpenOffice 4.1.5 Calc has 1,048,576 rows and 1,024
columns. The rows are numbered from top to bottom along the left edge of the worksheet as 1,
2, and so on.
Columns are labelled from left to right with letters A…Z, AA…AZ, A…BZ…AAA…AAZ, ABA…ABZ…
AMA…AMJ.

Cell A cell is formed by the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell has a unique address
which is formed by the intersection of row number and column letter. For example, a cell
formed by intersection of column F and row 5 will have address F5.

Data Types
You can enter numbers, text, and formulas in a cell.

Entering data
To enter data in a cell,
1. Select the cell.
2. Type the content.
3. Press ENTER key.

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To cancel the data you have entered before pressing the ENTER key, press the ESC key.

Creating a New Workbook

The steps to create a new Calc workbook are:
1. Select File  New Spreadsheet (Fig. 4).
Or
Click the New Document drop-down menu arrow on the Standard bar and select
Spreadsheet. (Fig 5)
Or
Press CTRL + N.

Fig. 4 New option in the File menu

New button on
Standard bar
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Fig 5 New button on Standard bar

Saving a Workbook
To save a workbook:
1. Select Save option from File menu.
Or
Click the Save icon on the Standard bar.2
Or
Press CTRL + S.

If you are saving a workbook for the first time, a Save As dialog box will appear
(Fig. 6).
2. Type a file name and choose a location to save the file. Notice that the file
extension is .ods.
3. If you want to save the file in the Microsoft Excel file format, change
the Save as type to Microsoft Excel 97/2000/XP (.xls). (Fig 7)

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Fig. 6 Save As dialog box

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Select Save
as type

Fig. 7 Save As dialog box

SELECTING CELLS

Before performing any operation, like, making text bold, changing text color, etc, on a range of
cells, you need to select the range.
A range is a rectangular block of contiguous cells, i.e., cells that touch each other, especially
along a line.
You can select range of cells in any one of the following ways:

 Using the mouse

 Using the keyboard

Using the mouse

To select a range of cells using the mouse, the steps are:
1. Click the cell you wish to start your selection from.
2. Bring the mouse pointer to the bottom right corner on the black square. Click and hold the
left mouse button down, drag the mouse pointer (a thick plus sign will appear) to the diagonally
opposite corner cell.

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For example, if the range A1 to D3 is to be selected, place the mouse pointer at cell A1. Hold
the left mouse button down and drag it to the cell D3. The range A1 to D3 is represented as
A1:D3.
When you select the range, all the cells appear highlighted (Fig. 8).

Fig 8 Selecting range using mouse

Using the Keyboard

To select a range of cells using the keyboard, do the following:
1. Place the cell pointer at one of the corner cells of the range to be selected.
2. Press the SHIFT key and move to the diagonally opposite corner cell using the arrow keys.
3. Release the SHIFT key when the required range has been selected.

Selecting Multiple Ranges Simultaneously

To select multiple ranges, do the following:
1. Select the first range of cells.
2. Hold the CTRL key and select another range of cells.
3. Repeat step 2 to select more ranges if required (Fig. 9).

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Fig 9 selecting multiple range of cells

Selecting the entire row

To select the entire row in which the cell pointer is positioned, do any one of the following:

SHIFT + SPACEBAR

Or

click the row heading.

Selecting the entire column

To select the entire column in which the cell pointer is positioned, do any one of the following:

CTRL + SPACEBAR
Or,

click the column heading.

Selecting the entire worksheet

To select the entire worksheet:

CTRL + A
Or,

Click the blank button (called the Select All button) at the junction of the row and column
headers.(Fig 10)

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Select All
button

Fig 10 Select All button

EDIT COMMANDS

After typing in a cell, you may need to change the entire content or do some partial
modifications. This can be done in any one of the following ways:

 By overtyping, i.e., changing the content completely

 By partially modifying the content

Overtyping

To edit a cell by overtyping:

1. Select the cell.
2. Type the new content.
3. Press ENTER key.

Partial Modification

If some minor modification is required in a cell content:

1. Select the cell.
2. Click the Formula bar.
OR
Press F2
Or

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Double-click in the cell.

3. Now, edit the content in the formula bar or in the cell.
4. Press the ENTER key or click Enter button on the Formula bar.

Undo and Redo

The undo command allows you to reverse the last action you have performed. To undo the last
action, you can do any one of the following:

Click the Undo button on the Standard bar. (Fig 11)

Or
Select Undo option from the Edit menu.(Fig 12).
Or
Press CTRL + Z.
Undo Redo button
button

Fig 11 Undo button on Standard bar

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Fig 12 Undo option of Edit menu

The redo command is activated only after you have undone an action.
To redo an action that you undid, you can do one of the following:

Click the Redo button on the Standard bar.

Or
Click the Edit button and then click Redo in the drop-down menu.
Or
Press CTRL + Y.

Copying Cell Contents

To copy cell contents in Calc, the steps are:

1. Select the cell(s) that contain(s) the data you want to copy.
2. Select Copy option from the Edit menu. (Fig 13)
Or
Click the Copy button on the Standard bar. (Fig 14)
Or
Press CTRL + C to copy the data.
3. Click on the cell(s) where you want to paste the data.
4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

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Fig 13 Copy option of Edit menu

Cut Copy paste

Fig 14 Standard bar

Moving Cell Contents

To move cell contents from one cell to another in Calc, the steps are:
1. Select the cell that contains the data you want to cut.
2. Select Cut option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Cut button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + X to cut the data.
3. Click on the cell where you want to paste the data.

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4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.

Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

Inserting Cells
To insert cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to insert a block of cells.
2. Select Cells option from the Insert menu.(Fig 15)
3. The Insert Cells dialog box appears (Fig. 16).
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

Fig 15 Cells option of Insert menu

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Fig. 16 Insert Cells dialog box

Deleting Cells
To delete cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to delete a block of cells.
2. Select Delete Cells option from the Edit menu. (Fig 17)
3. The Delete Cells dialog box appears (Fig. 18).
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

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Fig 17 Delete Cells option of Edit menu

Fig. 18 Delete Cells dialog box

Inserting Rows

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The steps to insert rows are:

1. Select the row where you want to insert a new row.
2. Select Rows option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the row header and select Insert Rows in the shortcut menu.(Fig 19)

A new row is inserted above the selected/highlighted row. Cells in the new row are formatted
similar to the corresponding cells in the row before which the new row is inserted.
Multiple rows can be inserted at once by selecting multiple rows using the
CTRL key or by dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button.

Fig 19 Insert Rows option in Shortcut

Inserting Columns
To insert columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column where you want to insert a new column.
2. Select Columns option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the column header and select Insert Columns in the shortcut
menu. (Fig 20)
When you insert a new column, it is inserted to the left of the selected/highlighted column.
Cells in the new column are formatted similar to the corresponding cells in the column to the
left of which the new column or row is inserted.
Multiple columns can be inserted at once by selecting multiple columns using the
CTRL key or by dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button.

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Fig 20 Insert Columns option

Deleting Rows

To delete rows, the steps are:

1. Select the row to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected column header.
3. Select Delete Rows option in the shortcut menu. (Fig 19)
To delete multiple rows, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while
holding the left mouse button.

Deleting Columns
To delete columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected column header.
3. Select Delete Columns in the shortcut menu.
To delete multiple columns, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while
holding the left mouse button.

Instead of deleting a row or column, you may want to delete the contents of the cells but keep
the empty row or column. This can be done in the following manner:
1. Select the cell(s), the contents of which you want to delete.
2. Press the DELETE key.
Or
Select Delete Contents option of Edit menu.
3. The Delete Contents dialog box appears (Fig. 21).

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3. Check the boxes of the kind of data you want to delete (e.g., checking Formats will remove
the formatting changes such as bold, italics, font colors, and borders).
4. Click OK.

Fig. 21 Delete Contents dialog box

Changing Row Height You can change the row height in a Calc worksheet in any of the
following ways:

• Drag the divider below the row (Fig 22).

• To fit the row height to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• Select Format  Row  Height (Fig 23). The Row Height dialog box appears (Fig. 24). Enter
the value for row height in the Height spinbox.

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Fig 22 Changing row height

Fig 23 Format menu

Fig. 24 Row Height dialog box

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Changing Column Width

You can change the column width in a Calc worksheet in any of the following ways:
• Drag the divider to the right of the column header (Fig 25).

2• To fit the column width to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• To change the column width, select Format Column  Width. (Fig 26) The Column Width
dialog box appears (Fig. 27). Enter the value for column width in the Width spinbox.

Fig 25 Changing column width

Fig 26 Format menu

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Fig. 27 Column width dialog box

Selecting the Default value checkbox automatically adjusts the row height or column width
based on the current font.

FORMATTING DATA
The options for formatting data/text are available on the Formatting bar (Fig 28). The use of
each of the options is explained below the figure.

Italic

Bold Underline
Text
Font size color
Font

Fig. 28 Formatting bar

Font formatting options can also be accessed by selecting Format  Cells. The Format Cells
dialog box appears.(Fig 29) It has seven tabs with various options for font formatting.
a. Click the Numbers tab (Fig 29). You can select the desired Number format.

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Fig 29 Format Cells dialog box

b. Click the Font tab (Fig 30). You can select font, font size, etc. from this tab.

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Fig 30 Font tab

c. Click Font Effects tab (Fig 31).

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Fig 31 Font Effects tab

d. Click Alignment tab (Fig 32).

Fig 32 Alignment tab

e. Click Borders tab (Fig 33).

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Fig 33 Borders tab

f. Click Background tab (Fig 34).

Fig 34 Background tab

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Using Autofill

The AutoFill feature of Calc allows you to fill a range of cells with a series of data without typing
all of it.
The predefined series that can be filled in Calc using AutoFill are:
 months of the year
 days of the week.

To use AutoFill for a series the steps are:

1. Select the cell, say A1, which has the data, say, Monday (Fig. 35).
You want to fill the rest of the days of the week in the column.
2. Move the mouse pointer to the small black square at the lower-right corner of
the cell. This square is called the fill handle.
[Link] you point to the fill handle, the mouse pointer changes to a cross shape.
4. Drag to enclose the area you want to fill (Fig. 36).
4. Release the mouse button. The cells enclosed will be filled with days of the week (Fig. 37).

Fig 35 Selecting cell

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Fig 36 Dragging to fill the list

Fig 37 Filled series

You can also fill a cell range with a series of numbers. The steps are:
1. Type the first two values of the series in two adjacent cells. (Fig 38)
2. Select the two cells. Click the fill handle in the lower-right corner of
the selected cells.
3. Drag it to enclose the area you want to fill (Fig. 39).
4. Release the mouse button (Fig. 40). AutoFill uses the difference between the first two
numbers and keeps adding it to the last number. So the range gets filled automatically.

Fig 38 Selecting cells

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Fig 39 Dragging the autofill handle

Fig 40 Filled list

Lets Try It

1. Create the following series in Calc

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2. Create the following Worksheet and perform the following commands:

a. Merge the cells of the first row

b. Change the row height
c. Change the column width
d. Choose suitable alignment for the text and numbers
e. Apply border to the cells .
f. Apply background color to the cells of first row.
g. Choose suitable font, size and color for the content in the worksheet.
h. Insert a column before ‘Price’ and enter the company name for the products.

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Worksheet

1. Mention two ways in which you can select the entire worksheet.
________________________
________________________
2. How will you refer to the range of cells from A1 to B5?
__________________________
3. What is the address of the cell formed by the intersection of column 4 and row 7?
__________________________
4. Name the cell after cell z?
________________________
5. Name the menu that has option to save a file.
______________________
6. How can you select multiple ranges of cells simultaneously?
_____________________________
_______________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
7. Write keyboard shortcut for Undo and Redo commands.
___________________________
___________________________
8. Which feature of Calc will help you to create a series of week days and multiples of five?
________________________
9. How can you quickly change the row height?
____________________________________
__________________________________
10. By default how many worksheets are there in a Calc workbook?
_______________________

Formula in a Worksheet
Formulae are used to calculate results through arithmetic operations. A formula in Calc always
starts with an equal to (=) sign.

The data in a formula consists of one or a combination of the following:

Value Numeric (e.g., 45) or string (e.g., “Smiling”)

Cell Address B4, A2:C6
Function SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, etc.
Operator +, -, *, /, >, =, etc.
Parenthesis To control the left to right order of precedence in a formula (e.g., = (B2*B3)*2)
A formula is a sequence of values, cell references, functions, and/or operators that is contained
in a cell which produces new values from existing values.
To enter a formula:
1. Select a cell and enter the formula directly in the cell or in the Formula bar.

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2. Press ENTER key.

3. The cell will show the result of the formula and not the formula itself. You can see the
formula in the Formula bar when the cell is selected. (Fig 41)

Formula in Formula bar

Selected
cell

Fig 41 Formula in Formula bar

TEXT FORMULAE
A text string or a text value is a sequence of characters. You can join two strings together. This
is called concatenation. We use the ampersand (&) character to concatenate strings.
For example, if you type = “Keep” & “ “ & “Smiling” in a cell and press ENTER, you will see the
result as Keep Smiling.

You cannot do operations such as subtraction, multiplication, and division on strings.

NUMERIC FORMULAE
In numeric formulae, you have to make use of operators. The results are calculated based on
the order of precedence of the operators.

Mathematical Operators Used in Formulae

The mathematical operators used in Calc and their order of evaluation in formulae is given
below:

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Operation Operator Order of evaluation Formula Result

Exponent ^ 1 =2^3 8
Multiplication * 2 =3*5 15
Division / 2 = 9/ 3 3
Addition + 3 = 12 + 15 27
Subtraction - 3 = 18 - 15 3

Order of evaluation
1. Any operation contained within brackets will be carried out first
2. Then any exponent.
3. Then follow division and multiplication operations. Multiplication and division are given
equal importance. They are carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left
to right. Whichever appears first in the formula is carried out first.
4. After that, addition and subtraction operations are given equal importance. They are
also carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left to right.
Following are some examples of how Calc evaluates formulae.
Formula Output
= (3 + 7) * 2 20
=4*3+5 17
=3+3^2 12
=5+3*4–2 15
= 6 + 14/2 * 3 - 4 23

ERROR RESULTS
Sometimes a formula displays an error result rather than a proper value. This happens when
the formula or data has a problem and Calc cannot evaluate it.

Some common errors are shown below:

Error Reason
##### The column is not wide enough to display the value.
#DIV/0! The formula contains an invalid operation, i.e., division by zero.
#VALUE! The formula has invalid argument, e.g., text in a cell where numeric value
is required.

Cell and Range References

A cell reference identifies a cell or a range of cells. Each cell in the worksheet has a unique
address formed by the combination of its intersecting row and column. When a cell address is
referred to in a formula, it is called cell referencing.
Consider the following examples:

Cell or a Range of Cells Reference

The cell in column B and row 4 B4

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All cells in row 5 5:5

All cells in rows 5 through 9 5:9
All cells in column B B:B
The range of cells in column F and rows 1 through 7 F1:F7
The range of cells in row 5 and columns C through E C5:E5
All cells in columns C through G C:G
The range of cells in columns B through G and rows 4 through 8 B4:G8

ENTERING A FORMULA
All formulae in OpenOffice Calc begin with an equal to (=) sign. A formula can contain number,
text, arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), or functions. The order of precedence is already discussed.

Consider the following worksheet.

Fig 42 Worksheet

To find the total marks:

1. Select cell D3.
2. Type the formula =B3+C3.
3. To copy this formula in other cells:
a. Select cell D3.
b. Click the AutoFill handle and drag till cell D6. (Fig 43)

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Fig 43 Copying formula

c. The formula copied in cell D4 will be =B4+C4.

d. The formula copied in cell D5 will be =B5+C5.
e. The formula copied in cell D6 will be =B6+C6.

SUM
You have already learnt how to find total using the formula. You can also obtain the sum of the
values in a range of cells by:
• Clicking the Sum button on the Formula bar (Fig 44)
• Using the SUM() function

SUM button

Fig 44 Formula bar

Let us consider an example.

1. Consider the worksheet shown in Figure 45.

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Fig 45 Creating a worksheet

2. Select the cell D2.

3. Click the Sum button on the Formula bar. Notice it will select the range A2:C2. (Fig 46).

Fig 46

4. Select the correct range B2:D2 or type the correct range (Fig 47).

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Fig 47

5. Press ENTER (Fig. 48) to perform the operation. The sum of the range B2:C2 will appear
in cell D2.

Fig 48
4. Select cell D2 and using the AutoFill handle, drag the formula through D7. The respective
sums will appear in the respective cells.(Fig 49)

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Fig 49

FUNCTIONS

Functions are predefined formulae that perform calculations using specific values called
arguments.

The format of writing any function in Calc is:

=function_name(Argument1;Argument2; Argument3;…..)

Arguments These are the values passed to a function so that the function carries out the
intended calculation or manipulation to give results. Arguments can be constants, formulae, or
function.

SUM function
SUM function is used to find total of numbers in a range of cells.
For example:

Formula Result
=SUM(5;6;12) 23
=SUM(A1;B1;C1) where A1, B1 49
and C1 contain the values 12, 23
and 14 respectively

AVERAGE Function
Average function is used to find the average of numbers in a range of cell.

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For example:
Formula Result
=AVERAGE(3;6;9) 6
=AVERAGE(A1;B1;C1) 5
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

COUNT Function
The COUNT function is used to count the number of numeric values in a range of cells.
For example:

Formula Result
=COUNT(5;8;14;19) 4
=COUNT(A1:A10)

MAX Function
The MAX function is used to find the maximum of numbers in a given range of cells.
For example,

Formula Result

=MAX(74;102;134) 134
=MAX(A1;B1;C1)
Or
=MAX (A1:C1) 6
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

MIN Function
The MIN function is used to find the minimum of values in the given range of cells.
For example;
Formula Result

=MIN(74;102;134) 74
=MIN(A1;B1;C1)
Or
=MIN (A1:C1) 4
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

PRINTING A WORKSHEET

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Select File  Page Preview (Fig 50) to view a worksheet so as to get an idea of how it will look
when printed.

or

Click the Page Preview button on the Standard bar (Fig 51).

Fig 50

Page Preview

Fig 51

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To print a worksheet, the steps are:

1. Click File  Print.
2. The Print dialog box will appear (Fig. 52).
3. Select the printer, the range to be printed, and the number of copies.
4. Click the Print button.

To quickly print without getting the Print dialog box, click the Print button on the Standard bar.
(Fig 51)

Fig. 52 Print dialog box

Lets Try it

1. Create the following worksheet and calculate total and percentage for each student.

2. Create the following worksheet. Calculate area and perimeter of square.

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3. Create the following worksheet. Calculate area and perimeter of rectangle.

4. Create the following worksheet and perform calculations using functions in Calc.

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Worksheet

1. How will you refer to a cell in column B and row 3?

2. How will you refer to range of cells in row 5?
3. How will you refer to range of cells in column D through F and rows 3 through 8?
4. Write mathematical operator for the following operation:
a. Multiplication
b. Division
5. If formula in cell C3 is =A3+B3, what formula will be copied in cell D3?
6. How will you write a function to find average of numbers 5, 12, and 17?
7. Name the function used to find total of numbers in the range of cells A1 to A10.
8. Name the menu used to print the document.
9. What error will you get if the column is not wide enough to display the value?
10. What happens if you write the formula =45/0 in cell A1?

Session 3

SORTING DATA
Once you have entered data and applied relevant formulas in a worksheet, you can change the
order in which the data is present in the cells. This is called sorting of data.

Sorting on numerical and textual values is a one of the main features of any spreadsheet
software. In Calc, sorting can be done in the following manner.

Sorting on One Column

1. Enter data in a worksheet (Fig. 53).
2. Select any cell, say C1.
3. Click the Data option from the Sort menu (Fig. 54)

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Fig. 53 Data in worksheet

Fig. 54 Sort option in the Data menu

3. The Sort dialog box appears (Fig. 55). Notice that column Marks appears
under Sort by section.
4. Select the Descending option under Sort by and click OK.
5. The data in column Marks is sorted in descending order.(Fig 56)

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Fig 55 Sort dialog box

Fig 56 Data arranges in descending order of Marks

You can also sort the data on one column is by using the sorting icons on the Standard bar.
On the Standard bar, click(Fig 57)
• The Sort Ascending button to sort the data in ascending order.
• The Sort Descending button to sort the data in descending order.
Sort
Sort Descending
Ascending

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Fig 57 Sort buttons on Standard bar

Sorting on Multiple Columns

You can sort the data on multiple columns.
1. Consider the following worksheet. (Fig 58)

Fig 58 Worksheet

2. Select cell, say C1.

3. Select Sort option from Data menu.
4. The Sort dialog box appears.
5. The Sort Criteria tab on the Sort dialog box has options to sort the data on multiple
columns.
6. Select the options as shown in Figure 59.
7. The data is sorted in descending order of column Total Sale, and where total sale is
same, sorting is done in ascending order of column Salesman Name. (Fig 60)

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Fig. 59 Multiple columns selected in the Sort dialog box

Fig 60 Data sorted on multiple columns

FILTERING DATA

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Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with selected data based on the criteria you
specify. The filter feature selectively blocks out the data you do not want to see and displays
only the rows or columns that meet the conditions or criteria you specify. Sorting rearranges
the range of cells but filtering only
hides temporarily the rows/columns you do not want.

Different ways in which filtering can be done in Clac are:

 AutoFilter
 Standard Filter

AutoFilter
To apply AutoFilter in a worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select cell, say, A1.
2. Select Data  Filter  AutoFilter (Fig. 61).
3. A drop-down menu arrows appear in each column heading (Fig 62).

Fig. 61 AutoFilter option in the Data menu

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Fig. 62 Drop-down menu arrows in column Headings

4. Click the drop-down menu arrow for Total Sales and select an item (Fig 63).
5. Only those rows whose contents meet the filter criteria are displayed. (Fig 64)
a. To display all the records again, select the All option in the filter drop-down
menu.
b. Select Top 10 to display the highest 10 values.

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Fig. 63 Drop-down menu for Total

Standard Filter
To apply standard filter in your worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select Data  Filter  Standard Filter. (Fig. 61).
2. The Standard Filter dialog box appears (Fig. 64).
a. You can use the dialog box to connect multiple conditions with either a logical AND or
a logical OR operator.
3. Select the options in the Standard Filter dialog box (Fig. 64). The records with Total Sales
greater than 4000 will be displayed (Fig. 65).

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Fig. 64 Standard Filter dialog box

Fig. 65 Rows after applying Standard Filter

To remove the filter,

1. Select Data  Filter Remove Filter (Fig. 66).

To hide the filter,

1. Select Data  Filter  Hide AutoFilter.

To remove the filter from column headings,

1. Select Data  Filter  AutoFilter.

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Fig. 66 Remove Filter option

Conditional Formatting
Conditional formatting is a feature in Clac that allows you to set a cell’s format according to the
conditions that you specify.
For example, using conditional formatting, you can display numbers in a particular color,
depending on whether they are greater than, equal to, or less than a certain value.

The steps are:

1. Consider the worksheet given in Fig. 67.

2. Select cells. In this worksheet C3 to G7.
3. Select Format  Conditional Formatting (Fig. 68).
4. The Conditional Formatting dialog box appears (Fig. 69).
5. To select the formatting for cell value greater than or equal to 60 :
a. Select New Style button of Condition 1.

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Fig 67 Worksheet

Fig 68 Conditional Formatting option of Format menu

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Fig 69 Conditional Formatting dialog box

6. The Cell Style dialog box appears (Fig. 70). Select the Font tab and click Bold Italic under
Typeface.

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Fig 70 Font tab of Cell Style dialog box

7. Select the Font Effects tab and change the font color (Fig 71).
8. Select the Background tab and click Black. (Fig 72)
9. Click OK.

Fig. 71 Font Effects tab of Cell Style dialog box.

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Fig 72 background tab of Cell Style dialog box

7. Click OK. The Conditional Formatting dialog box appears. Click OK. The worksheet will appear
as in Figure 73.

Fig. 73 Conditional formatting applied

Lets Try It

1. Create the following worksheet and perform the following operations:

a. Sort the table in ascending order of height.

b. Filter the data to view only those rows where height is more than 8500 m.

2. Create the following worksheet and perform the following operations

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a. Filter the records according to the following condition:

i. Numbers greater than 60 should in bold, size 14 and green color.
b. Add another column at the end with heading ‘Total marks’
c. Calculate total marks for each student.
d. Now, arrange the data in descending order of Total marks.

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Entrepreneurial Skills

Introduction

All entrepreneurs are different but there are some characteristics and qualities that have been
observed to be common among successful entrepreneurs over the years. Along with the
qualities and traits, the motivation to choose the path of entrepreneurship as well as the
journey to success is also different for each entrepreneur. However, one thing that drives all
entrepreneurs is the sense of purpose behind their venture as well as willingness to take the
leap and implement their ideas. More than anything, most entrepreneurs follow a basic
process of entrepreneurship to kick start their ventures.

Entrepreneurial Competencies

Entrepreneurial behavior requires certain knowledge, skills or personality profile. Generally,

it is called entrepreneurial competence or traits. A competence may be defined as underlying
characteristics of a person which results in effective and/or superior performance in a job.
Entrepreneurial competencies play a key role in the success of an entrepreneur and in
achievement of entrepreneurial goals.

Common Entrepreneurial Competencies

In a study conducted by David C. McClelland, a reputed behavioural scientist, and

Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), certain competencies were identified
that were found in successful entrepreneurs who exhibited superior performance. These
competencies can be developed through training, experience and guidance in a budding
entrepreneur. Some of these competencies include:

1. Initiative: It is an inner urge in an individual to do or initiate something. It is the

entrepreneur who takes the first move towards setting up of an enterprise. Most innovative
entrepreneurs have this urge to do something different. An entrepreneur basically is an
innovator who carries out new combinations to initiate and accelerate the process of
economic development.

2. Seeking Opportunity: An entrepreneur is always on the look-out or searching for

opportunity and is ready to exploit it in the best interests of the enterprise.

3. Persistence: An entrepreneur is never disheartened by failures and keeps trying, adapting

and iterating to overcome obstacles that come in the way of achieving goals.

4. Information Seeking: A successful entrepreneur always keeps his/her eyes and ears open
and is receptive to new ideas which can help in realizing his goals. He/she is always open to
consult with experts and mentors to get the right guidance and advice.

5. Concern for High Quality: Successful entrepreneurs are seen to be not satisfied with
moderate or average performance. They set high quality standards for themselves and then
put in their best for achieving these standards. They believe in excellence, which is reflected
in everything they do.

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6. Commitment: Entrepreneurs exhibit high level of commitment towards their work and
decisions. For an entrepreneur to succeed, they have to stay committed to their venture and
their goal.

7. Concern for Efficiency: Many entrepreneurs are always keen to devise new methods
aimed at promoting efficiency. They try and create new methods that aim at making working
easier, simpler, better, and economical.

8. Systematic Planning: Successful entrepreneurs decide future course of action keeping in

mind the goals to be achieved. They believe in developing relevant and realistic plans and
ensure proper execution of the same in pursuit of running a successful enterprise.

9. Problem Solving: An entrepreneur takes each problem as a challenge and put in best for
finding out the most appropriate solution for the same. He/she will first of all understand the
problem and then evolve appropriate strategy dealing with the same.

10. Self-confidence: Entrepreneurs are not cowed down by difficulties as they believe in
their own abilities and strengths. They have full faith in their knowledge, skill and
competence and have the confidence to handle future uncertainties.

11. Assertiveness: An assertive person knows what to say, when to say, how to say and
whom to say. Entrepreneurs exhibit assertiveness in situations around decision making to
ensure that interests of the organization are aligned with decisions and actions of the
entrepreneur and its team.

12. Persuasiveness: Entrepreneurs have to persuade different cohorts of people at different

stages, such as employees, customers, clients, suppliers etc. Through sound opinions and
logical reasoning, an entrepreneur manages to convince others about what he/she wants.

13. Effective Strategist: A successful entrepreneur possesses the ability to formulate

relevant strategies, aimed at safeguarding or promoting the organization‟s interests and goals.
Strategy may be with respect to facing future uncertainties or challenges posed by
competitors etc.

14. Effective Monitoring: Entrepreneurs monitor that everything is carried out in their
organizations as per their decisions but at the same time give some flexibility to the
employees. They ensure regular monitoring of the working so that the goals of the
organization are achieved in best possible manner.

15. Concern for Employees Welfare: Future of the organisation depends on its employees.
If the employees are dedicated, committed and loyal, the organisation is bound to perform
well. A successful entrepreneur tries to promote organisation‟s interest through promotion of
interests of the workers. He/she takes personal interest in solving problems confronting
workers and generates the feeling that there is interdependence of the interest of workers and
the management.

Benefits of Entrepreneurial Competencies

 Taking actions to implement your ideas.

 Understanding the need or the problem your offering is fulfilling or solving.

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 Strategizing and planning the steps that need to be taken.

 Preparing an action plan and timeline.
 Networking with stakeholders.
 Interacting with customers.
 Gaining and analyzing insights.
 Looking for alternatives and adjusting plans according to analysis and feedback.
 Evaluating and calculating the risk involved.
 Building and motivating a team.
 Being patient and staying motivated to overcome and work around various obstacles.
 Showing the value that the business is creating for stakeholders and customers.
 Gaining the know-how of creating, building, launching, sustaining, managing and
growing a business.

Activity I

Self-reflect and check if you relate to the statements given below:

I like to give myself challenges when I take on a new project.

Where others see problems, I see possibilities.
I do not worry about what others will think before doing something important.
I am fairly curious and I am continually in search of discovery.
I want to build something that will be recognized publicly.
When I take on a project I have confidence that I will carry it out successfully.
I feel that am capable of seeing many solutions to a problem.
I always try to learn lessons from my failures.
I am not afraid to take on initiatives.
I manage my stress well in ambiguous and uncertain situations.

After some self-reflection, consider the competencies of entrepreneurs given above. Self-
evaluate yourself on these competencies by giving a rank number to each.

For example:

Self-confidence – 1
Commitment – 4
Problem Solving – 6

According to the above ranking, one thinks that self-confidence is their strongest
competency. Commitment comes at the 4th rank and problem solving at the 6th. Thus,
problem solving as a competency is weaker than commitment for the person in the example
given above.

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Activity II

Let us look at the example of Byju Raveendran, who started the famous education platform,
Byju‟s. He took some action steps that helped him develop these competencies and make
Byju‟s a successful startup.

Example:

Byju‟s learned English, Math and science on his own during his school years. Especially, he
learnt English by listening to commentaries. With this, he realized how for many students in
the Indian education system, learning is involved rote learning and then reproducing the
learnt information in the exams, with bare minimum application. With Byju‟s, he
successfully tackled the root of the problem of learning.

Which competency did he develop?

Ans. Problem Solving

Please write the competencies, among the competencies given below, that you think match
with the action step taken by Byju Raveendran in the section below.

When Byju‟s started, it was in the offline format. With classrooms with a large capacity,
interaction was limited and rather not really possible. Thus, Byju Raveendran started to think
of ways to solve this problem, by predicting what kind of doubts a student could have and
visualized and conceptualized the teaching material beforehand.
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In 2003, Byju‟s helped a few friends study for the CAT exam, which is the common entrance
exam for Indian business and management schools. With his tutoring, his friends did well in
the exam, after which he wrote the exam and ended up scoring in the 100th percentile.
However, he returned to his job in the UK, but came back to India two years later, and helped
some more people with the CAT exam. By this stage, he got immense positive feedback and
had coached enough number of people who got good results. This made Raveendran realize
that he actually felt passionate about teaching. He quit his IT job in the UK, took to an
entrepreneurial path and stayed committed to it.
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Teaching for entrance exams such as CAT, Raveendran realised that the problem was much
deep rooted. The insight he gained was that students were not learning basics and
fundamentals at the school level, and this led to Byju‟s expand into subject-wise coaching for
classes 6th to 12th.
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Raveendran started by conducting workshops on the weekend. Once he got to a stage when
one classroom wasn‟t enough to accommodate students, he booked an auditorium with a
seating capacity of 1,200. From a classroom of 40, he was confident enough to the leap of
going 30x but did not worry about whether it would fill in. It was only by the sixth or seventh
week the auditorium was full.
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Once Byju‟s started targeting 6th to 12th standards, they had to reach out to students directly.
Not just by engaging children, but even by convincing parents that an app is suitable for real-
world coaching, Byju‟s started to make some progress. Raveendran had to influence all
stakeholders of education such as students, parents, tutors, educators and schools to
communicate his vision and make them trust the product.
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Interacting with some of the brightest students and taking feedback on Byju‟s courses,
Raveendran realised that most of them, unfortunately, studied only because of the fear of
exams. They are taught to solve a problem but aren‟t enabled to find a problem. He realised
that if his strategy of self-learning was adopted in early years at school, it could potentially
create a huge impact.
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Byju believes that it is important to execute things in a business, keeping the pace faster than
slower. In the initial stages, there is a need of a strong idea and a team. Byju‟s made a
dynamic and detailed business plan in the initial stages, in order to avoid making any huge
mistakes. At the same time, he was flexible to making quick or midway changes, throughout
the plan. However, he thinks it is best to try out multiple things and keep making changes,
but some clarity should be there about the core idea.
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Raveendran started his education career as a teacher tutoring for CAT. The initial workshops
were free and students paid for advanced workshops once they liked it. From there, once his
classes started being recognized as “Byju‟s classes”, he thought of turning it into a venture.
With great perseverance, he overcame challenges, especially in entering the school space. In
this highly regulated system, marketing to students was difficult, but he kept moving forward
taking one step at a time.
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Initially, Raveendran didn't have any drive or passion to start a business, but when he started
teaching, he realised that it was his passion and it gave him a lot of satisfaction and
enjoyment. When his classes started creating an impact, he turned it into a business
proposition and launched Think and Learn, the parents company of Byju‟s.
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As a teacher turned entrepreneur, Raveendran not only has to create and deliver good
courses, but also build and manage the team, strategize marketing campaigns, ensure quality,
get continuous funding and scale the company.
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Entrepreneurial Competency - Taking Initiative

Every person has certain dreams and ambitions in their life. To achieve them, it is important
to try and work towards them. The beginning of trying something and working towards it is
basically taking initiative. Initiative is defined as the ability or opportunity to assess, act or
take charge on something. We can take the initiative to do something in different ways.

In the classroom, initiative can be taken by offering to assist the teacher in setting up the
blackboard or presentation, writing comments on the board, contributing and presenting a
new perspective to a class discussion etc. Initiative can also be taken outside the classroom,
by getting involved in extracurricular activities, trying out a new activity, doing a project
yourself etc.

When working in groups, initiative can be taken by taking on the challenging portion of a
project, or offering to take the lead on the project and delegating tasks to others, or ensuring
that certain timelines are followed for the project etc. Sometimes, part of taking
initiative can also include noticing emerging issues, either in the organization of the project,
or in the functioning of the team itself and attempting to remedy the situation; this also
demonstrates problem solving and adaptability.

Entrepreneurship involves the willingness to take risks, be innovative, lead, develop, organize
and manage a business venture. Entrepreneurship occurs when the initiative is taken towards
to a project to turn it into a business venture. Thus, a sense of initiative and entrepreneurship
refers to an individual's ability to turn ideas into action.

For someone to work towards building this competency, they have to start taking small
initiatives within their existing environments. For example, if you join a club or group and
have an idea for an activity, event or campaign, start it. If you have an idea but do not know
what to do with it, start talking and discussing with people. If you want to try a new hobby
outside your comfort zone such as playing an instrument, painting, dancing etc., go ahead and
try it. If you want to solve a problem in your community, find a way and do it.

Taking initiative helps in:

 Becoming aware of one‟s own environment and community.

 Being able to identify and seize opportunities.

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 Building confidence to take action.

 Contributing to a social or commercial activity.
 Pushing oneself out of one‟s comfort zone.
 Instigating development of other skills such as creativity, risk taking, critical thinking,
problem solving etc.

Activity III

Have you taken initiative towards anything? Consider the following statements to think about
it:

- Think about a time you went above and beyond what was expected of you.
- Think about a situation when you were creative. What did you do?
- Can you remember a situation when you took responsibility for something and had
negative consequences? What did you learn from it?
- Have you ever noticed and raised issues in a project/activity/discussion?
- Think about a time when you worked on a group project and made improvisations in it.

Write a situation when you took initiative. Mention what you liked/disliked about it. Share
your learnings (if any) from the experience.

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Activity IV

Are there any activities/ideas/events/projects etc. that you want to try and have not got the
chance to?

In the space given below, make a list of things you want to take an initiative for, in the next 1
to 5 years.

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Entrepreneurial Competency – Information Seeking

In today‟s world, information is a crucial to understand situations and make decisions.

Information seeking involves searching for, looking at, and acquiring relevant information to
develop a comprehensive understanding of material to analyse information and generate a
result, idea or recommendation. It is an activity or process of trying to access or look for any
data and information that is required in order to make decisions.

For modern business enterprises, information is vital in gaining a sustainable, competitive

advantage. Effective business intelligence and decision making need an information system.
Information seeking refers to getting information in both human and technological contexts.
Once the information is accessed and acquired, it is analysed. Analysing
Information involves breaking down an idea into components to determine the key elements
and make assertions; examining data or information in detail to identify causes, key factors,
recommendations and possible results.

In entrepreneurship, information seeking comes at every step in the process of building a

business. Information is gathered from potential customers to assess if they would be willing
a buy a particular product or service. Information is sought from mentors and advisors to
understand how to move forward in progressing the business. Information is acquired from
suppliers about materials, supplies, quotations, timelines etc. Thus, information is obtained
from suppliers, customers, competitors and from any other relevant sources that enable the
entrepreneur to make decisions and improvise.

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For example, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, realized that he had to protect his
business from being swallowed by investors. He knew he had to have money to bankroll his
business. He sought advice of Peter Thiel and Peter also invested in his business. He also
sought the advice of former Netscape CFO Peter Currie about financing strategies for
Facebook. After the death of Steve Jobs, he accepted an interview said that Steve Jobs had
advised him on how to create a management team at Facebook that was "focused on building
as high quality and good things as you are". Thus, no matter how successful or how sharp an
entrepreneur is, he/she still needs to seek for information to improve their business.

Activity V

Read the situations below and write answers to the questions given below:

- Who should the entrepreneur seek information from?

- What information should the entrepreneur acquire?

Simaya has started a company which makes bags and wallets using fish leather. Fish leather
is made by using the waste material from the fishing industry. Simaya is trying to understand
who her customers are. She is not sure if she should start selling the products online or supply
to offline stores or do both. She does not know what will be the touch points where people
could buy the products she is planning to design. She wonders what preferences and choices
people would have.

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Dhruv has started a brand that customizes kid‟s shoes. While he has made sales on some
online websites selling kids products, he is unable to make a sustainable profit. He is also
looking for ways to raise some capital to start selling from his own website and retail store.
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Janvi is thinking about starting a business that conducts training workshops for working
professionals. She plans to teach business-related topics and develop employability skills
through the workshops. However, Janvi does not know what kind of competition will be
there. She wonders if she will be able to get enough customers to beat the competition in such
a crowded space.
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Goal Setting

Goal setting refers to establishing short or long-term objectives, usually along with
incorporating deadlines and quantifiable measures to indicate if they have been achieved. For
a business, the ultimate goal is to make profit. For a social enterprise, the ultimate goal might
be to sustain itself and create the impact that it aims to. Entrepreneurs set various goals with
different timelines. Each action and decision is taken to achieve a certain goal.

Goal setting ensures clarity of vision and mission, alignment of goals across the organization
and making of purpose-driven objectives. It is important as it increases the probability of
achievement of goals and encourages quality performance. It allows employees to be more
proactive and structured.

In our everyday lives, we set different goals. Many students set goals about performing better
in examinations. Some people set a goal to manage their weight and stay fit. Some set goals
around learning a new activity or managing their existing resources etc. Similarly, in business
goals are set around specific tasks and projects. For example, in marketing, the goal of what a
campaign intends to achieve is laid out. In operations, some goals include managing costs
and increasing efficiency. In finance, the goal might be to using the capital resources in an
optimum manner for the right business activities.

SMART Goals

S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for the 5 steps of specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and
timely goals. It‟s a simple tool used by businesses to go beyond the realm of fuzzy goal-
setting into an actionable plan for results.

Specific: Great goals are well-defined and focused. The moment one focuses on a goal, the
goal becomes a magnet, pulling resources towards it. The more focused one‟s energies, the
more power one generates.

Measurable: A goal without a measurable outcome is like a sports competition without a

scoreboard or scorekeeper. Numbers are an essential part of business. Concrete numbers
should be put in the goals to know if one is on track.

Attainable: A goal must be achievable. Far too often, small businesses can set goals beyond
reach. No one has ever built a multi–crore business overnight. Venture capitalists and angel
investors discard countless business plans of companies with outlandish goals.

Realistic: Achievable business goals are based on the current conditions and realities of the
business climate. One may desire to have the best year in business or increase revenue by
50%, but if a recession is looming and three new competitors open in the market, then the
goals are not as per the realities of the market.

Timely: Business goals and objectives just don‟t get done when there's no time frame tied to
the goal-setting process. Every plan or project must follow a timeline. Whether the business

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goal is to increase revenue by 20% or find 5 new clients, a time-frame or deadline to

accomplish the goal must be set.

SMART goals help bring clarity to a broad goal and most importantly, track the progress of a
specific task. This technique for goal setting can also be very useful when thinking about
one‟s career and ambition. For example, if you set „I want to start a business‟ as your goal, it
is very broad in nature. Let‟s look at an example to make it SMART.

- Specific: To start a business, my idea is to make and sell handmade cards on [Link]
- Measurable: My target is to sell at least five cards in a week‟s time.
- Attainable: I will follow a step by step process to run the business, starting with
setting up a store on Etsy, building an inventory of 30 cards and lastly promoting
through referrals, word-of-mouth, local networking and building customer
relationships.
- Realistic: I will be able to start a business and earn some money from my passion. I
will use my current savings.
- Timely: My timeline is to start selling on Etsy within four weeks, with my target
inventory ready in six weeks.

SMART Goal:

I am going to set up a store on [Link] that will sell handmade cards. Within four weeks, I
will be able to get some financial benefit from my hobby. My target is to sell at least five
cards per week, which should be achievable given that I will promote my business through
local networking, word of mouth, referrals and by building good customer relationships. My
inventory of 30 handmade cards has to be ready within six weeks, to help me achieve my
target.

Activity VI

Let us do small exercises to understand SMART goals better.

Specific:
Look at the examples below. Underline the goals that are specific.

Get in shape.
I will go to the recreational centre Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 6:00 a.m. and walk
around the track for 30 minutes.
Get good grades.
I will sit at the table every day at 3:30 p.m. and work on assignments given that day in school
until 4:30. Upon completion, I will place the assignments in the correct folder, take to school
and turn in before class starts.
Get rich.
I will save 25% of my paycheck every month and invest in mutual funds until I am 55 years
old.

Measurable:
The above examples give good indications. Write in the measurable outcomes from the
above examples of #2, #4, #6.

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#2. ______________________________________________________________
#4. ______________________________________________________________
#6. ______________________________________________________________

Attainable:
Which of these goals seem attainable?
Earn 10 times the money I make compared to this month.
Exercise daily for one hour.
Eat an apple a day.
Watch television for all night but wake up early every morning.
Live in Antarctica for a year, after I have lived in Mumbai all my life.

Realistic:
If I wanted to run a marathon and I haven‟t done any training, which goal would better
represent my reality?

I will walk every day for 30 minutes for one week, jog for 30 minutes for two weeks, add five
minutes to my work out every week until I reach 60 minutes and continue training for three
months.
I will run the marathon on Saturday.

Timely:
Give yourself a deadline. When you have an end date, you will finish your goal. Look at the
above examples (all of them). Write the goals that have a time frame.
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Activity VII

Write an academic or personal goal below in the SMART manner:

S – My SPECIFIC Goal
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M – How will I MEASURE my progress?

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A – What ACTIONS must I take to accomplish this goal?

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R – Is my goal REALISTIC and attainable? ____ Yes ____ No

T – Is my goal TIMELY? When will this goal be accomplished?

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Decision Making

One of the most important traits of being an entrepreneur is being able to take decisions that
more often than not, decide the fate of the company. At the helm of the company,
entrepreneurs often have to take that one decision at the right time which can define the
future of their company. And then they also have to quickly act upon their decisions.

Some decisions are more influential on the overall business processes, but some of them are
small decisions without significant effect on the business as a whole.

Process of Decision Making

Recognize the problem or the gap: First things, first. Every decision-making process starts
with the problem or some discrepancy that exist between the desired and current state. There
is a desired state and an existing state. The difference between these two is the gap or
problem that one must solve through the decision-making process.

Analyze the problem: After one finds possible problems that require solutions, one can start
with the analysis of defined problems. At the end of this step, one will need to have a list of
possible problems sorted by their urgency for the solution.

Define and analyze possible solutions: One needs to start brainstorming all possible
solutions for a given problem. When one thinks about solutions, it is also important to think
about the causes of the problems. After thinking of all possible ideas and solutions, they must
be ranked and analysed to assess which one can serve as the best possible solution.

Select the best solution: The final result from the decision-making process is a selection of
the best possible solution to the problem. The solution that one will implement for the given
problem is basically the decision that one makes.

Implement the decision: One will need to implement the decision or solution and check the
results to see if the specific solution really could solve the identified problem or not.

Activity VIII

Decision Making…….. The Lunar Disaster

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On April 11, 1970 astronauts James Lovell, John L. Swigert, and Fred W. Haise
blasted off from Cape Kennedy aboard Apollo 13. At 54 hours and 54 minutes into the
mission a large explosion crippled the spacecraft. Four days the attention of the world was
riveted on the disabled spacecraft. Because of quick thinking and the use of computers,
mission control was able to get the crippled spacecraft safely back to Earth.

In this activity, you are a member of the crew of a spaceship scheduled to rendezvous
with the mother ship, located on the lighted surface of the moon. Due to mechanical
difficulties, your ship is forced to land on the dark side of the moon, 200 miles (~ 322 km)
from the mother ship. During the emergency landing much of the equipment aboard was
damaged and since survival depends on reaching the mother ship, only the most critical items
must be chosen for the 200 mile trip. Below is a list of 15 items left undamaged by the crash.
Rank each of these items in order of importance from 1 the most important to 15 the least
important.

Here is some background information, which may be useful. There is no atmosphere

or water on the moon, and the moon has almost no magnetic field. A FM transmitter uses
straight-line communication and has a range of less than 100 miles on the Earth, so on the
moon the range would be considerably less. The gravity on the moon is 1/6 th that of the
Earth. The items below are in no particular order.

My Ranking | (Individual Group ranking | (group score)

Item score)
| |
Box of matches
Food concentrate | |
Nylon rope, 50 feet | |
Parachute silk | |
Portable heater | |
Two 0.45 caliber pistols | |
Dehydrated pet milk, One case | |
Two 100-Pound oxygen tanks | |
Star Map-Moon Constellations | |
Life raft | |
Magnetic compass | |
5 gallons of water | |
Signal flares | |
First-aid kits, injection needles | |
Solar powered FM transmitter | |

After ranking each item 1-15, get together with another student and re-rank the items
remember 1 is the most important and 15 is the least important. With your partner(s)
AGREE on a ranking (Do not change your individual score) and place the number under

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group rank (each person in the group should have the same GROUP rank). After completing
both individual and group ranking your teacher will give you the actual ranking determined
by NASA.

To score subtract the difference between the number written with the actual number
given by your teacher. Place the difference in the column labeled score (Individual and
group)

After completing the scoring add up the numbers in each score column and place the total in
the spaces below.

Individual score _______________ Group score _________________

Reflect on the decision-making process you followed.

Discuss why the scores increased or decreased after working together.
Discuss ways of thinking critically in the future.

Note: The answer key of actual ranking/score is given at the end of the chapter.

Team Building

Team building is any action or method that brings a group of individuals together and
motivates them to work cooperatively as a team. It refers to the various activities undertaken
to motivate the team members and increase the overall performance of the team. Teams are
formed when individuals with a common interest come together on a common platform to
achieve a predefined target. The main goals of team-building are to improve productivity and
motivation.

The term “team building” has become a buzzword in recent years, and has many
connotations. In terms of corporate development, team-building exercises are important not
for the immediate experience of the activities performed by the team, but also for the group
skills, communication and bonding that result. Other team building exercises include
coaching, shared learning, group discussion sessions, goal setting and simply celebrating one
another‟s successes.

Benefits of Team Building

 Boosts morale and leadership skills

 Clearly defines objectives and goals
 Improves processes and procedures
 Improves organisational productivity
 Enables better communication
 Diminishes misunderstandings and judgments
 Urges self-awareness of one‟s own and team‟s strengths and weaknesses
 Cultivates problem-solving skills
 Incites creativity and innovation
 Breaks barriers within the team

Factors Influencing Team Building

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An entrepreneur always looks for solutions. An entrepreneur always looks to forge ahead
with his plans and his people. The first few years of being an entrepreneur, typically, are very
frantic and hectic. That is where “Teams” come in. Teams are built to maximize the potential
of the human resource at hand. Teams are sometimes created out of a specific need. Teams
help to think of answers and provide the cheapest solutions available.

Some of the factors to consider when building teams are as follows:

Ambition: It is important that the team feels motivated to work towards the same ambition or
goal. In team building, people who share the same amount of passion about the company‟s
mission and harness that energy to lead should be got on board. Without the burning desire
to make things happen, the rate of innovation can really suffer.

Experience: By building out a team, one naturally drives a higher level of specialization and
thus, needs to find people with experience and expertise within a particular domain. There is
something to be said for hiring a team that has done it before. In the early stages of a
business, the grittiness and get-it-done attitude is helps to reach milestones.

Alignment: The goals of the company must cascade down to the team and must be aligned
with what they have control over. When a business succeeds, it must be ensured that the team
also feels like they have succeeded. It is effective when everyone feels like they are having a
meaningful impact on the results of the business.

Trust: A team should trust the founder and other members. Lack of trust within a team
causes low reliance on one another for getting work done. It can also lead to blame game, low
productivity, office politics, overburdening etc.

Style of Working: In addition to adding people with different skills, people with varied work
styles and diverse backgrounds that complement the culture of the organization and rest of
the team should be considered to brought on board. Diversity in thought and experience
within a team tends to bring the best thinking and fastest pace of innovation, but can become
difficult to manage.

Communication Skills: For smooth functioning of a team, each member must be consistent
and clear in their communications. Clear communication helps everyone in the team to
understand what‟s expected and how it‟s measured. It must also be ensured that no member
offends the other.

Activity IX

For this activity, you have to work on the following problem:

How can the problem of waste generation be solved? This could include e-waste, plastic
waste, greenery/kitchen waste, hazardous waste etc.

Get into groups of 7.

Take a piece of paper.
Any one member has to start with writing an idea to solve the problem on the paper.
Then, pass the paper to the next person in the group.

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The next person has to build on the idea written by the first person and then pass it to the
third person. The third person will then build on the idea written by the second person and so
on.
This will continue once all people in the group have built on the idea of the previous person.
The final idea will then be discussed and refined by the group and shared with the class.

Adaptability

Adaptability refers to displaying the capability to adapt to new, different, or changing

requirements. It is the ability to think, draw conclusions, adapt to changes, and learn quickly.
Adaptability is the capacity to adjust one‟s thoughts and behaviours in order to effectively
respond to uncertainty, new information, or changed circumstances. Adaptability
encompasses cognitive, behavioural, and emotional adjustments. As a disposition and skill,
adaptability is essential to an individual‟s psychological health, social success, and academic
and workplace achievement. Individuals who are adaptable exhibit key behaviours like
thinking and acting effectively under pressure, and adjusting timelines, results, and
expectations appropriately when change is needed.

Adaptability can be practiced in different ways. In general, students are expected to adapt to
changes and learn new ideas relatively quickly for exams and real-world application. Self-
studying is also a way to practice adaptability to test yourself on how well you can learn new
concepts, draw conclusions, and generate your own examples. Adaptability can be exhibited
in classroom during projects, when their trajectory changes. Group projects force students to
adapt to different thinking and learning styles to effectively work together and build on each
other‟s strengths. This also develops the skill of adaptability.

In business, adaptability becomes a survival skill as the nature of businesses is dynamic.

Uncertainty around globalization, new technologies, market trends, etc., poses a tremendous
challenge for applying the right business strategy. Everything changes with the speed of light
so it becomes very difficult for entrepreneurs to craft strong strategies. Before planning and
strategizing in the first place comes one essential management approach is adaptability.

Entrepreneurs are people who dedicate their lives to disrupt, pay the price and bring change
and it is impossible to accomplish this without developing the trait of adaptability and
persistence. Adaptability and persistence create amazing opportunities for entrepreneurs. All
entrepreneurs, have to think of ways to embrace adaptability in their business, in terms of
their business model, team, operations etc. This also creates the need for them to teach their
team members, their customers and even their inventors to get comfortable with constant
change.

Some ways to practice adaptability:

 Consider new ways of doing things

 Employ unique analyses and generate innovative ideas in complex areas
 Integrate seemingly unrelated information to develop creative solutions
 Develop innovative methods of obtaining resources when insufficient resources are
available
 Discard approaches that are no longer working
 Be willing to change as the internal and external environment evolves

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 Show tolerance learn to deal with ambiguous, unstructured situations

 Take effective action even without all the necessary facts in hand
 Change plans, goals, decisions, actions, or priorities to deal with unpredictable or
unexpected events, pressures and situations when necessary

Activity X

In this activity, we will make a story using other classmates‟ inputs. To do this, please follow
the steps given below:

Get in groups of 10.

Any one person in the group has to start a story from “Once upon a time…..” and stop after
speaking for around 1 minute.
As the first person stops, the second person has to continue the story started by the first
person.
Similarly, after the second person speaks for 1 minute, the third person has to continue the
story from where the second person stopped and so on.
This goes on until the story is completed by the tenth person.

After doing this exercise, reflect on the following questions:

Did you find challenging to adapt to someone else‟s story? Why?

What did you learn about yourself from this exercise?
One a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your skill of adaptability?

Barriers to Entrepreneurship

Recognizing a need and having an idea of how to fill the gap or need, are rarely a strong
enough basis for launching a new venture, particularly if the entrepreneur needs to borrow
capital. Most successful entrepreneurs also create a business plan, a formal document that
contains a statement of purpose, a description of the products or services to be offered a
market analysis, financial projections and some management procedures designed to attain
the firm‟s goals. Before they can write a business plan, though, entrepreneurs must be aware
of the barriers to entry.

Unsupportive business environment: Lack of supportive and market-augmenting

governmental regulations serve as a barrier to entrepreneurship. For example, Russia leads all
other large nations in having an unsupportive business environment because they lack rule of
law, enforce regulations inconsistently, allow rampant corruption and bribing, allow
regulatory authorities and inspectors to act in a predatory nature which therefore requires
friendly ties with government officials and bureaucrats to smooth the way for businesses to
operate.

Employee related difficulties: Building an employee asset base for the enterprise is one of
the more daunting and sometimes overlooked tasks. Entrepreneurs must find and select the
best-qualified employees who are motivated and willing to grow with the venture. Then they
must ensure the employees do not leave. This task becomes a barrier when employee

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expectations increase, governmental regulations related to labor employment are hardened,

and employee costs grow.

Market entry regulations: Governmental rules, taxation, environmental regulations, lending

requirements and licensing are all barriers to entrepreneurship. Most countries license market
entry and the creation of new firms to protect incumbents in certain industries and
professions. Other barriers to entrepreneurship are predatory tax behavior of authorities, lack
of property rights and tax disadvantages.

Shortage of funds and resources: Finding the money to start up an enterprise is a leading
barrier to entrepreneurship. Without funds, any person cannot begin to organize, train,
develop and sell product.

Lack of Entrepreneurship Opportunities: Venture creation requires existing marketplace

opportunities with possibilities known to the entrepreneur and favorable odds for success for
entrepreneurial “spirit” to succeed.

Lack of Entrepreneurial Capacity: Entrepreneurial capacity is the existence of people with

entrepreneurship qualities, willingness and motivation to initiate new ventures. Opportunities
go untried until someone comes along with an eye for possibility and a can-do attitude. Some
cultures may discourage entrepreneurial capacity resulting in a low rate of new firm entrance.

Lack of Adequate Entrepreneurship Training: Training and education can be a robust

incubator for new ventures. This includes training in technical skills, managerial skills,
entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurship.

Lack of Appropriate Technical and Practical Skills: People tend to use the skills they have
acquired to pursue entrepreneurial initiative. Lacking the appropriate skills and knowledge
inhibits economic development.

Difficult Access to Market Experience: The essence of leadership is first learning and doing
before leading. Therefore, the capability to start a business is propelled by previous education
and work experience. Rushing into a new market because it looks attractive and rewarding
without having some experience and background in it can be fatal. Experience in a related
business before start-up is positively correlated to the probability of success.

Fear of Failure: Entrepreneurs have to decide whether to take action so they don‟t miss the
boat, while knowing that hasty action may cause them to sink the boat.

Aversion to Risk: A psychological barrier closely related to the fear of failure is aversion to
risk. Entrepreneurs must take initiative, create structure with a social-economic mechanism
and accept risk of failure. Entrepreneurs have to be risk takers while those who are risk
averse will seek the security in an existing establishment.

Identifying Fears

Fear is defined as an unpleasant feeling triggered by the perception of danger, real or

imagined. It is a fundamental part of human psychology. Our brains are wired to feel fear
because it helps us avoid calamity; it keeps us safe. But fear can also hold us back if we let it.

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Fear feeds on fear, meaning the more we try to avoid something we‟re afraid of, the bigger
and deeper our anxiety grows. To overcome this, we must face our deep-seated misgivings
and worries. We have to acknowledge our fears and find ways to move beyond them.

In the process of entrepreneurship, many fears serve as obstacles in taking action. If

entrepreneurs don‟t confront them, the fears can ultimately consume them. Some common
fears seen in entrepreneurs are as follows:

Fear of failure: The fear of failure is like a tiny voice whispering into your ears that
everything could go wrong in the business. The best way to overcome this fear is to accept
that failure is possible, even for the most gifted entrepreneurs. With every failure comes an
added value in strength, courage, wisdom and knowledge. Whenever you experience any
setback, do a little soul searching to find out what mistakes were yours, why you made them
and what you learnt.

The Fear of being wrong: This is also another common fear most entrepreneurs face when
setting up a business. The fear of being wrong is a bit more subtle than the fear of failure, and
therefore potentially deadlier. While the fear of failure can prevent you from starting a
business, the fear of being wrong can cause you to pursue a foolhardy business strategy even
when it‟s crystal clear that you need a change of approach. To overcome this fear, you need
to first recognize this as a problem that can harm your business and put aside any ego that
makes you stay on a course of action because you are emotionally attached to a certain way
of doing things or getting results.

The Fear of not being an expert: Even though you probably know enough about your
business or product to make important decisions or solve most of the nagging issues that may
arise, many entrepreneurs still face the fear of not being considered as experts in their line of
business. This fear, however minor it may seem, has a way of limiting your potential as an
entrepreneur. For the things about a business one might not know, there is no shame in
constantly learning and finding answers to them. Learning about the business is a continuous
process that will surely lead to perfection in the long.

Fear of being pushed into uncomfortable situations: Many people fear public speaking
more than death. Just the thought of it puts us on edge and makes us anxious. With practice,
however, we can become comfortable pushing ourselves outside our comfort zones. But it
won‟t happen without getting into the right mindset and prepping to take on this challenge.
One can start by taking small steps and doing things just outside of their comfort zone.

Fear of taking risks: A risk can pay off with amazing success, or it can lead to a downward
spiral and failure. But there is an important difference between dangerous, unmitigated risk
and thoughtful, calculated risk. Dangerous risk takers are like gamblers, betting it all on
something that isn‟t proven. With a calculated risk, you have strategized each step of the
way. One must move incrementally towards their goal, carefully assessing their level of
investment and overhead. Calculated risks are key to every success.

Fear of the unknown: Uncertainty registers in our brain like a blaring alarm. We often avoid
the unknown because we fear change. We are afraid of losing control and being unable to
manage potential outcomes. Allowing ourselves to take a massive leap into the unknown is
terrifying because we have no guarantees of how things will turn out. The unknown will
certainly lead to change of some kind.

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Activity XI

Take 5 minutes to think about your future goal. Now make a list of things that you feel are
certain obstacles in achieving your future goal.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Which of these obstacles make you feel negative emotions such as anxiety, stress, sorrow,
tension, worry, helplessness etc.? Thinking about it, understand and identify certain fears you
feel about your future life and mention them below:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Now, choose your biggest fear and write down ways to overcome it in the space given below:
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________

Process of Entrepreneurship

There are various personal, social and environmental factors that play a role in whether the
person pursues the idea or not. In entrepreneurship, the design thinking process of empathize,
define, ideate, prototype and test ([Link], 2010) can be used to take action on your
ideas.

Let us start by understanding how one can act on their idea and follow some steps in the
entrepreneurial process.

Idea Exploration: Once you have an idea, you need to first understand how people,
especially customers respond to it. Through your idea, you propose a solution or an answer.
However, before that, understand what the problem or the question is. In order to understand
the problem deeply, you have to talk to those who feel it is a problem for them. Interact with

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and observe your potential customers and other people who can or will be affected if the idea
turns into a business. In this process, the design thinking skill of empathy is extremely useful.
Empathy is required to listen and understand the emotion of the person. In turn, it helps to dig
deeper and identify the things that are not so obvious. Sometimes, there is a difference
between what people say and what they actually do, thus, it is important to engage with the
user and observe the behavior as well. Ask yourself what exactly your customers need and
what problems are you solving for them. Conduct primary and secondary qualitative and
quantitative research. Initial quantitative research can be done through market surveys and by
modelling the choices of customers.

Data Analysis: Research conducted for your idea must focus on collecting data about
customer problems and requirements, preconceptions, potential objections, preferences and a
sense of price sensitivity. Apart from this, research about direct and indirect competitors as to
what they are doing, what process do they follow, what kind of a customer base do they have,
what is the market share etc. This will help you think about how your idea is going to be
different. After collecting this data, analyze your discoveries, make sense of the information,
look for insights and try to understand how your research has helped to refine your idea. The
data analysis process helps you define the problem or need you are solving. Do a SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis for the data collected.

Idea Development: After analyzing and synthesizing the data, you should get a clearer
picture about the prospects of your business idea. At this stage, you start to challenge the
assumptions that you had made when you came up with the idea and refine the idea. You
might pivot from your original idea and find other interesting insights about customer
problems or your research might show that your assumptions about customer needs are
turning out to be true. In the first case, you start to build on the insight that you have gained
and dig deeper into it by interacting with more people and then brainstorming ideas to solve
the problem. In the second case, you start to think of solutions and build a model or a
prototype of what your solution or business idea (product/service) would look like.

Experimentation: Experimentation refers to conducting small experiments to get customer

feedback by giving them an understanding of what your product/service would look like.
There could be innovative ways to conduct such experiments. For example, a business idea
trying to solve the problem of children being scared of hospitals, doctor‟s clinic, medicines
and injections showed an animated video in which the injection and medicines are talking to
the child and playing around the doctor, to all children that visited a doctor‟s clinic in a day
and recorded their responses. These experiments help you improve your initial prototype or
model and keep improving it, taking into account customer feedback till you reach your final
prototype. Research and prototyping helps you refine and shape your opportunity in a cost-
effective manner before your initial market test. Only a market test can truly validate whether

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your idea can be turned into a business. It helps to measure what you have created. Market
tests start after the final prototype of the product/service has been designed. Market tests are
most-effective once you have a minimum viable product. Entrepreneurs go through multiple
escalating market tests, each building upon the previous test.

Business Planning: After conducting multiple market tests, you must have evidence of
number of users that used your product/service and showed likeliness to use or revenue
generated if you made any sales or took any pre-orders. Having this helps you conclude and
prove that there is a demand for your business idea and it can be done in a viable way. Now,
you develop your final product or service and start planning different functions of your
business. You start by identifying what resources you would need for each business function
to turn the idea into a business venture. You start to think about getting one or two people on-
board who can help you grow your idea. The business plan is a written document that
consists of an executive summary, market analysis, business description, details of product or
service, marketing and sales, operations and team, financial statements, funding and
development.

Marshalling Resources and Financing: After planning, it is important to work on

marshalling and acquiring the resources as identified in the business plan. This would include
physical, human, intellectual and financial resources. The key resources will depend on the
type of business you are starting. There are various ways to finance, such as friends & family,
forming a partnership, borrowing or debt financing from banks, crowdfunding on online
platforms and equity financing. The financial statements in your business plan must include
all the start-up costs you would incur. You must learn how to pitch your idea to investors. It
is also important for you to compare different financing options and taking advice from
experts. You would not want to give a very high stake of your business to the investor for
very less money.

Launch: After fulfilling the needs of financing and business planning, you are ready to
launch your start-up. In the initial stage, you hire more people, develop a customer base,
build a network, adjust the marketing and operations business plan and start dealing with
uncertainty. One of the most effective ways to promote your business during and after the
launch is to talk the most about your business wherever you go. Apply for conferences, ted
talks, forums etc. and share about your business venture.

Activity XII

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Entrepreneurial Process is drawn out of the process successful entrepreneurs followed to

execute their business idea. It is generic in nature. The exact process that one entrepreneur
would‟ve gone through might not be the exact process that another entrepreneur would‟ve
gone through. After reading the entrepreneurship process, you have to develop your own
understanding of it.

Take a chart paper and in groups of 4, make a flow chart of the entrepreneurial process in
your words. Then, draw a small version of the final chart in the space given below:

Business Planning

A business plan is a document that describes what a business plans to do and how it plans to
do it. It is a written description of a business's future. It serves as a guide and a roadmap for a
business and outlines its goals and details how those goals are planned to be achieved.

Thus, a business plan conveys business goals, strategies, potential problems and ways to
solve them, the organizational structure, the amount of capital required to finance the venture
and other such important information.

Business plans can help perform a number of tasks for those who write and read them. They
are used by investment-seeking entrepreneurs to convey their vision to potential investors.
They may also be used by firms that are trying to attract key employees, prospect for new
business, deal with suppliers or simply to understand how to manage their companies better.

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Components of a Business Plan

Executive summary:

Executive summary is like the first impression or the calling card of a business. It is the first
thing that anyone reads or learns about one‟s business. It provides a brief and quick summary
and overview of the entire business plan, covering key aspects such as the problem a business
solves, the solution to the problem, the target market, key financial highlights, and a
summary of who does what on the management team.

An executive summary has to be concise, succinct and hit the key highlights of the plan.
While it is difficult to convey every thing one might want to convey in the executive
summary, keeping it short is critical. Many potential investors never read beyond the
executive summary and assess from the summary itself if the business interests them or not.
Hence, it needs to be compelling and intriguing.

The Opportunity:

In this section, it is explained why one has a strong business opportunity. It describes the
market, including market analysis, data, projections, descriptions, and competition.

Target market: As critical as it is that a business is solving a real-world problem that people
or other businesses have, it‟s equally important to detail who is the customer.
Understanding the target market of the business is key to building marketing campaigns and
sales processes that work. And, beyond marketing, it is the target market that defines how the
business grows.

Market trends: In this, the most important changes occurring in the different factors about
the target market are described. The preferences, needs, demographics, or purchasing
behaviours etc. of potential customers are mentioned and elaborated in terms of how they are
changing. Ideally, it is explained how those trends would favor the products or services of the
business over those of your competitors. For example, if people in the market is increasingly
using their smartphones for tasks that they used to do on a computer, perhaps the mobile app
is potentially well positioned to capture a bigger part of the market.

Market growth: In this section, it is explained how the target market has been growing or
shrinking in recent years. Research done using internet searches, trade associations, market
research firms, journalists or other credible sources to gauge market growth is mentioned. A
growing market is encouraging, since it suggests stronger demand for a specific solution in
the years to come.

Competition: A competitor analysis, in which names, location, products and services are
given and compared to the products/services of the business. The objective of this analysis is
to assess and exhibit the strengths of the business over competitors.

Products and services:

The products and services section of the business plan delves into the core of what one is
trying to achieve. In this section, things that are detailed include the problem that the business
is solving, how it is solving it, the competitive landscape, and the business‟s competitive

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edge. Depending on the type of company you are starting, this section may also detail the
technologies used, intellectual property owned, and other key factors about the products that
a business is building now and planning on building in the future.

Business overview:

For external plans, the overview of the business is a brief summary of the business‟ legal
structure, ownership, history, and location. It is common to include the vision and mission
statements in the business overview, but that is certainly not a mandatory component of all
business plans. The company overview is often omitted from internal plans.

Marketing and sales:

The marketing and sales plan details the strategies that the business will use to reach the
target market. This portion of the business plan provides an overview of how the business
will be positioned in the market, how the products and services will be priced, how its
offerings will be promoted, and any sales processes that will be needed in place.

Operations:

Depending on the specifics of the business, plans related to locations and facilities,
technology, regulatory issues etc. are included in this section. The entire process about how
the business will source, function and deliver its core value is explained.

Milestones and metrics:

Plans are nothing without solid implementation. The milestones and metrics section of the
business plan lays out concrete tasks that the business plans to accomplish, complete with due
dates and the names of the people to be held responsible. It also details the key metrics that
will be used to track the growth of the business. This could include the number of sales leads
generated, the number of page views to the website, or any other critical metric that helps
determine the health of the business.

Team:

The management team section of a business plan is especially critical for entrepreneurs
seeking investment. The management team section includes relevant team bios that explain
why the management personnel is made up of the right people for the roles. After all, good
ideas are a dime a dozen, it is a talented entrepreneur and his/her team that can take those
ideas and turn them into thriving businesses. Business plans should help identify not only
strengths of a business, but areas that need improvement and gaps that need to be filled.
Identifying gaps in the management team shows knowledge and foresight, not a lack of
ability to build the business.

Financial plan:

The financial plan is a critical component of nearly all business plans. Running a successful
business means paying close attention to how much money is being brought in, and how
much money is being spent. A good financial plan goes a long way to help determine when to
hire new employees or buy a new piece of equipment. Especially for startups seeking

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funding, a solid financial plan helps to figure out how much capital the business needs to get
started or to grow, such that there is knowledge about how much money to ask for from the
bank or from investors.

A typical financial plan includes:

 Sales forecast
 Personnel plan
 Profit and loss statement
 Cash flow statement
 Balance sheet
Answer Key for Activity VIII

Actual Score | (Individual Actual Score | (group score)

Item score)
Box of matches 15 | 15 |
Food concentrate 4 | 4 |
Nylon rope, 50 feet 7 | 7 |
Parachute silk 8 | 8 |
Portable heater 5 | 5 |
Two 0.45 caliber pistols 11 | 11 |
Dehydrated pet milk, One case 12 | 12 |
Two 100-Pound oxygen tanks 1 | 1 |
Star Map-Moon Constellations 3 | 3 |
Life raft 6 | 6 |
Magnetic compass 14 | 14 |
5 gallons of water 2 | 2 |
Signal flares 13 | 13 |
First-aid kits, injection needles 9 | 9 |
Solar powered FM transmitter 10 | 10 |

27
162
Study Material

Role of Green Jobs

Industry experts remain hopeful and excited about green jobs market, since
industries are adopting large scale, energy efficiency measures. There are jobs in
solar and wind installations, clean car engineering. Households are switching to
solar energy, families are purchasing alternative energy cars, and news jobs are
being added to the market place to meet the increasing demand.

Picture of coal miners

There is promising statistics in the green jobs industry. Clean energy has
experienced incredible growth and success in the past decade and is poised to
continue to grow in the coming decade; this will collaborate with business to
advance policies that will do well to environment and economy. These
technologies are not so costly also, thereby they are adapted widely.

163
Study Material

Role of Green jobs in toxin free homes:

In our daily lives we do household work, that releases harmful gases into the
atmosphere and contribute to the warming of our planet. Green jobs will
promote the usage of ecofriendly raw materials and conserve energy.

The following is the list of steps; green jobs can take to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions;

 Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

 Use less heat and reconditioning
 Replace your light bulbs
 Drive less drive smart
 Buy energy efficient products
 Use less hot water
 Use the off buttons
 Plant a tree.

Green jobs in Solar and wind power:

The green jobs are as follows;

Energy Auditors- they conduct audits determine how energy efficient the
building/home are.

Chief Sustainability officers: they oversee green activities in their organization.

Wind/ Solar energy engineers: they design and develop wind farm systems

164
Study Material

Role of green jobs in Water Conservation:

To protect existing and future water supplies, by ensuring that resources are not
mismanaged, over exploited or otherwise used in manner that would be
considered damaging.

The other jobs in water conservation are;

Water treatment specialist.

Water Auditor

Water policy Analyst

Water resource planning manager

Water Quality Monitoring

Water conservation Representative.

The above mentioned opening are anywhere, where there is a natural water
supply for all users and future generations, identify potential problems to the
ecology or environmental health and mitigate them.

Green jobs in waste Reduction Recycling and Reuse:

Eco cycle- zero waste creates jobs, recycling, composting and reusing create a lot
green jobs. Recycling and reuse create at least 9 times more jobs than landfills
and incinerators. E.g. we need force for collecting, processing and preparing
materials.

Its common knowledge that recycling materials helps the environment by

reducing waste….. depending on materials manufacturers can save up to 60% of
their production costs by using recycled materials rather than obtaining, refining
and extracting brand new substances ,e.g. paper, aluminum, plastics.

165
Study Material

Green jobs in Tourism:

Indonesia is an example of green tourism. Green tourism is also referred as ‘New

experience economy’, green tourism offers new tourism paradigm; we pay to do
things, not to have new things. Tourists are buying experience not product. It
promotes tourists to be prosumers, [Link] care about the future. Green tourism
makes an optimal use of environmental resources. The following are the
principles of green tourism; Respect socio cultural authenticity of host country.
Provide adequate wages and safe working conditions. Green jobs are required to
plan;

 Destination management
 Destination managers.
 Trainers.

Green Jobs in building and construction:

Green buildings use ecofriendly materials, benefit environment by conserving

energy. There are plenty of jobs in the construction sector, this sector employs
millions of people, but suffers from a skill shortfall. Attracting talent and
investment is a key challenge. Green building offers a chance to be part of the
solution to global challenges.

The list of green jobs is as follows;

 Construction worker, crew member

 Designer
 Carpenters
 Building Planner and coordinators
 Insulators
 Weatherization
 Concrete labors
 Highway laborers
 Demolition experts

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Study Material

Role of green Jobs in limiting Green house emissions

The key to environmental protection is to prevent the degradation of the natural

environment, which is important for all living creatures, one of the biggest
problem in the environment is related to fossil fuels, which leads to pollution ,
climate change and natural resource depletion.

Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserve or restore the
environment, be they in traditional sectors, such as in manufacturing and
construction sectors or in the emerging green sectors such as renewal able
energy.

167
 Communication skills
What is communication?
Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another
through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.

*The following figure represents types of communication

(Fig 1)

Learning objectives of Effective communication

1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
What is Writing?
Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas
on paper, to organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to
convey meaning through well-constructed text. In its most advanced form, written
expression can be as vivid as a work of art.
Grade 12

[Link]-A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence must

contain a subject and a verb.
The main focus here is to improve basic sentence composition skills. One can review the
types of sentences and the functions of their component parts listed below.
Simple, compound, and complex sentences
a) Simple sentence-

168
 A simple sentence is one independent clause that has a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought. Notice that there are some important requirements for a
simple sentence:


Must have a subject and a verb.

Must express a complete thought.

Must only have one clause.
Examples
 I am out of paper for the printer.
 Will you help me with the math homework?
b) Compound Sentence
A compound sentence allows us to share a lot of information by combining two or
more related thoughts into one sentence. It combines two independent clauses by
using a conjunction like “and.” This creates sentences that are more useful than
writing many sentences with separate thoughts.
Example of Compound Sentences
We use compound sentences all of the time. Here are some examples, the
independent clause is green, the second is purple, and the conjunctions are orange:

1.I drove to the office, and then I walked to the cabin.

c) Complex sentence –
A complex sentence is a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one
dependent clause.
Example

 Although Rohan had some doubts, he found the courses very useful.
The above example is a complex sentence: it has a dependent clause (a subject ' Rohan' and
a verb 'had'), followed by an independent clause (subject 'he' and a verb 'found') and forms
a complete thought.

 Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.
This example begins with an independent clause (subject 'computers' and verb 'have
come') that forms a complete thought, followed by a dependent clause (subject
'they' and a verb 'came').
[Link]
[Link]#lesson
The link mentioned above will further will help the students to strengthen their concept on
the above mentioned topics

169
Writing skills
Activity- Mini sagas
Sometimes when we ask students to write a composition they spend very little time at the
important editing stage. In this lesson students will do a couple of ‘short writing’ activities
with the focus on editing and accuracy.
A mini saga is a piece of writing with exactly fifty words. It has to tell a story, have a
beginning, a middle and an ending. Mini sagas were ‘invented’ by the Science fiction writer
Brian Aldiss, who thought it would be fun and challenging to tell/write a story in very few
words.

Students work alone to write a mini saga. First they should spend a few minutes thinking of
what they are going to write about. The teacher will discuss few ideas on the board to help:
A description of a favourite object, place, person; a joke,something funny or scary that
happened with the student; a synopsis of a film they have watched or a book they have
read; a letter to an old school teacher,friend or relative. Students write their first draft,then
spend time editing, cutting out or adding words until the text has exactly 50 words

The above figure is an example of a Mini saga

It will help the students to learn how to edit their writing and to help students understand
that ‘quality’ is more important than ‘quantity’ when it comes to writing and make them
understand that ‘quality’ is more important than ‘quantity’ when it comes to writing
A worksheet can be taken up in the class to test the concept clarity.

170
 Worksheet
Identify the following sentences as simple,compound or complex.

1. The production of a single pound of honey requires nectar from approximately two million
flowers.
2. The vibrant trumpet-shaped blooms of the trumpet vine make it ideal for attracting
hummingbirds.
3. We can watch the boxing match, which will be broadcast at nine o'clock, or we can view the
documentary about the greatest innovations of the twenty-first century.
4. Russia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper and
lead.
5. The right hemisphere of the human brain typically controls muscle movement on the left side of
the body.
6. Aaron has an unconventional swing, but he manages to drive the ball farther than some
professional golfers.
7. During last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house.
8. An avid reader, Thomas attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every
month.

[Link] - Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of
speech.
The following link further explains use of phrases in communicating better and with much
ease.
Types of phrases
[Link] Phrase
A noun phrase is any noun or pronoun along with its modifiers:
Example –
 The school children
 Yesterday’s newspaper
2. Verb Phrase

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A verb phrase is any number of verbs working together:
Example

 Had been sleeping

 Will contact
 May have written
3. Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
(and its modifiers) that is called the object of the preposition:
Example

 Through the wheat field

 Preposition: through
 Object of the preposition: the wheat field
Some more examples of prepositional phrases:

 During the year

 Despite complaints
4. Verbal Phrases
There are three types of verbal phrases: participial phrases, gerund phrases, and infinitive
phrases. Each is explained below.

a) Participial Phrase
Participial phrases start with either a present or past participle. Here are some examples of
each.
Phrase with present participles:

 Watching silently
Phrases with past participles:

 Driven to succeed
b) Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase is a present participle (and its modifiers) that acts like a noun. It can
take on a variety of jobs in the sentence. Here are a couple of examples:
 Practicing helped a lot. (subject)
 I love reading. (direct object)
c) Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive phrase is the infinitive and its modifiers:
Example

172
  To sing
 To walk all that way
d) Appositive Phrase
An appositive phrase is a phrase that renames an earlier noun or pronoun
My best friend, Nick Palacio, loves scuba diving.
We watched Sirius, the brightest star in the sky
e) Absolute Phrase
Absolute phrases are the trickiest to identify. These phrases are not closely connected to
the rest of the sentence; they don’t describe a specific word, but modify the whole
sentence. They add extra information and are usually separated by commas (or dashes).
Example
The semester finished, Karen sold all her textbooks.
Absolute phrase: The semester finished
A worksheet can be taken up in the class to further built up the concept

For each sentence, Identify the phrase and state its kind.

1. He was a man of great wealth.

2. The principal was an old man of friendly disposition.

3. The workers belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills.

4. There I met a boy with red hair.

5. Only a man with plenty of money can buy a car of such beauty and power.

6. He was a young man of great promise. 7. He wore a turban made of gold.

8. He ran with great speed.

9. You can buy it in all places.

10. He replied in a very rude manner.

11. How does he live without any worries?

173
 Writing skills - Branding and Brand names
It explores the theme of branding and brand names. Students will have an opportunity to
read and discuss the context of a text and create and brand their own imaginary product.

It involves some discussion, reading and writing. It explores the area of 'brands' and the
associations we have with particular brand names. Students will rank their favourite brand
names and discuss what they like/dislike about them. They will read and discuss the context
of a text about brand naming and complete related vocabulary building exercises. Lastly
students will create and brand their own imaginary product which they will present to the
rest of the class.
Example

174
 Task 1: Reading
The name is the most important element of a successful brand. Packaging changes,
advertising changes, products even change but brand names never change. Where do great
brand names come from? For example,McDonald’s is a family name, Adidas was created
from the inventor’s name Adi Dassler, Volvo means “to roll” in Latin.
Task 2: Discussion
Discuss the following questions in pairs:
1. Why are brand names important?
2. Name three different sources of brand names.
3. Do you think brands are important? Why?
4. Do you have a favourite brand? What is it and why do you like it?
Task 3: Mini write up
In pairs students will invent a new product and give it a name.
They will think about the following points:
• What is special or unusual about your product?
• Why would people want to use or buy it?
• How does the name relate to the product?
Once they have chosen a name for their product,they will prepare a short write to be given
in front of the class.
Here are some useful phrases that may help them with their presentation:
• We would like to introduce our new product…
• We chose the name… because…
• You can use it to…

 Some of the idea for a new product

A digital watch with a built in mobile phone and mini-computer
A new digital homework personal organiser

[Link] of sentences –

175
In writing and speaking, there are four basic kinds of sentences:

 Declarative sentences
 Interrogative sentences
 Imperative sentences
 Exclamatory sentences
a) A declarative sentence is the most basic type of sentence. Its purpose is to relay
information, and it is punctuated with a period. For example:
I walked home.
b) Interrogative sentences interrogate, or ask questions. These are direct questions,
and they are punctuated with a question mark. For example:
 Why haven’t you completed your work?
c) Exclamatory sentences are like declarative sentences in that they make a statement
instead of asking a question, but their main purpose is to express strong emotion.
They are easily recognized because they end in an exclamation point instead of a
period: For example
 Wow,he just got an appraisal!
d) Imperative sentences do not simply state a fact but rather tell someone to do
something. These can be in the form of friendly advice, basic instructions or more
forceful commands. For example:

 Turn left at the bridge.

Using Different Sentence Types to Add Variety to Writing

Writing skill- Email writing
( Activity)
Students will learn the rules of writing emails and will compose and send an email. The
main focus of this lesson will be on writing semi-formal emails.
Example

176
  The students will send a email to a language school offering part time
language courses .

Some hints
a) Do you do a part time course for school students, which helps them with their
essay writing skills
b) How many hours a week are the courses?
c) What after-school activities are there? Will they help me to improve my
communications skills?
d) What is the actual cost of the course? Do you offer any scholarship?
*I’m hoping to join the course soon, so if you can get back to me as soon as
possible,it would be great. Thanks for your help.

Format of a Semi formal E- mail

This will help them to study the difference between writing a Formal,informal and semi
Formal email writing using different kind of sentences.

6. Parts of a sentence-
Every sentence can be broken into two parts
a) Complete Subject
b) Complete Predicate
The complete subject consists of simple subject ( The noun or the pronoun is the subject is
about) and its modifiers

 The complete predicate is made of up of verb and its modifiers.

177
The subject of a complete sentence is who or what the sentence is about, and the predicate
tells about that subject.
Yesterday after lunch the students were complaining about the short recess.
The students” are the subject (red) of the sentence. The predicate always includes the verb,
and tells something about the subject; in this example, the students ( purple)“were
complaining about the short recess.”
After explaining the concept of parts of sentence, an activity will be taken up to strengthen
the topic.
Writing skills - Creating a professional portfolio
Finding employment can be challenging for anyone, but the job market can be especially
tough for recent college graduates/ Undergraduates, people re-entering the workforce after
time away, or someone who has been in a position for a long time. Competition is stiff; the
market is filled with other strong job candidates, too. So how can students increase their
chances for getting a great job in the field they love? For almost everyone, it starts with a
resume ( The following Flowchart will help the students to create a professional resume)

178
 (Sample of Resume writing format)

r freshers) Th The
following link will further help the students to understand how to create professional
resume better
([Link]
5. Parts of speech- A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic
functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner,
verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
The following figure represents eight parts of speech

179
1. NOUN- A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
London,Flower,Happiness
2. .PRONOUN- A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
She, we,they, it
3. VERB- A verb expresses action or being.
Jump ,is,become
4. ADJECTIVE -An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Pretty,old
5. ADVERB -An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Gently, extremely
6. PREPOSITION -a preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase
modifying another word in the sentence.
By,with,
7. CONJUNCTION -A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. T
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared.
8. INTERJECTION - An interjection is a word used to express emotion.
Oh! Wow!
The following link will help to reinforce the concept
([Link]
(Writing skill)

180
Activity
Adopt a word
Students will be given templates with a heading

Word Meaning Part of speech Example of usage

 The students choose a word that they would like to adopt and do some research on
it using the template above.
 Each student then gives a short presentation on his or her adopted word until all
the class has had a chance.
 The words are then stuck to a large paper chart on the wall
In between we quizzes can be organised about the new words. The students greatly enjoy
contributing words, researching and presenting.
This activity will help the students to streamline their thoughts and build up their
vocabulary.
[Link] writing
Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news,
items of general interest or specific topics.
The following figure represents the format of Article writing
* Figure 5

181
The following link will help to build up the concept
[Link]
Example
You are Renu/Ronit. Write an article in 1OO-120 words for your school magazine on
journalism as a career.
• Hints – Journalism suitable for those who are good at language’
• Ones who desire to present truth to the public
Activity
Media diary
Students write about the different ‘media’ that they have been watching or reading. This
could include TV programmes, films at the cinema or on DVD,websites that they have been
looking at, magazines, books, etc. This will help the students to have clarity about present
day situations and organise their thoughts in a more constructive way.

5. Construction of the Paragraph

What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related
to a single topic.

182
(Writing skill)

Activity – Argument essay

This activity will help students organise their argument essays and so improve their writing.
A possible cause of the student’s poor performance is that students do not know how to
organise argument essays or paragraphs
Following points can help them( students) to write/pen down their thoughts in a
constructive manner.

 Explain the overall organisation of an argument essay to students.

 Explain paragraph organisation.
 Give students a list of connectives which they could use in their essays. Make
sure that they understand the relationships that are implied by these
connectives.
 Give students a model argument essay. Once they have read it, ask them to
draw a spider-diagram of the essay in the following way:

183
  Firstly, students will identify the thesis. They will write it in a circle in the
middle of a blank piece of paper.
 Next, identify the claims or statements that are made to support this thesis.
Students will write these around the thesis.
 Then they will identify and list the details and examples which are given to
support each claim/statement.
 Finally, students will write relevant connectors between the thesis and the
claims/statements and between the claims/statements themselves.
This activity aims to help student to recognise their own problems with paragraph
construction and to identify errors, which improves their own re-drafting skills.
Summary:
A classroom environment relies heavily on the quality of communication taking place within
it. As an instructor, taking steps towards improving the communication skills of students will
contribute positively towards your classroom climate. Students with effective
communication skills will be more likely to contribute to class discussions, will be more
productive members in group projects, and will ultimately gain more from their experience
in the class. Learning and practicing writing skills help students to handle professional and
social tensions.
References

184
: Google
: You tube
: British council Library

References
: Google
: You tube
: British council Library

185
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 1

Warm Up
A Listening Cues Game

In pairs take on the following roles:

Role Play:Learning about Active Listening

Phase 1

Student 1 Read a news article to your partner, Student 2 .

Read with proper expression and at a normal speed.

Student 2 Do not show your card to your partner!

You are a very poor listener. Display poor listening behavior .You are :

 fidgeting
 looking around
 interrupting to ask questions
 making inappropriate facial expressions.

Phase 2

Student 2

Explain /read the article that was just read to him, back to Student 1

Student 1

You should display positive listening skills. You are :

 making eye contact

 sitting still
 making appropriate facial cues

186
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

 taking notes
 waiting until the end to ask questions.

Phase 3 All groups review the article together.

 identify things Student 2 missed because he wasn't listening closely

 demonstrate how important it is to use proper listening behaviors to
understand the message being relayed.

B Listening With Distractions Game

Phase 1

 In groups of about 6 or more students play the following game:

 One student will play the role of teacher.
 Tell them you will read out a story (any story will do).
 Give one set of people on your left side a task.
 For example, ask them to count now many times you say the word "and."
 Ask others to count the number of times you smile.
 Give the other set of students on your right side no task at all, except to listen.

Phase 2

 Read the story.

 When you have finished, ask each group member to write down answers to
three questions about your story.
 Find out which group answered better.
 You will find that the people who were distracted by a task may not answer
the questions as easily as those who were listening without tasks.

Phase 3

All groups :Discuss how difficult it was for people to pay attention when they were
not focused on the message itself.

187
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

C WARM-UP: TELEPHONE

Introduction :Stand in a circle. Explain that you will be playing the game of Telephone. Ask if
any student is familiar with the game and would like to explain how to play.

1Start by whispering the following sentence into a student’s ear: “I want to know what it feels
like to listen and what it feels like to be heard.”

2This first student will then whisper what they think they heard into the next student’s ear.
Students will repeat this process until the last person is reached. The last student will then say
the word or phrase they heard out loud for the whole class to hear. More likely than not, the
last student will have heard something totally different from the original message.

3a)Next sit in a circle and discuss the following:

 What happened to the original message?

 Was it easy or difficult to hear the message? Why do you think it might have been
difficult?

b) Do you think the following reasons are correct?

 It was hard to hear because the person was whispering.”

 “We weren’t making eye contact.”
 “Students were talking or laughing.”
 “It’s hard to understand an isolated word or phrase without any context; i.e., without
context, words and phrases can sound like they come from out of the blue.”

188
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 2

A Review the warm ups you did in Worksheet [Link] the activities in mind as well as other
factors discuss the following with your partner:

1 What is listening ?

2 How is it different from hearing ?

a) Examine the sentences below and fill in the blanks with the correct word. Discuss what
your choice of word tells you about the differences between hearing and listening.
b) In pairs, make a table listing the differences between listening and hearing.
c) Check the information given in Figures 1a and [Link] the new information to your table

(i)I can’t ….(hear/listen) you. Could you speak louder please?

(ii) My grandmother likes to ….(hear/listen) to the radio.

(iii) Did you ……(listen/hear) the thunder last night/

(iv) The vet is …….(hearing /listening)to the dog’s heartbeat.

Figure 1a) Figure 1 b)

189
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

3 Look at Figure 2. Using the information on how listening and hearing differ fill in the blanks
with suitable words.

Figure 2

190
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

CS 11 Worksheet 3

1Examine Figure 3 .

191
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Let us now think about the different stages of listening. listening

2Using the words given in the box below complete the table.

3 Check your answers given at the end.

Figure 3

Stage 5
Stage 1 stage 2 Stage 3 stage 4
Responding
_________ __________ __________ _______

understanding, responding
evaluating ,remembering
receiving

4 a)Look at Figure 4,column A and r,understanding

B. What are the 5 stages of Listening .Under Column A write
the numeral 1-5 and in Column B write the name of each of the stages in the correct order .

192
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

b) Next, look at column C. It has the description of the 5 stages in jumbled order. Read
carefully and match the different stages of listening listed in Column B with its
corresponding description given in column C.

Figure 4

A B C

s.n
description of the stage
stages of listening

____________
 attempts to figure out the meaning of the message.
a)
stage
?

b ___________
 receiver provides verbal or nonverbal feedback
stage
? about the speaker or message.

c _________  listener judges the content of the message or the

stage character of the speaker
?

d __________
 this stage is represented by the ear because it is the
stage
? primary tool involved with this stage of the listening
process

e _________  receiver either places information into long-term

stage memory or forgets the information presented
?

Worksheet 4 What is Active Listening ?

A Read the following points which describe active Listening:

193
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

1Active listening involves attentively seeking to understand a speaker’s message, rather than
passively hearing the words that a speaker says.
2Active Listeners provide verbal and nonverbal feedback to show their sincere investment in
what the speaker is sharing.
3Active listening can help to build trust within a conversation, thereby allowing the speaker to
communicate more easily, openly and honestly.

B Role Play :In pairs ,take on the following roles:

1)Teacher
 You have been teaching the student about how to conduct an interview..
 You have seen the video recording of the interview.
 You are now giving feedback and tips to your student on how to become an active
listener.
 Enact your role by reading aloud the script below..

2)Student Interviewer
 You are passionate about becoming a television interviewer.
 You have recently taken an interview of an Alumnus who has excelled in Sports .
 The interview has been videotaped.
 You have come to your teacher for feedback.
 Enact your role by reading aloud the script below.

Script : Feedback on Active Listening
Teacher: Hello! I have watched the video of the interview you took. It’s a good one! I saw you
being an active listener. I was happy to see you using the techniques of being a good
interviewer !
I noticed you leaned forward to show that you were interested !
And ,you were smiling while the interviewee talked. Good…these are examples of excellent
nonverbal listening skills.

Student I wanted to ask one question? Is it okay to interrupt the person I am interviewing?

Teacher: No,no! Never interrupt. No matter how anxious you are to hear what
someone has to say, you never interrupt.

Student : But I see this happening on Television all the time! Reporters interrupt and cut off
people off all the time.

Teacher: Yes, I’ve seen that too! But remember you’re not here to get someone to confess to
wrong doing or moderate a political debate. You’ve asked a classmate to
share a very personal story. Remember what I told you in class? A good interviewer knows that
the people they interview are important and conduct their interviews with respect and

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

sensitivity and curiosity.

So, even if the person doesn’t answer the question you ask… let them finish their thoughts and
don’t interrupt them.
Let me tell a very good strategy that active listeners use…that is…to wait three to five seconds,
counting quietly to yourself, before you ask the next question.
If you do this you might get some very interesting facts and details which you might have
missed otherwise! So never forget the cardinal rule …show your respect for the interviewer by
never interrupting!

Student Oh thank you so very much Sir! I won’t ever forget this advice! But Sir, how was my
interview on the whole?.

Teacher: Overall, you did a great job!

You used body language to show that you cared about the interviewee without your having to
speak.
You also had very good follow-up questions.
And you can only have good follow-up questions if you are listening to what a
person is saying.
Remember: don’t rush them, don’t interrupt them. Let them finish their thoughts. But most
important, while she’s talking listen, listen, and listen.

Student Oh thank you Sir! I will remember these wonderful tips! Thank you!

Adapted from Transcript :Tips for Active Listening

© STORYCORPS, INC | MORE AT [Link]

C Discuss the following :

1)Which of the tips given by the teacher were nonverbal strategies?

2)Which of the tips were verbal strategies?

3)What are examples of other tips for active listening?

4)Do you know how important the strategies of pause and short silence are in active listening ?
Use short silences and do not interrupt the interviewee while interviewing.

b) Role Play:In pairs interview each other, using the following prompt:

(i) Formation of pairs:Ask one student to conduct the pairing by counting off. For example, if
there are 20 students, count off one to 10 and pair students who have the same number. If
there are an uneven number of students, ask your teacher to participate.

10

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

(i)Tell me something about yourself that might surprise me.

(ii) While interviewing remember to practice using short silences. This means that whenever
the narrator stops speaking, the interviewer should pause for six to eight seconds (counting
quietly to themselves) before asking a follow-up question. During this period, the narrator is
free to add any details to their story. The interviewer will then need to wait for another
opportunity to ask a follow-up question.

(iii) Form Pair students up by counting off. For example, if there are 20 students, count off one
to 10 and pair students who have the same number. If there are an uneven number of
students, ask your teacher to participate.

Student 1 will tell their story for five minutes total, with Student 2 pausing before they ask any
follow-up questions.

After you have interviewed for 5 minutes, switch roles.

Discuss :

1As the interviewer, how did it feel to pause before asking questions?

2Were the pauses helpful when you were telling your story?

3Did this listening exercise differ from the other peer interviews we have done in class? If so,
how?

4Do you think people often use this method of ‘short silences’ in real life?

5What does it feel like when someone interrupts you?

6What do you think might cause someone to interrupt another person?

11

196
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 5 Why should you become an Active Listener?

5 a)Think of 5 important reasons why you should become an active listener? The visuals given
below in Figure 5(b) are clues to the possible answers ..

Worksheet 4 Figure 5a

_____ ____

_______
__________ _______
________

________ ______
_______ __________________

Figure 5b

12

197
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 5(contd.) Why is Active Listening Important for Interviews and at the Workplace?

adapted from ALISON DOYLE

5 b)Like critical thinking and problem-solving, active listening is a soft skill that’s held in high
regard by employers. Active listening is extremely important for interviews and at the
workplace your career.

1 An active listener does the following ;

 avoids interrupting at all costs

 summarizes and repeats back what he/she has heard
 observes body language to get an extra level of understanding.

2 Active listening is a helpful skill for any worker to develop for the following reasons:

 helps you truly understand what people are saying in conversations and meetings (and
not just what you want to hear, or think you hear).
 can help build rapport with your interviewer.
 can redirect one’s focus from what is going on inside one’s head to the needs of the
prospective employer or interviewer.

13

198
 Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

 can help reduce your nervousness during an interview.

3 An active listener shows that he/she is :

 a) interested in the organization’s challenges and successes;

 b) ready to help them problem-solve work issues, and
 c) a team player as opposed to being nothing more than a self-absorbed job candidate.

Remember the following:

 Don’t interrupt, or worse, try to answer the question before you know what the
interviewer is asking.
 Listen carefully to the interviewer’s questions, ask for clarification if necessary, and wait
until the interviewer has finished talking to r

5 c)1 Read about the 8 active listening techniques listed in column A:Each technique has an
example given in Column B, but they are in jumbled order.

2 Match the techniques given in Column A with its corresponding example in Column B.
Number 4 i.e. brief verbal affirmations has been done for you

Worksheet 5 :Figure 6

s.n A:Technique B:Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & ’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is your
rapport average rate of staff turnover?’
2 Demonstrating Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the department.” “Can
concern you please provide some history for me regarding your relationship with
your former business partner?”
3 Paraphrasing to ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the birth of my
show son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of my personnel, due
understanding to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if it’s necessary, it never
gets easier.”
4 Brief verbal Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read on your

14

199
 Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

affirmations website how you donate five percent of each sale to charity.”
5 Asking open- “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your new
ended Q’s supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we need to
build up our social media marketing efforts.”
6 Asking specific I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some tough
Q’s,seeking challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring can be – how is
clarification staff morale at this point?”
7 Waiting to “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback about your
disclose your performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in speaking to me.”I
opinion see,. I understand..,Sure etc
8 Disclosing similar I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which aspect of
experiences to his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the current situation is
show intolerable for you. What changes would you like to see?”
understanding

Tips for becoming an Active Listener!

 Don’t interrupt, or worse, try to answer the question before you know what the
interviewer is asking.
 Listen carefully to the interviewer’s questions, ask for clarification if necessary, and wait
until the interviewer has finished talking to r

Finally never underestimate the power of “soft skills” (also known as “people skills”) like active
listening, problem-solving, flexibility, self-motivation, leadership, and teamwork. Your CV or
resume may look great, but don’t forget to nourish your soft skills.

Especially for young, first-time job candidates with limited work experience, these people skills
often are the deciding factor in whether an employer will be willing to take the risk in hiring

15

200
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

them over others who may have more experience (but possibly weaker interpersonal
communications talents). Don’t forget to highlight your soft skills in your interview (and even in
your resume).

5d Using all that you have learnt about Active Listening prepare posters on the following topics:

(i)What is Active Listening?

(ii)Why is Active Listening important?

(iii)How to become an Active Listener?

(iv) How to be successful in your interview?

(v) Think of effective slogans to get your message across!

ANSWERS

Worksheet 2 Answers: Figure 2

16

201
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 3 Answers: Figure 3

17

202
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Stage 1 stage 2 Stage 3 stage 4

receiving understanding remembering evaluating

add one more box and label

it responding

Worksheet 4 Answers: Figure 4

A B C

s.n stages of listening

 this stage is represented by the ear because it is
a) receiving
stage the primary tool involved with this stage of the
1
listening process

b understanding
 attempts to figure out the meaning of the
stage
2 message.

c remembering  receiver either places information into long-term

stage memory or forgets the information presented
3

d evaluating
 listener judges the content of the message or the
stage
4 character of the speaker.

e responding
 receiver provides verbal or nonverbal feedback
stage
5 about the speaker or message.

18

203
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 4 Answers: Figure 5

better stu

more effective
successful at in your
work relationships

others percieve
strong public
you as more
speaker
intelligent

Worksheet 5 Answers: Figure 6

19

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Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

s.n A:Techniques B: Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & ’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is
rapport your average rate of staff turnover?’
2 Demonstrating Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the
concern department.” “Can you please provide some history for me
regarding your relationship with your former business partner?”
3 Paraphrasing to ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the
show birth of my son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of
understanding my personnel, due to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if
it’s necessary, it never gets easier.”
4 Brief verbal Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read
affirmations on your website how you donate five percent of each sale to
charity.”
5 Asking open- “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your
ended Q’s new supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we
need to build up our social media marketing efforts.”
6 Asking specific I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some
Q’s,seeking tough challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring
clarification can be – how is staff morale at this point?”
7 Waiting to “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback
disclose your about your performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in
opinion speaking to me.”I see,..I understand..,Sure etc
8 Disclosing similar I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which
experiences to aspect of his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the
show current situation is intolerable for you. What changes would you
understanding like to see?”

20

205
Communication - Describe the steps to active listening skills

Worksheet 5 Answers: Figure 6

A:Techniques B:Examples of Active Listening Techniques

1 Building trust & “Tell me what I can do to help.” “I was really impressed to read on your
rapport website how you donate five percent of each sale to charity.”
2 Demonstrating “I am eager to help you; I know you are going through some tough
concern challenges.” “I know how hard a corporate restructuring can be – how
is staff morale at this point?”
3 Paraphrasing to “So, you are saying that the uncertainty about who will be your new
show supervisor is creating stress for you.” “So, you think that we need to
understanding build up our social media marketing efforts.”
4 Brief verbal “ I understand that you would like more frequent feedback about your
affirmations performance.” “Thank you. I appreciate your time in speaking to me.”I
see,..I understand..,Sure etc
5 Asking open- I can see that John's criticism was very upsetting to you. Which aspect
ended Q’s of his critique was most disturbing?” “It’s clear that the current
situation is intolerable for you. What changes would you like to see?”
6 Asking specific ‘’How long do you expect your hiring process to last?” “What is your
Q’s, seeking average rate of staff turnover?’’
clarification
7 Waiting to Tell me more about your proposal to reorganize the department.” “Can
disclose your you please provide some history for me regarding your relationship
opinion with your former business partner?”
8 Disclosing similar ‘’I was also very conflicted about returning to work after the birth of
experiences to my son.” “I had the responsibility of terminating four of my personnel,
show due to downsizing, over the last two years. Even if it’s necessary, it
understanding never gets easier.”

21

206
Unit 1 Spreadsheet Software
Session 1 Introduction to Spreadsheet software

OpenOffice Calc is a spreadsheet program, a part of the free OpenOffice suite. The program is
easy to use and contains most of the commonly used features found in commercial
spreadsheet programs.
OpenOffice Calc is software that helps in performing calculations using formulae and in
analysing data.

ore

ADVANTAGES OF SPREADSHEETS
Spreadsheet programs have become very popular because of the following features:
• Built-in functions make calculations easier, faster, and more accurate.
• Large volumes of data can be easily handled and manipulated.
• Data can be exported to or imported from other software.
• Data can be easily represented in pictorial form like graphs or charts.
• Formulae are automatically recalculated whenever underlying data values are changed.

STARTING OpenOffice Calc

To start OpenOffice Calc:

1. Click Start  All Programs  OpenOffice 4.1.5  OpenOffice Calc. (Fig 1)

2. A spreadsheet workbook named Untitled1 opens up in an OpenOffice Calc application
window (Fig. 2).

207
 Fig 1 Starting OpenOffice Calc

Columns Menu bar Standard Formatting

Title bar
bar bar
Name
box
Active
Formula
cell
bar

Rows

Side bar

Sheet tabs

Status bar
Fig. 2 OpenOffice Calc worksheet

208
Components of a Calc Screen

Title bar The title bar is located at the top of the Calc window. It displays the name of the
workbook on which you are currently working. A workbook is a collection of one or more
worksheets. The right side of the title bar contains the Minimize, Restore Down or Maximize,
and Close buttons.

Menu bar The menu bar has commands like File , Edit, etc. Clicking on each menu option
displays a list of commands.

Standard bar This bar contains icons (buttons) to provide quick access to commands such as
New, Open, Print, Copy, and Paste etc.

Formatting bar It has buttons and drop-down menus that allow you to select a formatting
option like, font, font color, alignment, number format, border, and background color.

Formula bar It contains the Name Box and a long white box, known as the Input line.

Name Box It is present to the left of the Formula bar and displays the address of the selected
cell.

The rest of the window contains the spreadsheet. It is divided into rows that have a number at
the left of each row, and columns with a letter at the top of each column.

Worksheet tabs A workbook, by default, opens three worksheets named as Sheet1, Sheet2,
and Sheet3. You can click any sheet tab to open that
worksheet. To insert a new worksheet, the steps are:
1. Clicking the empty area after the sheet tab.
2. The Insert Sheet dialog box appears. (Fig 3)
3. Select the required option and click OK

209
Click blank
area to add
more sheet

(Fig. 3). Fig 3 Inserting a new sheet

Rows and columns A worksheet in OpenOffice 4.1.5 Calc has 1,048,576 rows and 1,024
columns. The rows are numbered from top to bottom along the left edge of the worksheet as 1,
2, and so on.
Columns are labelled from left to right with letters A…Z, AA…AZ, A…BZ…AAA…AAZ, ABA…ABZ…
AMA…AMJ.

Cell A cell is formed by the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell has a unique address
which is formed by the intersection of row number and column letter. For example, a cell
formed by intersection of column F and row 5 will have address F5.

Data Types
You can enter numbers, text, and formulas in a cell.

Entering data
To enter data in a cell,
1. Select the cell.
2. Type the content.
3. Press ENTER key.

210
To cancel the data you have entered before pressing the ENTER key, press the ESC key.

Creating a New Workbook

The steps to create a new Calc workbook are:
1. Select File  New Spreadsheet (Fig. 4).
Or
Click the New Document drop-down menu arrow on the Standard bar and select
Spreadsheet. (Fig 5)
Or
Press CTRL + N.

Fig. 4 New option in the File menu

New button on
Standard bar
211
Fig 5 New button on Standard bar

Saving a Workbook
To save a workbook:
1. Select Save option from File menu.
Or
Click the Save icon on the Standard bar.2
Or
Press CTRL + S.

If you are saving a workbook for the first time, a Save As dialog box will appear
(Fig. 6).
2. Type a file name and choose a location to save the file. Notice that the file
extension is .ods.
3. If you want to save the file in the Microsoft Excel file format, change
the Save as type to Microsoft Excel 97/2000/XP (.xls). (Fig 7)

212
Fig. 6 Save As dialog box

213
 Select Save
as type

Fig. 7 Save As dialog box

SELECTING CELLS

Before performing any operation, like, making text bold, changing text color, etc, on a range of
cells, you need to select the range.
A range is a rectangular block of contiguous cells, i.e., cells that touch each other, especially
along a line.
You can select range of cells in any one of the following ways:

 Using the mouse

 Using the keyboard

Using the mouse

To select a range of cells using the mouse, the steps are:
1. Click the cell you wish to start your selection from.
2. Bring the mouse pointer to the bottom right corner on the black square. Click and hold the
left mouse button down, drag the mouse pointer (a thick plus sign will appear) to the diagonally
opposite corner cell.

214
For example, if the range A1 to D3 is to be selected, place the mouse pointer at cell A1. Hold
the left mouse button down and drag it to the cell D3. The range A1 to D3 is represented as
A1:D3.
When you select the range, all the cells appear highlighted (Fig. 8).

Fig 8 Selecting range using mouse

Using the Keyboard

To select a range of cells using the keyboard, do the following:
1. Place the cell pointer at one of the corner cells of the range to be selected.
2. Press the SHIFT key and move to the diagonally opposite corner cell using the arrow keys.
3. Release the SHIFT key when the required range has been selected.

Selecting Multiple Ranges Simultaneously

To select multiple ranges, do the following:
1. Select the first range of cells.
2. Hold the CTRL key and select another range of cells.
3. Repeat step 2 to select more ranges if required (Fig. 9).

215
Fig 9 selecting multiple range of cells

Selecting the entire row

To select the entire row in which the cell pointer is positioned, do any one of the following:

SHIFT + SPACEBAR

Or

click the row heading.

Selecting the entire column

To select the entire column in which the cell pointer is positioned, do any one of the following:

CTRL + SPACEBAR
Or,

click the column heading.

Selecting the entire worksheet

To select the entire worksheet:

CTRL + A
Or,

Click the blank button (called the Select All button) at the junction of the row and column
headers.(Fig 10)

216
Select All
button

Fig 10 Select All button

EDIT COMMANDS

After typing in a cell, you may need to change the entire content or do some partial
modifications. This can be done in any one of the following ways:

 By overtyping, i.e., changing the content completely

 By partially modifying the content

Overtyping

To edit a cell by overtyping:

1. Select the cell.
2. Type the new content.
3. Press ENTER key.

Partial Modification

If some minor modification is required in a cell content:

1. Select the cell.
2. Click the Formula bar.
OR
Press F2
Or

217
 Double-click in the cell.
3. Now, edit the content in the formula bar or in the cell.
4. Press the ENTER key or click Enter button on the Formula bar.

Undo and Redo

The undo command allows you to reverse the last action you have performed. To undo the last
action, you can do any one of the following:

Click the Undo button on the Standard bar. (Fig 11)

Or
Select Undo option from the Edit menu.(Fig 12).
Or
Press CTRL + Z.
Undo Redo button
button

Fig 11 Undo button on Standard bar

218
Fig 12 Undo option of Edit menu

The redo command is activated only after you have undone an action.
To redo an action that you undid, you can do one of the following:

Click the Redo button on the Standard bar.

Or
Click the Edit button and then click Redo in the drop-down menu.
Or
Press CTRL + Y.

Copying Cell Contents

To copy cell contents in Calc, the steps are:

1. Select the cell(s) that contain(s) the data you want to copy.
2. Select Copy option from the Edit menu. (Fig 13)
Or
Click the Copy button on the Standard bar. (Fig 14)
Or
Press CTRL + C to copy the data.
3. Click on the cell(s) where you want to paste the data.
4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

219
Fig 13 Copy option of Edit menu

Cut Copy paste

Fig 14 Standard bar

Moving Cell Contents

To move cell contents from one cell to another in Calc, the steps are:
1. Select the cell that contains the data you want to cut.
2. Select Cut option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Cut button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + X to cut the data.
3. Click on the cell where you want to paste the data.

220
4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

Inserting Cells
To insert cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to insert a block of cells.
2. Select Cells option from the Insert menu.(Fig 15)
3. The Insert Cells dialog box appears (Fig. 16).
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

Fig 15 Cells option of Insert menu

221
Fig. 16 Insert Cells dialog box

Deleting Cells
To delete cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to delete a block of cells.
2. Select Delete Cells option from the Edit menu. (Fig 17)
3. The Delete Cells dialog box appears (Fig. 18).
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

222
Fig 17 Delete Cells option of Edit menu

Fig. 18 Delete Cells dialog box

Inserting Rows

223
The steps to insert rows are:
1. Select the row where you want to insert a new row.
2. Select Rows option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the row header and select Insert Rows in the shortcut menu.(Fig 19)

A new row is inserted above the selected/highlighted row. Cells in the new row are formatted
similar to the corresponding cells in the row before which the new row is inserted.
Multiple rows can be inserted at once by selecting multiple rows using the
CTRL key or by dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button.

Fig 19 Insert Rows option in Shortcut

Inserting Columns
To insert columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column where you want to insert a new column.
2. Select Columns option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the column header and select Insert Columns in the shortcut
menu. (Fig 20)
When you insert a new column, it is inserted to the left of the selected/highlighted column.
Cells in the new column are formatted similar to the corresponding cells in the column to the
left of which the new column or row is inserted.
Multiple columns can be inserted at once by selecting multiple columns using the
CTRL key or by dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button.

224
Fig 20 Insert Columns option

Deleting Rows

To delete rows, the steps are:

1. Select the row to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected column header.
3. Select Delete Rows option in the shortcut menu. (Fig 19)
To delete multiple rows, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while
holding the left mouse button.

Deleting Columns
To delete columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected column header.
3. Select Delete Columns in the shortcut menu.
To delete multiple columns, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while
holding the left mouse button.

Instead of deleting a row or column, you may want to delete the contents of the cells but keep
the empty row or column. This can be done in the following manner:
1. Select the cell(s), the contents of which you want to delete.
2. Press the DELETE key.
Or
Select Delete Contents option of Edit menu.
3. The Delete Contents dialog box appears (Fig. 21).

225
3. Check the boxes of the kind of data you want to delete (e.g., checking Formats will remove
the formatting changes such as bold, italics, font colors, and borders).
4. Click OK.

Fig. 21 Delete Contents dialog box

Changing Row Height You can change the row height in a Calc worksheet in any of the
following ways:

• Drag the divider below the row (Fig 22).

• To fit the row height to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• Select Format  Row  Height (Fig 23). The Row Height dialog box appears (Fig. 24). Enter
the value for row height in the Height spinbox.

226
Fig 22 Changing row height

Fig 23 Format menu

Fig. 24 Row Height dialog box

227
Changing Column Width
You can change the column width in a Calc worksheet in any of the following ways:
• Drag the divider to the right of the column header (Fig 25).

2• To fit the column width to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• To change the column width, select Format Column  Width. (Fig 26) The Column Width
dialog box appears (Fig. 27). Enter the value for column width in the Width spinbox.

Fig 25 Changing column width

Fig 26 Format menu

228
 Fig. 27 Column width dialog box

Selecting the Default value checkbox automatically adjusts the row height or column width
based on the current font.

FORMATTING DATA
The options for formatting data/text are available on the Formatting bar (Fig 28). The use of
each of the options is explained below the figure.

Italic

Bold Underline
Text
Font size color
Font

Fig. 28 Formatting bar

Font formatting options can also be accessed by selecting Format  Cells. The Format Cells
dialog box appears.(Fig 29) It has seven tabs with various options for font formatting.
a. Click the Numbers tab (Fig 29). You can select the desired Number format.

229
Fig 29 Format Cells dialog box

b. Click the Font tab (Fig 30). You can select font, font size, etc. from this tab.

230
Fig 30 Font tab

c. Click Font Effects tab (Fig 31).

231
Fig 31 Font Effects tab

d. Click Alignment tab (Fig 32).

Fig 32 Alignment tab

e. Click Borders tab (Fig 33).

232
Fig 33 Borders tab

f. Click Background tab (Fig 34).

Fig 34 Background tab

233
Using Autofill

The AutoFill feature of Calc allows you to fill a range of cells with a series of data without typing
all of it.
The predefined series that can be filled in Calc using AutoFill are:
 months of the year
 days of the week.

To use AutoFill for a series the steps are:

1. Select the cell, say A1, which has the data, say, Monday (Fig. 35).
You want to fill the rest of the days of the week in the column.
2. Move the mouse pointer to the small black square at the lower-right corner of
the cell. This square is called the fill handle.
[Link] you point to the fill handle, the mouse pointer changes to a cross shape.
4. Drag to enclose the area you want to fill (Fig. 36).
4. Release the mouse button. The cells enclosed will be filled with days of the week (Fig. 37).

Fig 35 Selecting cell

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Fig 36 Dragging to fill the list

Fig 37 Filled series

You can also fill a cell range with a series of numbers. The steps are:
1. Type the first two values of the series in two adjacent cells. (Fig 38)
2. Select the two cells. Click the fill handle in the lower-right corner of
the selected cells.
3. Drag it to enclose the area you want to fill (Fig. 39).
4. Release the mouse button (Fig. 40). AutoFill uses the difference between the first two
numbers and keeps adding it to the last number. So the range gets filled automatically.

Fig 38 Selecting cells

235
Fig 39 Dragging the autofill handle

Fig 40 Filled list

Lets Try It

1. Create the following series in Calc

236
2. Create the following Worksheet and perform the following commands:

a. Merge the cells of the first row

b. Change the row height
c. Change the column width
d. Choose suitable alignment for the text and numbers
e. Apply border to the cells .
f. Apply background color to the cells of first row.
g. Choose suitable font, size and color for the content in the worksheet.
h. Insert a column before ‘Price’ and enter the company name for the products.

237
Worksheet

1. Mention two ways in which you can select the entire worksheet.
________________________
________________________
2. How will you refer to the range of cells from A1 to B5?
__________________________
3. What is the address of the cell formed by the intersection of column 4 and row 7?
__________________________
4. Name the cell after cell z?
________________________
5. Name the menu that has option to save a file.
______________________
6. How can you select multiple ranges of cells simultaneously?
_____________________________
_______________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
7. Write keyboard shortcut for Undo and Redo commands.
___________________________
___________________________
8. Which feature of Calc will help you to create a series of week days and multiples of five?
________________________
9. How can you quickly change the row height?
____________________________________
__________________________________
10. By default how many worksheets are there in a Calc workbook?
_______________________

Formula in a Worksheet
Formulae are used to calculate results through arithmetic operations. A formula in Calc always
starts with an equal to (=) sign.

The data in a formula consists of one or a combination of the following:

Value Numeric (e.g., 45) or string (e.g., “Smiling”)

Cell Address B4, A2:C6
Function SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, etc.
Operator +, -, *, /, >, =, etc.
Parenthesis To control the left to right order of precedence in a formula (e.g., = (B2*B3)*2)
A formula is a sequence of values, cell references, functions, and/or operators that is contained
in a cell which produces new values from existing values.
To enter a formula:
1. Select a cell and enter the formula directly in the cell or in the Formula bar.

238
 2. Press ENTER key.
3. The cell will show the result of the formula and not the formula itself. You can see the
formula in the Formula bar when the cell is selected. (Fig 41)

Formula in Formula bar

Selected
cell

Fig 41 Formula in Formula bar

TEXT FORMULAE
A text string or a text value is a sequence of characters. You can join two strings together. This
is called concatenation. We use the ampersand (&) character to concatenate strings.
For example, if you type = “Keep” & “ “ & “Smiling” in a cell and press ENTER, you will see the
result as Keep Smiling.

You cannot do operations such as subtraction, multiplication, and division on strings.

NUMERIC FORMULAE
In numeric formulae, you have to make use of operators. The results are calculated based on
the order of precedence of the operators.

Mathematical Operators Used in Formulae

The mathematical operators used in Calc and their order of evaluation in formulae is given
below:

239
Operation Operator Order of evaluation Formula Result
Exponent ^ 1 =2^3 8
Multiplication * 2 =3*5 15
Division / 2 = 9/ 3 3
Addition + 3 = 12 + 15 27
Subtraction - 3 = 18 - 15 3

Order of evaluation
1. Any operation contained within brackets will be carried out first
2. Then any exponent.
3. Then follow division and multiplication operations. Multiplication and division are given
equal importance. They are carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left
to right. Whichever appears first in the formula is carried out first.
4. After that, addition and subtraction operations are given equal importance. They are
also carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left to right.
Following are some examples of how Calc evaluates formulae.
Formula Output
= (3 + 7) * 2 20
=4*3+5 17
=3+3^2 12
=5+3*4–2 15
= 6 + 14/2 * 3 - 4 23

ERROR RESULTS
Sometimes a formula displays an error result rather than a proper value. This happens when
the formula or data has a problem and Calc cannot evaluate it.

Some common errors are shown below:

Error Reason
##### The column is not wide enough to display the value.
#DIV/0! The formula contains an invalid operation, i.e., division by zero.
#VALUE! The formula has invalid argument, e.g., text in a cell where numeric value
is required.

Cell and Range References

A cell reference identifies a cell or a range of cells. Each cell in the worksheet has a unique
address formed by the combination of its intersecting row and column. When a cell address is
referred to in a formula, it is called cell referencing.
Consider the following examples:

Cell or a Range of Cells Reference

The cell in column B and row 4 B4

240
All cells in row 5 5:5
All cells in rows 5 through 9 5:9
All cells in column B B:B
The range of cells in column F and rows 1 through 7 F1:F7
The range of cells in row 5 and columns C through E C5:E5
All cells in columns C through G C:G
The range of cells in columns B through G and rows 4 through 8 B4:G8

ENTERING A FORMULA
All formulae in OpenOffice Calc begin with an equal to (=) sign. A formula can contain number,
text, arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), or functions. The order of precedence is already discussed.

Consider the following worksheet.

Fig 42 Worksheet

To find the total marks:

1. Select cell D3.
2. Type the formula =B3+C3.
3. To copy this formula in other cells:
a. Select cell D3.
b. Click the AutoFill handle and drag till cell D6. (Fig 43)

241
Fig 43 Copying formula

c. The formula copied in cell D4 will be =B4+C4.

d. The formula copied in cell D5 will be =B5+C5.
e. The formula copied in cell D6 will be =B6+C6.

SUM
You have already learnt how to find total using the formula. You can also obtain the sum of the
values in a range of cells by:
• Clicking the Sum button on the Formula bar (Fig 44)
• Using the SUM() function

SUM button

Fig 44 Formula bar

Let us consider an example.

1. Consider the worksheet shown in Figure 45.

242
Fig 45 Creating a worksheet

2. Select the cell D2.

3. Click the Sum button on the Formula bar. Notice it will select the range A2:C2. (Fig 46).

Fig 46

4. Select the correct range B2:D2 or type the correct range (Fig 47).

243
Fig 47

5. Press ENTER (Fig. 48) to perform the operation. The sum of the range B2:C2 will appear
in cell D2.

Fig 48
4. Select cell D2 and using the AutoFill handle, drag the formula through D7. The respective
sums will appear in the respective cells.(Fig 49)

244
Fig 49

FUNCTIONS

Functions are predefined formulae that perform calculations using specific values called
arguments.

The format of writing any function in Calc is:

=function_name(Argument1;Argument2; Argument3;…..)

Arguments These are the values passed to a function so that the function carries out the
intended calculation or manipulation to give results. Arguments can be constants, formulae, or
function.

SUM function
SUM function is used to find total of numbers in a range of cells.
For example:

Formula Result
=SUM(5;6;12) 23
=SUM(A1;B1;C1) where A1, B1 49
and C1 contain the values 12, 23
and 14 respectively

AVERAGE Function
Average function is used to find the average of numbers in a range of cell.

245
For example:
Formula Result
=AVERAGE(3;6;9) 6
=AVERAGE(A1;B1;C1) 5
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

COUNT Function
The COUNT function is used to count the number of numeric values in a range of cells.
For example:

Formula Result
=COUNT(5;8;14;19) 4
=COUNT(A1:A10)

MAX Function
The MAX function is used to find the maximum of numbers in a given range of cells.
For example,

Formula Result

=MAX(74;102;134) 134
=MAX(A1;B1;C1)
Or
=MAX (A1:C1) 6
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

MIN Function
The MIN function is used to find the minimum of values in the given range of cells.
For example;
Formula Result

=MIN(74;102;134) 74
=MIN(A1;B1;C1)
Or
=MIN (A1:C1) 4
where A1, B1 and C1 contain the
values 4, 5 and 6 respectively

PRINTING A WORKSHEET

246
Select File  Page Preview (Fig 50) to view a worksheet so as to get an idea of how it will look
when printed.

or

Click the Page Preview button on the Standard bar (Fig 51).

Fig 50

Page Preview

Fig 51

247
To print a worksheet, the steps are:
1. Click File  Print.
2. The Print dialog box will appear (Fig. 52).
3. Select the printer, the range to be printed, and the number of copies.
4. Click the Print button.

To quickly print without getting the Print dialog box, click the Print button on the Standard bar.
(Fig 51)

Fig. 52 Print dialog box

Lets Try it

1. Create the following worksheet and calculate total and percentage for each student.

2. Create the following worksheet. Calculate area and perimeter of square.

248
3. Create the following worksheet. Calculate area and perimeter of rectangle.

4. Create the following worksheet and perform calculations using functions in Calc.

249
Worksheet

1. How will you refer to a cell in column B and row 3?

2. How will you refer to range of cells in row 5?
3. How will you refer to range of cells in column D through F and rows 3 through 8?
4. Write mathematical operator for the following operation:
a. Multiplication
b. Division
5. If formula in cell C3 is =A3+B3, what formula will be copied in cell D3?
6. How will you write a function to find average of numbers 5, 12, and 17?
7. Name the function used to find total of numbers in the range of cells A1 to A10.
8. Name the menu used to print the document.
9. What error will you get if the column is not wide enough to display the value?
10. What happens if you write the formula =45/0 in cell A1?

Session 3

SORTING DATA
Once you have entered data and applied relevant formulas in a worksheet, you can change the
order in which the data is present in the cells. This is called sorting of data.

Sorting on numerical and textual values is a one of the main features of any spreadsheet
software. In Calc, sorting can be done in the following manner.

Sorting on One Column

1. Enter data in a worksheet (Fig. 53).
2. Select any cell, say C1.
3. Click the Data option from the Sort menu (Fig. 54)

250
Fig. 53 Data in worksheet

Fig. 54 Sort option in the Data menu

3. The Sort dialog box appears (Fig. 55). Notice that column Marks appears
under Sort by section.
4. Select the Descending option under Sort by and click OK.
5. The data in column Marks is sorted in descending order.(Fig 56)

251
Fig 55 Sort dialog box

Fig 56 Data arranges in descending order of Marks

You can also sort the data on one column is by using the sorting icons on the Standard bar.
On the Standard bar, click(Fig 57)
• The Sort Ascending button to sort the data in ascending order.
• The Sort Descending button to sort the data in descending order.
Sort
Sort Descending
Ascending

252
Fig 57 Sort buttons on Standard bar

Sorting on Multiple Columns

You can sort the data on multiple columns.
1. Consider the following worksheet. (Fig 58)

Fig 58 Worksheet

2. Select cell, say C1.

3. Select Sort option from Data menu.
4. The Sort dialog box appears.
5. The Sort Criteria tab on the Sort dialog box has options to sort the data on multiple
columns.
6. Select the options as shown in Figure 59.
7. The data is sorted in descending order of column Total Sale, and where total sale is
same, sorting is done in ascending order of column Salesman Name. (Fig 60)

253
Fig. 59 Multiple columns selected in the Sort dialog box

Fig 60 Data sorted on multiple columns

FILTERING DATA

254
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with selected data based on the criteria you
specify. The filter feature selectively blocks out the data you do not want to see and displays
only the rows or columns that meet the conditions or criteria you specify. Sorting rearranges
the range of cells but filtering only
hides temporarily the rows/columns you do not want.

Different ways in which filtering can be done in Clac are:

 AutoFilter
 Standard Filter

AutoFilter
To apply AutoFilter in a worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select cell, say, A1.
2. Select Data  Filter  AutoFilter (Fig. 61).
3. A drop-down menu arrows appear in each column heading (Fig 62).

Fig. 61 AutoFilter option in the Data menu

255
Fig. 62 Drop-down menu arrows in column Headings

4. Click the drop-down menu arrow for Total Sales and select an item (Fig 63).
5. Only those rows whose contents meet the filter criteria are displayed. (Fig 64)
a. To display all the records again, select the All option in the filter drop-down
menu.
b. Select Top 10 to display the highest 10 values.

256
Fig. 63 Drop-down menu for Total

Standard Filter
To apply standard filter in your worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select Data  Filter  Standard Filter. (Fig. 61).
2. The Standard Filter dialog box appears (Fig. 64).
a. You can use the dialog box to connect multiple conditions with either a logical AND or
a logical OR operator.
3. Select the options in the Standard Filter dialog box (Fig. 64). The records with Total Sales
greater than 4000 will be displayed (Fig. 65).

257
Fig. 64 Standard Filter dialog box

Fig. 65 Rows after applying Standard Filter

To remove the filter,

1. Select Data  Filter Remove Filter (Fig. 66).

To hide the filter,

1. Select Data  Filter  Hide AutoFilter.

To remove the filter from column headings,

1. Select Data  Filter  AutoFilter.

258
Fig. 66 Remove Filter option

Conditional Formatting
Conditional formatting is a feature in Clac that allows you to set a cell’s format according to the
conditions that you specify.
For example, using conditional formatting, you can display numbers in a particular color,
depending on whether they are greater than, equal to, or less than a certain value.

The steps are:

1. Consider the worksheet given in Fig. 67.

2. Select cells. In this worksheet C3 to G7.
3. Select Format  Conditional Formatting (Fig. 68).
4. The Conditional Formatting dialog box appears (Fig. 69).
5. To select the formatting for cell value greater than or equal to 60 :
a. Select New Style button of Condition 1.

259
Fig 67 Worksheet

Fig 68 Conditional Formatting option of Format menu

260
Fig 69 Conditional Formatting dialog box

6. The Cell Style dialog box appears (Fig. 70). Select the Font tab and click Bold Italic under
Typeface.

261
 Fig 70 Font tab of Cell Style dialog box
7. Select the Font Effects tab and change the font color (Fig 71).
8. Select the Background tab and click Black. (Fig 72)
9. Click OK.

Fig. 71 Font Effects tab of Cell Style dialog box.

262
Fig 72 background tab of Cell Style dialog box

7. Click OK. The Conditional Formatting dialog box appears. Click OK. The worksheet will appear
as in Figure 73.

Fig. 73 Conditional formatting applied

Lets Try It

1. Create the following worksheet and perform the following operations:

a. Sort the table in ascending order of height.

b. Filter the data to view only those rows where height is more than 8500 m.

2. Create the following worksheet and perform the following operations

263
a. Filter the records according to the following condition:
i. Numbers greater than 60 should in bold, size 14 and green color.
b. Add another column at the end with heading ‘Total marks’
c. Calculate total marks for each student.
d. Now, arrange the data in descending order of Total marks.

264
Session 1
Introduction to Presentation Software

A presentation is a systematic display of information. It consists of a number of slides

containing text, graphics, movies, sound, and graphs. Slides of a presentation are displayed one
by one on the screen.

Some common terms used in a Presentation software are:

Slides are the individual pages of a presentation. Each slide may contain text, graphics, movies,
and sound.

Handouts are very small images of slides printed together on a sheet of paper, which can be
given to the viewers for reference.

Speaker notes are notes added to the slides as a reference for the presenter. They are not
visible to the audience during a presentation.

There are differernt sofwares like MS Powerpoint , OpenOffice Impress that can be used to
create a presentation.
You will learn how to create a simple presentation in OpenOffice Impress.
OpenOffice Impress is a part of the [Link] suite. It is used for creating effective
multimedia presentations.

STARTING OPENOFFICE IMPRESS

To start OpenOffice Impress,

1. click Start All Programs  [Link] 4.1.5  [Link] Impress.

2. The Presentation Wizard dialog box appears (Fig 1). Select the desired option from the
following:
a. Empty presentation - Choosing this option starts a new blank presentation.
b. From template – You can choose this option to create a
presentation using a predesigned template.
c. Open existing presentation- You can choose this option to open an already
saved presentation that you can work on.
3. Select Empty Presentation.
4. Click Create.

265
Fig 1 Presentation Wizard dialog box
5. The Impress window screen appears with a blank presentation named Untitled 1 by default
(Fig. 2).

Components of OpenOffice Impress Window

The various components of the Impress window are shown in Figure 2.

266
 Formatting
Title bar Menu Standard bar bar
bar

Slide pane
Task
pane

Workspace

Status
Drawing bar
bar

Fig. 2 [Link] Impress window

Title bar It is located at the top and displays the name of the application and
the name of the current document

Menu bar It is located below the Title bar and contains different menu options.

Standard bar It contains icons for the most commonly used commands.
Formatting bar It contains the buttons for the commonly used formatting commands.
Slide pane It is located at the extreme left and shows the thumbnail view of various slides in a
presentation.
Drawing bar It contains the buttons for the most commonly used drawing tools.
Workspace It is the main work area to create or modify individual slides
Task pane It is positioned to the right. It contains features such as slide layout
and slide transition to format the slides.

Status bar It is positioned at the bottom and displays information such as slide number and
zoom level.

267
ADDING SLIDES TO A PRESENTATION
Inserting a New Slide
You can insert a new slide in [Link] Impress presentation in any one of the following
ways:
• Select Slide option from the Insert menu.(Fig 3)

• Right-click on a slide in the Slide pane and select New Slide in the shortcut menu. (Fig 4)

• Click on the Slide icon on the Standard bar. (Fig 5)

Fig 3 Slide option of Insert menu

268
 Slide icon

Fig 4 Shortcut menu

Fig 5 Slide icon on Standard bar

Deleting a Slide
To delete a slide:
1. Select the slide in the Slide pane.
2. Press Delete key.
Changing the Slide Layout
To change the slide layout in Impress, the steps are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Click the Slide Layout icon on the Standard bar. (Fig 6)
3. Different slide layouts are displayed. Click on a suitable layout.

269
Fig 6 Selecting Slide Layout

Entering text in a slide

You can enter text in a text box in a slide.

If you have selected a blank slide, you can insert a text box at the desired position.

Inserting a Text Box

You can insert a Text box using Text button on the Drawing bar. If the Drawing bar is not visible,
select View Toolbars Drawing to make it visible.

The steps to insert a text box in a slide are:

1. Click the Text button on the Drawing bar.

270
 2. The mouse pointer changes to + the sign.
3. Place the mouse pointer on the slide where you want to add the text box.
4. Click and drag on the slide to draw a text box. (Fig 7 )

Text
box

Text
button

Fig 7 Drawing a Text box

Editing and Formatting Text

Like OpenOffice Writer, OpenOffice Impress includes all the basic editing features
—copy, move, insert, delete, spell-check, etc. You can also format the text, i.e. change the font,
style, size, font color, etc.

You can use the formatting options in the Formatting bar to change the font, size and color of
the text (fig 8)

Italic
Bold
Font color
Font size
Font Fig 8 Formatting bar
Applying a Slide Design Underline
The steps to apply a slide design are:
1. Select Slide Design option from the Format menu (Fig 9).
Or

271
Click the Slide Design button on the Standard bar. (Fig 10)
Or
Right-click on any slide in the Slide pane and select Slide Design in the shortcut menu. (Fig 11)

Fig 9 Slide Design option from the Format menu

Slide Design

Fig 10 Slide design button on the Standard bar

272
Fig 11 Shortcut menu

2. The Slide Design dialog box appears (Fig. 12).

273
Fig. 12 Slide Design dialog box

3. Click the Load button. The Load Slide Design dialog box appears (Fig 13)

Fig. 13 Load Slide Design dialog box

4. Select Presentation Backgrounds in the Categories section. Select the desired template
from the list. You can also click More to get the Preview box. Select the Preview
checkbox (Fig. 14).

274
Fig 14 Preview option in the Load Slide Design dialog box

4. Click OK. The Slide Design dialog box reappears.

5. Click OK.

Changing Background Style

The steps to change the slide background in [Link]
Impress, are:
1. Select Page option from the Format menu. (Fig 15)
2. The Page Setup dialog box appears.
3. Click the Background tab.
3. Click the Fill drop-down menu arrow and choose the desired fill effect (Fig. F8-16).

275
Fig 15 Page option of Format menu

Fig. 16 Background tab of Page Setup dialog box

276
4. A message box appears (Fig. 17). Click Yes if you want
to use the selected background style for all the slides. Click
No if you want to set it only for the current slide.

Fig. 17 Page Settings message box

SAVING A PRESENTAT ION

The steps to save a presentation are as follows:
1. Select Save option from the File menu.
Or
Click the Save button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press Ctrl + Shift + S.
2. The Save As dialog box appears. (Fig 18)Select the drive and the folder where you want to
save the presentation.
3. Give a name to the file in the File name text box.
4. Click Save. Your presentation will be saved with a .odp extension.

277
Fig 18 Save As dialog box

CLOSING A PRESENTATION
A presentation can be closed in any one of the following ways:
• Select Close option from the File menu.
• Click the Close Document button on the right side of the Menu bar.

EXITING IMPRESS
To exit [Link] Impress, the steps are:
• Select Exit option from File menu.
Or
• Click the Close button at the top-right corner of the Title bar.

OPENING A PRESENTATION
To open an already saved presentation the steps are:
1. Select Open option from the File menu.
Or
Click the Open button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press Ctrl + O.
2. The Open dialog box appears.(Fig 19) Select the file and click Open.

278
Fig 19 Open dialog box
Lets Try It

1. Create a new blank presentation.

a. Add 4-5 slides on the topic Pollution’.
b. Change the slide design.
c. Select desired font, size, and color for the text and the heading.
d. Save the presentation.

Worksheet
1. Name any two softwares used for creating presentation.
______________________
______________________
2. What do you mean by a slide?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Name the bar present at the top of the Impress window.
_____________________________
4. How can you delete a slide?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5. Write keyboard shortcut to save a presentation.
_____________________________

Session 2

VIEWING AND ORGANIZING SLIDES

A presentation in OpenOffice Impress can be viewed in following ways:

Normal View
The Normal view is the default view that is used to create and edit slides. This view has three
panes:
 Slide pane,
 Task pane, and
 the Workspace showing the current slide.

279
 To open the Normal view (Fig. 20):
• Select Normal option from the View menu.
Or
• Click the Normal tab above the workspace.

Normal tab

Workspace

Slide
pane

Fig. 20 Normal view

Outline View
The Outline view shows the Slide pane and textual content of all the slides in a presentation.
The steps to open the Outline view are: (Fig. 21):
• Select Outline option from View menu.
Or

280
• Click the Outline tab above the workspace.

Fig. 21 Outline view

Notes View
The Notes view is used to add notes to a slide. These notes are not visible to the audience
during the slide show.
To enter notes in a slide (Fig. 22), follow these steps:
1. Select Notes Page option from View menu.
Or
Click the Notes tab above the workspace.
2. Select a slide from the Slide pane.
3. Click and type the notes in the space provided.

281
Fig. 22 Notes view

Handout View
In the Handout view, you can adjust the number of slides to be printed on each page.
To open the Handout view (Fig. 23):
• Select Handout Page option from the View menu.
Or
• Click the Handout tab above the workspace.

282
Fig. 23 Handout view

Slide Sorter View

The Slide Sorter view displays miniature forms of all the slides in a presentation.
To open the Slide Sorter view (Fig. 24):
• Click the View button and then click Slide Sorter in the drop-down menu.
Or
• Click the Slide Sorter tab above the workspace.

In this view, you can easily delete a slide, change the order of the slides, insert a new slide.

283
Fig. 24 Slide Sorter view

Commands used in Normal and Slide Sorter views

Action Option
Select consecutive multiple slides Hold down the SHIFT key and select the
slides.
Select non-consecutive multiple slides Hold down the CTRL key and select the
slides.
Delete slide(s) Select slide(s) and press the DELETE key.
Move slide(s) Select the slide(s) and drag to the new
location.

INSERTING IMAGES

You can insert image in a slide using any one of the following ways:
 Gallery
 From File

Inserting Images Using Gallery

The steps to insert an image using the gallery are:
1. Select Gallery option from the Tools menu. (Fig 25)

284
Or
Click the Gallery icon on the Drawing bar. (Fig 26)

Fig 25 Gallery option of Tools menu

Gallery icon

Fig 26 Drawing bar

[Link] Gallery appears above the workspace (Fig. 27).

285
Fig 27 Gallery

3. Select the theme from the left section of the gallery area. The images of
that theme will get listed on the right side.

4. Click on the required image. Drag the image and drop it on the slide.
5. To close the Gallery, select Tools Gallery.
Inserting Pictures from File
The steps to insert a picture from a file are:
1. Select Insert  Picture  From File .
2. The Insert picture dialog box appears (Fig. 28).
2. Locate the picture you want to insert and click Open.

286
Fig. 28 Insert picture dialog box

Editing a Picture
When you select a picture, Picture toolbar appears (Fig. 29). You can use the tools of this
toolbar to edit the picture.

287
 Graphics Side
Formatting bar
bar

Fig. 29 Picture toolbar

USING FONTWORK GALLERY

In OpenOffice Impress, Fontwork Gallery is used to apply special effects to the text.
The steps to use the Fontwork Gallery are:
1. Click the Fontwork Gallery button on the Drawing bar. (Fig 30)
2. The Fontwork Gallery dialog box appears (Fig. 31).
3. Select a Fontwork style and click OK.
4. The selected Fontwork design will appear on the slide (Fig. 32).
5. Double-click the Fontwork design. The default text, i.e., Fontwork will appear in editing
mode (Fig. 33).

Fontwork Gallery

288
Fig 30 Drawing bar

Fig. 31 Fontwork Gallery dialog box

Fig. 32 Fontwork design on the slide

289
Fig. 33 Editing Fontwork text

6. Change the text and then click anywhere in the document. (Fig 34)
7. Using the Fontwork bar (Fig. 35), you can change the style of the text,
letter height, etc.

Fig 34 text on the Slide

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Fig. 35 Fontwork bar

INSERTING SHAPES
You can insert basic pre-defined shapes a slide. The steps to add the shapes are:

1. Click the arrow next to the Symbol Shapes option (Fig. 36) on the Drawing bar.
2. Select the desired shape.
3. Click and drag on the slide to draw the shape.
4. Similarly, you can use the options available on the Drawing bar to draw many other shapes,
arrows, callouts, etc. (Fig 37)

Fig 36 Symbols option on Drawing bar

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Fig 37 Shapes drawn on a slide

Editing Shapes
The inserted shapes can be edited using the Line and Filling bar. This bar appears when you
select a shape. The various options of the toolbar are shown in Figure 38.

Line color Fill Style Fill

Line width Colour
Line style

Fig. 38 Line and Filling bar

Lets Try It
1. Create a new presentation of 4-5 slides on the topic ‘Activities in My School’.

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 a. Use Fontwork gallery to write the headings.
b. Choose suitable font, size and color for the text.
c. Apply suitable background to the slides.
d. Insert suitable pictures in each slide.
2. Create a new blank presentation for children of Primary level to teach them about
different shapes.
a. Use FontWork to write the headings.
b. Choose suitable font, font style, size and color for the text.
c. Apply suitable background to the slides.
d. Insert different shapes from the Drawing bar.
e. Edit these shapes to change their fill and line styles and color.
f. View the presentation in the following views
i. Normal view
ii. Slide Sorter view
g. Change the order of slides in the Slide Sorter view.

Worksheet
1. How can you perform the following actions in Slide Sorter view?
a. Select consecutive multiple slides
b. Select non-consecutive multiple slides
c. Delete slides
2. Name the view used to see all the slides in a miniature form.
3. Name the bar that has option to insert basic shapes.
4. Name the two ways in which you can insert pictures in a slide.

Session 3
INSERTING SOUND OR MOVIES
You can add sound and video files in a presentation created in Impress. The steps are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select Movie and Sound option from the Insert menu. (Fig 39)
3. The Insert Movie and Sound dialog box will appear (Fig. 40).
4. Select the desired sound/movie file and click Open.

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Fig 39 Movie and Sound option of Insert menu

Fig. 40 Insert Movie and Sound dialog box

3. If you insert a sound file, the sound ( ) icon appears on the slide.
4. If you insert a movie file, the movie appears on the slide.

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SLIDE TRANSITION
The steps to apply transition effects to a slide are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select Slide Transition option from the Slide Show menu. (Fig 41)
Or
Click the Slide Transition tab in the Task pane.
3. The Slide Transition panel will appear in the Task pane (42).
4. The steps to apply transition are:
a. Select a slide transition effect
b. Select the speed of transition
c. Select sound
d. Select a method to move to the next slide.
e. Select Automatic Preview to see the preview of the current slide.
f. Click Apply to all slides to apply transition to all slides

Fig 41 Slide Show menu

Slide transition
tab

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Fig 42 Slide transition tab

CUSTOM ANIMATION EFFECTS

The steps to apply custom animation effects to an object are:
1. Select the slide.
2. Select the object to which you want to apply custom animation.
3. Select Custom Animation option from Slide Show menu (Fig 41).
4. The Custom Animation panel appears in the Task pane (Fig. 43).

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Fig. 43 Custom Animation panel

3. Click the Add button under Modify effect.

4. The Custom Animation dialog box appears with the Entrance tab selected (Fig. 44). Choose
the desired effect and adjust the speed.

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Fig 44 Custom Animation dialog box

The other tabs of this dialog box and their options are as follows:
Emphasis tab This tab allows you to highlight the object on the slide.
Exit The options under this tab allow you to select how the object will leave the slide.
Motion Paths This tab helps you to select the motion path that the object will follow on the
slide.
Misc Effects This tab has the commands to control a media file, i.e., an audio or
a video file. You can select options for starting, pausing, or stopping the video or
sound file.
5. Click OK.
6. Repeat the above steps for other objects on the slides.

Changing the Order of Animation

The steps to change the order of animations are as follows:
1. In the Custom Animation panel, select the animation whose order you want to change.

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2. Use the Change Order buttons to move the animation up or down.

Removing Animation Effects

The steps to remove an animation are as follows:
1. In the Custom Animation panel, click the animation effect you want to remove.
2. Click the Remove button

SLIDE SHOW
The Slide Show view is used to display a presentation slide-by-slide in full screen mode.

You can run a slide show in any one of the following ways:
• Press F5.
• Click the Slide Show button on the Standard bar.
• Click the View button and then click Slide Show in the drop-down menu.
• Click the Slide Show button and then click Slide Show in the drop-down menu.

During a slide show, you can move to the next slide in the following ways:
• Click the mouse button.
Or
• Press ENTER or the spacebar.

PRINTING A PRESENTATION
The steps to print a presentation are as follows:
1. Select Print option from the File menu (Fig 45).
2. The Print dialog box appears. (Fig 46)
a. Select a printer.
b. Select number of copies to be printed.
c. Select the slides to be printed.
d. Click the Print button.

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Fig 45 File menu

Fig. 46 Print dialog box

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Lets Try IT

1. Create a presentation of 7-8 slides on the topic ‘Natural Resources’

a. Choose suitable font, size and color for the text.
b. Write headings using FontWork.
c. Insert suitable pictures in each slide
d. Insert a video related to the topic in the last slide.
e. Apply custom animation to the objects on the slide.
f. Apply Slide transition to the slides.
g. Print the handouts of the slides.

Worksheet
1. Custom animation is applied to the _____________________.
2. Slide transition is applied to the _____________________
3. How can you insert an audio in a slide?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. Name the menu and the option used to print slides of a presentation.
________________________________________
5. Mention any two ways to run a slide show.
___________________________________

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 Self Management

11 Sessions (7 Theory and 4 Let’s Do It)

“Ekalavya, An Ideal For Modern Students, Learnt Archery Without Any External Help.
By Self-Effort And Faith In One’s Power, Longing For Knowledge And By Self-Reliance,
One Can Do Miracles..”
Swami Vivekananda

Self-motivation

Motivation is defined as the drive required to engage in goal-oriented behavior. Motivation is

inner urge to do something and self-motivation is ability to do what needs to be done without
the influence or thrust from other people or situations. Self-motivated individuals are asset to
the world, their country, their families and to themselves. Self-motivated individuals practice
righteousness, means what needs to be accomplished, shall be done. Self-motivated people
have elevated spirit and full of positivity. For them nothing is impossible. They are focused on
their goals and objectives and diligently achieve their aims.
Self-motivation is important because

 It increases individual’s energy and activity.

 It directs an individual towards specific goals.
 It results in initiation and persistence of specific activities, thus keeps him/her active.
 It affects cognitive processes and learning strategies used by individual for completing
similar tasks.

Finding and listing motives

Motivation is classified in different types by different authors such as motivation based on

physiological and psychological needs. Physiological motivation is based on the physical needs
to satisfy hunger or thirst. Physiological motivation directs the behavior towards satisfying

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specific bodily need. Psychological motivations can be guided by need for achievement and
need for affiliation. The need for achievement is a social form of motivation involving a
competitive drive to meet the standards of excellence. The need for affiliation involves the
need to seek and enjoy close and cooperative relationships with others and to adhere and be
loyal to a friend. Motivation is also classified as internal or external motivation. In case of
internal motivation, an individual demonstrates a desire to do his/her work without any
external reward. External motivation occurs when we feel driven by outside forces, performing
an activity either to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment. For example, a student who is
internally motivated will learn, complete assignments on his/her own, whereas a student who
is externally driven will be completing lessons to avoid punishment or to gain reward.
Motivation, basically answers “why”, the reason behind doing a task. A person, may be
internally or externally motivated as a person, in different situations or may be driven by
physiological and psychological needs. One should identify the motivation in every occasion to
handle oneself better.

Finding sources of motivation and inspiration

Following are the sources of motivation and inspiration.

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  Music :
Music is the language of the soul. A good inspiring piece touches everybody’s heart and
can help create miracles.
 Books :
Books are said to be best friends. They expand our horizon of thinking. They help us
visualize the unknown and unchartered territories beyond our capacities. Books about
heroic acts, inspiring lives and stimulating creativity help readers move beyond their
routine lives.
 Activities :
Engaging in positive and skill enhancing activities keeps our spirits high. Competitions,
games, simulations, interviews for various committee positions are found to encourage,
motivate and inspire students.
 Expansive thoughts:
Thinking and discussing big and positive ideas motivates us to reach to our highest
potential.
 Living in the present :
Being present where we are rather than where we are not bring in peace and calmness
in our life. A calm and peaceful mind can help us achieve wonders. This quality of being
aware and conscious of one’s self in present moment is also called mindfulness.
Mindfulness helps students to pay attention, reduce stress and helps promote thoughtful
approach towards life.
 Dreaming big :
Dreaming big is a journey not a destination. Dreaming big helps us to be mentally
prepared to take that big leap forward. Only when we aim high, we will be motivated to
work hard and achieve big things in life.

Personality types, traits and disorders

Meaning of personality
Personality is relatively enduring set of traits. These traits are made up of be emotional,
behavioral and mental set of characteristics. Heredity has been found to be determining
personality apart from environmental forces. Personality is shaped through family, culture,
society, education and other environmental factors.

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Influence of personality
Personality affects all aspects of an individual’s performance, even how he/she reacts to
situations in life. Individuals shall set clear goals for themselves and diligently pursue them.
Behavioral tendencies like anxiety, stress, perseverance and conscientiousness reflected in
personality traits can influence academic performance.

Basic personality traits

According to trait theory, combining a set of observable traits into a group forms an individual’s
personality. One popular personality classification is big five. The Big Five, are global traits
associated with work.

 Extraversion : Gregarious, assertive and sociable.(Opposite reserved, timid, quiet.)

 Agreeableness : Cooperative, warm and agreeable.(Opposite cold, disagreeable and
antagonistic)
 Conscientiousness : Hardworking, organized and dependable(lazy, disorganized and
unreliable)
 Emotional stability : Calm, self-confident and cool(insecure, anxious and depressed)
 Openness to experience : Creative, curious and cultured(narrow interests)

Common personality disorders

Following are the common personality disorders. If anyone is identified with these disorders,
counselling shall be provided by family members, teachers and counsellors.
Paranoid
Feeling extremely nervous and worried because you believe that other people do not like you
or are trying to harm you.
Antisocial
Is characterized by a pattern of persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
Schizoid
Is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and people tend to be distant,
detached and indifferent.
Borderline
Is marked by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image and behavior. These symptoms
result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships.

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Narcissistic
Is a condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for
excessive attention and admiration and lack of empathy for others.
Avoidant
Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition,
inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection.
Dependent
Dependent personality disorder is a condition marked by an overreliance on other people to
meet one's emotional and physical needs.
Obsessive
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a personality disorder that's characterized
by extreme perfectionism, order, and neatness.

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 Hands On Exercises to Understand the Concept Better

4 Sessions

Session A. Group Discussion on identifying needs and desire

Session B. Discussion on sources of motivation and inspiration

Session C. Demonstrate the knowledge of different personality types

Session D. Essay on reflection on the self-personality type

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 Entrepreneurial Skills

Introduction

All entrepreneurs are different but there are some characteristics and qualities that have been
observed to be common among successful entrepreneurs over the years. Along with the
qualities and traits, the motivation to choose the path of entrepreneurship as well as the
journey to success is also different for each entrepreneur. However, one thing that drives all
entrepreneurs is the sense of purpose behind their venture as well as willingness to take the
leap and implement their ideas. More than anything, most entrepreneurs follow a basic
process of entrepreneurship to kick start their ventures.

Entrepreneurial Competencies

Entrepreneurial behavior requires certain knowledge, skills or personality profile. Generally,

it is called entrepreneurial competence or traits. A competence may be defined as underlying
characteristics of a person which results in effective and/or superior performance in a job.
Entrepreneurial competencies play a key role in the success of an entrepreneur and in
achievement of entrepreneurial goals.

Common Entrepreneurial Competencies

In a study conducted by David C. McClelland, a reputed behavioural scientist, and

Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), certain competencies were identified
that were found in successful entrepreneurs who exhibited superior performance. These
competencies can be developed through training, experience and guidance in a budding
entrepreneur. Some of these competencies include:

1. Initiative: It is an inner urge in an individual to do or initiate something. It is the

entrepreneur who takes the first move towards setting up of an enterprise. Most innovative
entrepreneurs have this urge to do something different. An entrepreneur basically is an
innovator who carries out new combinations to initiate and accelerate the process of
economic development.

2. Seeking Opportunity: An entrepreneur is always on the look-out or searching for

opportunity and is ready to exploit it in the best interests of the enterprise.

3. Persistence: An entrepreneur is never disheartened by failures and keeps trying, adapting

and iterating to overcome obstacles that come in the way of achieving goals.

4. Information Seeking: A successful entrepreneur always keeps his/her eyes and ears open
and is receptive to new ideas which can help in realizing his goals. He/she is always open to
consult with experts and mentors to get the right guidance and advice.

5. Concern for High Quality: Successful entrepreneurs are seen to be not satisfied with
moderate or average performance. They set high quality standards for themselves and then
put in their best for achieving these standards. They believe in excellence, which is reflected
in everything they do.

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6. Commitment: Entrepreneurs exhibit high level of commitment towards their work and
decisions. For an entrepreneur to succeed, they have to stay committed to their venture and
their goal.

7. Concern for Efficiency: Many entrepreneurs are always keen to devise new methods
aimed at promoting efficiency. They try and create new methods that aim at making working
easier, simpler, better, and economical.

8. Systematic Planning: Successful entrepreneurs decide future course of action keeping in

mind the goals to be achieved. They believe in developing relevant and realistic plans and
ensure proper execution of the same in pursuit of running a successful enterprise.

9. Problem Solving: An entrepreneur takes each problem as a challenge and put in best for
finding out the most appropriate solution for the same. He/she will first of all understand the
problem and then evolve appropriate strategy dealing with the same.

10. Self-confidence: Entrepreneurs are not cowed down by difficulties as they believe in
their own abilities and strengths. They have full faith in their knowledge, skill and
competence and have the confidence to handle future uncertainties.

11. Assertiveness: An assertive person knows what to say, when to say, how to say and
whom to say. Entrepreneurs exhibit assertiveness in situations around decision making to
ensure that interests of the organization are aligned with decisions and actions of the
entrepreneur and its team.

12. Persuasiveness: Entrepreneurs have to persuade different cohorts of people at different

stages, such as employees, customers, clients, suppliers etc. Through sound opinions and
logical reasoning, an entrepreneur manages to convince others about what he/she wants.

13. Effective Strategist: A successful entrepreneur possesses the ability to formulate

relevant strategies, aimed at safeguarding or promoting the organization’s interests and goals.
Strategy may be with respect to facing future uncertainties or challenges posed by
competitors etc.

14. Effective Monitoring: Entrepreneurs monitor that everything is carried out in their
organizations as per their decisions but at the same time give some flexibility to the
employees. They ensure regular monitoring of the working so that the goals of the
organization are achieved in best possible manner.

15. Concern for Employees Welfare: Future of the organisation depends on its employees.
If the employees are dedicated, committed and loyal, the organisation is bound to perform
well. A successful entrepreneur tries to promote organisation’s interest through promotion of
interests of the workers. He/she takes personal interest in solving problems confronting
workers and generates the feeling that there is interdependence of the interest of workers and
the management.

Benefits of Entrepreneurial Competencies

 Taking actions to implement your ideas.

 Understanding the need or the problem your offering is fulfilling or solving.

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  Strategizing and planning the steps that need to be taken.
 Preparing an action plan and timeline.
 Networking with stakeholders.
 Interacting with customers.
 Gaining and analyzing insights.
 Looking for alternatives and adjusting plans according to analysis and feedback.
 Evaluating and calculating the risk involved.
 Building and motivating a team.
 Being patient and staying motivated to overcome and work around various obstacles.
 Showing the value that the business is creating for stakeholders and customers.
 Gaining the know-how of creating, building, launching, sustaining, managing and
growing a business.

Activity I

Self-reflect and check if you relate to the statements given below:

I like to give myself challenges when I take on a new project.

Where others see problems, I see possibilities.
I do not worry about what others will think before doing something important.
I am fairly curious and I am continually in search of discovery.
I want to build something that will be recognized publicly.
When I take on a project I have confidence that I will carry it out successfully.
I feel that am capable of seeing many solutions to a problem.
I always try to learn lessons from my failures.
I am not afraid to take on initiatives.
I manage my stress well in ambiguous and uncertain situations.

After some self-reflection, consider the competencies of entrepreneurs given above. Self-
evaluate yourself on these competencies by giving a rank number to each.

For example:

Self-confidence – 1
Commitment – 4
Problem Solving – 6

According to the above ranking, one thinks that self-confidence is their strongest
competency. Commitment comes at the 4th rank and problem solving at the 6th. Thus,
problem solving as a competency is weaker than commitment for the person in the example
given above.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity II

Let us look at the example of Byju Raveendran, who started the famous education platform,
Byju’s. He took some action steps that helped him develop these competencies and make
Byju’s a successful startup.

Example:

Byju’s learned English, Math and science on his own during his school years. Especially, he
learnt English by listening to commentaries. With this, he realized how for many students in
the Indian education system, learning is involved rote learning and then reproducing the
learnt information in the exams, with bare minimum application. With Byju’s, he
successfully tackled the root of the problem of learning.

Which competency did he develop?

Ans. Problem Solving

Please write the competencies, among the competencies given below, that you think match
with the action step taken by Byju Raveendran in the section below.

When Byju’s started, it was in the offline format. With classrooms with a large capacity,
interaction was limited and rather not really possible. Thus, Byju Raveendran started to think
of ways to solve this problem, by predicting what kind of doubts a student could have and
visualized and conceptualized the teaching material beforehand.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

In 2003, Byju’s helped a few friends study for the CAT exam, which is the common entrance
exam for Indian business and management schools. With his tutoring, his friends did well in
the exam, after which he wrote the exam and ended up scoring in the 100th percentile.
However, he returned to his job in the UK, but came back to India two years later, and helped
some more people with the CAT exam. By this stage, he got immense positive feedback and
had coached enough number of people who got good results. This made Raveendran realize
that he actually felt passionate about teaching. He quit his IT job in the UK, took to an
entrepreneurial path and stayed committed to it.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Teaching for entrance exams such as CAT, Raveendran realised that the problem was much
deep rooted. The insight he gained was that students were not learning basics and
fundamentals at the school level, and this led to Byju’s expand into subject-wise coaching for
classes 6th to 12th.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Raveendran started by conducting workshops on the weekend. Once he got to a stage when
one classroom wasn’t enough to accommodate students, he booked an auditorium with a
seating capacity of 1,200. From a classroom of 40, he was confident enough to the leap of
going 30x but did not worry about whether it would fill in. It was only by the sixth or seventh
week the auditorium was full.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Once Byju’s started targeting 6th to 12th standards, they had to reach out to students directly.
Not just by engaging children, but even by convincing parents that an app is suitable for real-
world coaching, Byju’s started to make some progress. Raveendran had to influence all
stakeholders of education such as students, parents, tutors, educators and schools to
communicate his vision and make them trust the product.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Interacting with some of the brightest students and taking feedback on Byju’s courses,
Raveendran realised that most of them, unfortunately, studied only because of the fear of
exams. They are taught to solve a problem but aren’t enabled to find a problem. He realised
that if his strategy of self-learning was adopted in early years at school, it could potentially
create a huge impact.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Byju believes that it is important to execute things in a business, keeping the pace faster than
slower. In the initial stages, there is a need of a strong idea and a team. Byju’s made a
dynamic and detailed business plan in the initial stages, in order to avoid making any huge
mistakes. At the same time, he was flexible to making quick or midway changes, throughout
the plan. However, he thinks it is best to try out multiple things and keep making changes,
but some clarity should be there about the core idea.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Raveendran started his education career as a teacher tutoring for CAT. The initial workshops
were free and students paid for advanced workshops once they liked it. From there, once his
classes started being recognized as “Byju’s classes”, he thought of turning it into a venture.
With great perseverance, he overcame challenges, especially in entering the school space. In
this highly regulated system, marketing to students was difficult, but he kept moving forward
taking one step at a time.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Initially, Raveendran didn't have any drive or passion to start a business, but when he started
teaching, he realised that it was his passion and it gave him a lot of satisfaction and
enjoyment. When his classes started creating an impact, he turned it into a business
proposition and launched Think and Learn, the parents company of Byju’s.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

As a teacher turned entrepreneur, Raveendran not only has to create and deliver good
courses, but also build and manage the team, strategize marketing campaigns, ensure quality,
get continuous funding and scale the company.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Entrepreneurial Competency - Taking Initiative

Every person has certain dreams and ambitions in their life. To achieve them, it is important
to try and work towards them. The beginning of trying something and working towards it is
basically taking initiative. Initiative is defined as the ability or opportunity to assess, act or
take charge on something. We can take the initiative to do something in different ways.

In the classroom, initiative can be taken by offering to assist the teacher in setting up the
blackboard or presentation, writing comments on the board, contributing and presenting a
new perspective to a class discussion etc. Initiative can also be taken outside the classroom,
by getting involved in extracurricular activities, trying out a new activity, doing a project
yourself etc.

When working in groups, initiative can be taken by taking on the challenging portion of a
project, or offering to take the lead on the project and delegating tasks to others, or ensuring
that certain timelines are followed for the project etc. Sometimes, part of taking
initiative can also include noticing emerging issues, either in the organization of the project,
or in the functioning of the team itself and attempting to remedy the situation; this also
demonstrates problem solving and adaptability.

Entrepreneurship involves the willingness to take risks, be innovative, lead, develop, organize
and manage a business venture. Entrepreneurship occurs when the initiative is taken towards
to a project to turn it into a business venture. Thus, a sense of initiative and entrepreneurship
refers to an individual's ability to turn ideas into action.

For someone to work towards building this competency, they have to start taking small
initiatives within their existing environments. For example, if you join a club or group and
have an idea for an activity, event or campaign, start it. If you have an idea but do not know
what to do with it, start talking and discussing with people. If you want to try a new hobby
outside your comfort zone such as playing an instrument, painting, dancing etc., go ahead and
try it. If you want to solve a problem in your community, find a way and do it.

Taking initiative helps in:

 Becoming aware of one’s own environment and community.

 Being able to identify and seize opportunities.

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  Building confidence to take action.
 Contributing to a social or commercial activity.
 Pushing oneself out of one’s comfort zone.
 Instigating development of other skills such as creativity, risk taking, critical thinking,
problem solving etc.

Activity III

Have you taken initiative towards anything? Consider the following statements to think about
it:

- Think about a time you went above and beyond what was expected of you.
- Think about a situation when you were creative. What did you do?
- Can you remember a situation when you took responsibility for something and had
negative consequences? What did you learn from it?
- Have you ever noticed and raised issues in a project/activity/discussion?
- Think about a time when you worked on a group project and made improvisations in it.

Write a situation when you took initiative. Mention what you liked/disliked about it. Share
your learnings (if any) from the experience.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Activity IV

Are there any activities/ideas/events/projects etc. that you want to try and have not got the
chance to?

In the space given below, make a list of things you want to take an initiative for, in the next 1
to 5 years.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Entrepreneurial Competency – Information Seeking

In today’s world, information is a crucial to understand situations and make decisions.

Information seeking involves searching for, looking at, and acquiring relevant information to
develop a comprehensive understanding of material to analyse information and generate a
result, idea or recommendation. It is an activity or process of trying to access or look for any
data and information that is required in order to make decisions.

For modern business enterprises, information is vital in gaining a sustainable, competitive

advantage. Effective business intelligence and decision making need an information system.
Information seeking refers to getting information in both human and technological contexts.
Once the information is accessed and acquired, it is analysed. Analysing
Information involves breaking down an idea into components to determine the key elements
and make assertions; examining data or information in detail to identify causes, key factors,
recommendations and possible results.

In entrepreneurship, information seeking comes at every step in the process of building a

business. Information is gathered from potential customers to assess if they would be willing
a buy a particular product or service. Information is sought from mentors and advisors to
understand how to move forward in progressing the business. Information is acquired from
suppliers about materials, supplies, quotations, timelines etc. Thus, information is obtained
from suppliers, customers, competitors and from any other relevant sources that enable the
entrepreneur to make decisions and improvise.

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For example, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, realized that he had to protect his
business from being swallowed by investors. He knew he had to have money to bankroll his
business. He sought advice of Peter Thiel and Peter also invested in his business. He also
sought the advice of former Netscape CFO Peter Currie about financing strategies for
Facebook. After the death of Steve Jobs, he accepted an interview said that Steve Jobs had
advised him on how to create a management team at Facebook that was "focused on building
as high quality and good things as you are". Thus, no matter how successful or how sharp an
entrepreneur is, he/she still needs to seek for information to improve their business.

Activity V

Read the situations below and write answers to the questions given below:

- Who should the entrepreneur seek information from?

- What information should the entrepreneur acquire?

Simaya has started a company which makes bags and wallets using fish leather. Fish leather
is made by using the waste material from the fishing industry. Simaya is trying to understand
who her customers are. She is not sure if she should start selling the products online or supply
to offline stores or do both. She does not know what will be the touch points where people
could buy the products she is planning to design. She wonders what preferences and choices
people would have.

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Dhruv has started a brand that customizes kid’s shoes. While he has made sales on some
online websites selling kids products, he is unable to make a sustainable profit. He is also
looking for ways to raise some capital to start selling from his own website and retail store.
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Janvi is thinking about starting a business that conducts training workshops for working
professionals. She plans to teach business-related topics and develop employability skills
through the workshops. However, Janvi does not know what kind of competition will be
there. She wonders if she will be able to get enough customers to beat the competition in such
a crowded space.
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Goal Setting

Goal setting refers to establishing short or long-term objectives, usually along with
incorporating deadlines and quantifiable measures to indicate if they have been achieved. For
a business, the ultimate goal is to make profit. For a social enterprise, the ultimate goal might
be to sustain itself and create the impact that it aims to. Entrepreneurs set various goals with
different timelines. Each action and decision is taken to achieve a certain goal.

Goal setting ensures clarity of vision and mission, alignment of goals across the organization
and making of purpose-driven objectives. It is important as it increases the probability of
achievement of goals and encourages quality performance. It allows employees to be more
proactive and structured.

In our everyday lives, we set different goals. Many students set goals about performing better
in examinations. Some people set a goal to manage their weight and stay fit. Some set goals
around learning a new activity or managing their existing resources etc. Similarly, in business
goals are set around specific tasks and projects. For example, in marketing, the goal of what a
campaign intends to achieve is laid out. In operations, some goals include managing costs
and increasing efficiency. In finance, the goal might be to using the capital resources in an
optimum manner for the right business activities.

SMART Goals

S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for the 5 steps of specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and
timely goals. It’s a simple tool used by businesses to go beyond the realm of fuzzy goal-
setting into an actionable plan for results.

Specific: Great goals are well-defined and focused. The moment one focuses on a goal, the
goal becomes a magnet, pulling resources towards it. The more focused one’s energies, the
more power one generates.

Measurable: A goal without a measurable outcome is like a sports competition without a

scoreboard or scorekeeper. Numbers are an essential part of business. Concrete numbers
should be put in the goals to know if one is on track.

Attainable: A goal must be achievable. Far too often, small businesses can set goals beyond
reach. No one has ever built a multi–crore business overnight. Venture capitalists and angel
investors discard countless business plans of companies with outlandish goals.

Realistic: Achievable business goals are based on the current conditions and realities of the
business climate. One may desire to have the best year in business or increase revenue by
50%, but if a recession is looming and three new competitors open in the market, then the
goals are not as per the realities of the market.

Timely: Business goals and objectives just don’t get done when there's no time frame tied to
the goal-setting process. Every plan or project must follow a timeline. Whether the business

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goal is to increase revenue by 20% or find 5 new clients, a time-frame or deadline to
accomplish the goal must be set.

SMART goals help bring clarity to a broad goal and most importantly, track the progress of a
specific task. This technique for goal setting can also be very useful when thinking about
one’s career and ambition. For example, if you set ‘I want to start a business’ as your goal, it
is very broad in nature. Let’s look at an example to make it SMART.

- Specific: To start a business, my idea is to make and sell handmade cards on [Link]
- Measurable: My target is to sell at least five cards in a week’s time.
- Attainable: I will follow a step by step process to run the business, starting with
setting up a store on Etsy, building an inventory of 30 cards and lastly promoting
through referrals, word-of-mouth, local networking and building customer
relationships.
- Realistic: I will be able to start a business and earn some money from my passion. I
will use my current savings.
- Timely: My timeline is to start selling on Etsy within four weeks, with my target
inventory ready in six weeks.

SMART Goal:

I am going to set up a store on [Link] that will sell handmade cards. Within four weeks, I
will be able to get some financial benefit from my hobby. My target is to sell at least five
cards per week, which should be achievable given that I will promote my business through
local networking, word of mouth, referrals and by building good customer relationships. My
inventory of 30 handmade cards has to be ready within six weeks, to help me achieve my
target.

Activity VI

Let us do small exercises to understand SMART goals better.

Specific:
Look at the examples below. Underline the goals that are specific.

Get in shape.
I will go to the recreational centre Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 6:00 a.m. and walk
around the track for 30 minutes.
Get good grades.
I will sit at the table every day at 3:30 p.m. and work on assignments given that day in school
until 4:30. Upon completion, I will place the assignments in the correct folder, take to school
and turn in before class starts.
Get rich.
I will save 25% of my paycheck every month and invest in mutual funds until I am 55 years
old.

Measurable:
The above examples give good indications. Write in the measurable outcomes from the
above examples of #2, #4, #6.

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#2. ______________________________________________________________
#4. ______________________________________________________________
#6. ______________________________________________________________

Attainable:
Which of these goals seem attainable?
Earn 10 times the money I make compared to this month.
Exercise daily for one hour.
Eat an apple a day.
Watch television for all night but wake up early every morning.
Live in Antarctica for a year, after I have lived in Mumbai all my life.

Realistic:
If I wanted to run a marathon and I haven’t done any training, which goal would better
represent my reality?

I will walk every day for 30 minutes for one week, jog for 30 minutes for two weeks, add five
minutes to my work out every week until I reach 60 minutes and continue training for three
months.
I will run the marathon on Saturday.

Timely:
Give yourself a deadline. When you have an end date, you will finish your goal. Look at the
above examples (all of them). Write the goals that have a time frame.
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Activity VII

Write an academic or personal goal below in the SMART manner:

S – My SPECIFIC Goal
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M – How will I MEASURE my progress?

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A – What ACTIONS must I take to accomplish this goal?

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R – Is my goal REALISTIC and attainable? ____ Yes ____ No

T – Is my goal TIMELY? When will this goal be accomplished?

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Decision Making

One of the most important traits of being an entrepreneur is being able to take decisions that
more often than not, decide the fate of the company. At the helm of the company,
entrepreneurs often have to take that one decision at the right time which can define the
future of their company. And then they also have to quickly act upon their decisions.

Some decisions are more influential on the overall business processes, but some of them are
small decisions without significant effect on the business as a whole.

Process of Decision Making

Recognize the problem or the gap: First things, first. Every decision-making process starts
with the problem or some discrepancy that exist between the desired and current state. There
is a desired state and an existing state. The difference between these two is the gap or
problem that one must solve through the decision-making process.

Analyze the problem: After one finds possible problems that require solutions, one can start
with the analysis of defined problems. At the end of this step, one will need to have a list of
possible problems sorted by their urgency for the solution.

Define and analyze possible solutions: One needs to start brainstorming all possible
solutions for a given problem. When one thinks about solutions, it is also important to think
about the causes of the problems. After thinking of all possible ideas and solutions, they must
be ranked and analysed to assess which one can serve as the best possible solution.

Select the best solution: The final result from the decision-making process is a selection of
the best possible solution to the problem. The solution that one will implement for the given
problem is basically the decision that one makes.

Implement the decision: One will need to implement the decision or solution and check the
results to see if the specific solution really could solve the identified problem or not.

Activity VIII

Decision Making…….. The Lunar Disaster

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 On April 11, 1970 astronauts James Lovell, John L. Swigert, and Fred W. Haise
blasted off from Cape Kennedy aboard Apollo 13. At 54 hours and 54 minutes into the
mission a large explosion crippled the spacecraft. Four days the attention of the world was
riveted on the disabled spacecraft. Because of quick thinking and the use of computers,
mission control was able to get the crippled spacecraft safely back to Earth.

In this activity, you are a member of the crew of a spaceship scheduled to rendezvous
with the mother ship, located on the lighted surface of the moon. Due to mechanical
difficulties, your ship is forced to land on the dark side of the moon, 200 miles (~ 322 km)
from the mother ship. During the emergency landing much of the equipment aboard was
damaged and since survival depends on reaching the mother ship, only the most critical items
must be chosen for the 200 mile trip. Below is a list of 15 items left undamaged by the crash.
Rank each of these items in order of importance from 1 the most important to 15 the least
important.

Here is some background information, which may be useful. There is no atmosphere

or water on the moon, and the moon has almost no magnetic field. A FM transmitter uses
straight-line communication and has a range of less than 100 miles on the Earth, so on the
moon the range would be considerably less. The gravity on the moon is 1/6th that of the
Earth. The items below are in no particular order.

My Ranking | (Individual Group ranking | (group score)

Item score)
| |
Box of matches
Food concentrate | |
Nylon rope, 50 feet | |
Parachute silk | |
Portable heater | |
Two 0.45 caliber pistols | |
Dehydrated pet milk, One case | |
Two 100-Pound oxygen tanks | |
Star Map-Moon Constellations | |
Life raft | |
Magnetic compass | |
5 gallons of water | |
Signal flares | |
First-aid kits, injection needles | |
Solar powered FM transmitter | |

After ranking each item 1-15, get together with another student and re-rank the items
remember 1 is the most important and 15 is the least important. With your partner(s)
AGREE on a ranking (Do not change your individual score) and place the number under

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group rank (each person in the group should have the same GROUP rank). After completing
both individual and group ranking your teacher will give you the actual ranking determined
by NASA.

To score subtract the difference between the number written with the actual number
given by your teacher. Place the difference in the column labeled score (Individual and
group)

After completing the scoring add up the numbers in each score column and place the total in
the spaces below.

Individual score _______________ Group score _________________

Reflect on the decision-making process you followed.

Discuss why the scores increased or decreased after working together.
Discuss ways of thinking critically in the future.

Note: The answer key of actual ranking/score is given at the end of the chapter.

Team Building

Team building is any action or method that brings a group of individuals together and
motivates them to work cooperatively as a team. It refers to the various activities undertaken
to motivate the team members and increase the overall performance of the team. Teams are
formed when individuals with a common interest come together on a common platform to
achieve a predefined target. The main goals of team-building are to improve productivity and
motivation.

The term “team building” has become a buzzword in recent years, and has many
connotations. In terms of corporate development, team-building exercises are important not
for the immediate experience of the activities performed by the team, but also for the group
skills, communication and bonding that result. Other team building exercises include
coaching, shared learning, group discussion sessions, goal setting and simply celebrating one
another’s successes.

Benefits of Team Building

 Boosts morale and leadership skills

 Clearly defines objectives and goals
 Improves processes and procedures
 Improves organisational productivity
 Enables better communication
 Diminishes misunderstandings and judgments
 Urges self-awareness of one’s own and team’s strengths and weaknesses
 Cultivates problem-solving skills
 Incites creativity and innovation
 Breaks barriers within the team

Factors Influencing Team Building

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An entrepreneur always looks for solutions. An entrepreneur always looks to forge ahead
with his plans and his people. The first few years of being an entrepreneur, typically, are very
frantic and hectic. That is where “Teams” come in. Teams are built to maximize the potential
of the human resource at hand. Teams are sometimes created out of a specific need. Teams
help to think of answers and provide the cheapest solutions available.

Some of the factors to consider when building teams are as follows:

Ambition: It is important that the team feels motivated to work towards the same ambition or
goal. In team building, people who share the same amount of passion about the company’s
mission and harness that energy to lead should be got on board. Without the burning desire
to make things happen, the rate of innovation can really suffer.

Experience: By building out a team, one naturally drives a higher level of specialization and
thus, needs to find people with experience and expertise within a particular domain. There is
something to be said for hiring a team that has done it before. In the early stages of a
business, the grittiness and get-it-done attitude is helps to reach milestones.

Alignment: The goals of the company must cascade down to the team and must be aligned
with what they have control over. When a business succeeds, it must be ensured that the team
also feels like they have succeeded. It is effective when everyone feels like they are having a
meaningful impact on the results of the business.

Trust: A team should trust the founder and other members. Lack of trust within a team
causes low reliance on one another for getting work done. It can also lead to blame game, low
productivity, office politics, overburdening etc.

Style of Working: In addition to adding people with different skills, people with varied work
styles and diverse backgrounds that complement the culture of the organization and rest of
the team should be considered to brought on board. Diversity in thought and experience
within a team tends to bring the best thinking and fastest pace of innovation, but can become
difficult to manage.

Communication Skills: For smooth functioning of a team, each member must be consistent
and clear in their communications. Clear communication helps everyone in the team to
understand what’s expected and how it’s measured. It must also be ensured that no member
offends the other.

Activity IX

For this activity, you have to work on the following problem:

How can the problem of waste generation be solved? This could include e-waste, plastic
waste, greenery/kitchen waste, hazardous waste etc.

Get into groups of 7.

Take a piece of paper.
Any one member has to start with writing an idea to solve the problem on the paper.
Then, pass the paper to the next person in the group.

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The next person has to build on the idea written by the first person and then pass it to the
third person. The third person will then build on the idea written by the second person and so
on.
This will continue once all people in the group have built on the idea of the previous person.
The final idea will then be discussed and refined by the group and shared with the class.

Adaptability

Adaptability refers to displaying the capability to adapt to new, different, or changing

requirements. It is the ability to think, draw conclusions, adapt to changes, and learn quickly.
Adaptability is the capacity to adjust one’s thoughts and behaviours in order to effectively
respond to uncertainty, new information, or changed circumstances. Adaptability
encompasses cognitive, behavioural, and emotional adjustments. As a disposition and skill,
adaptability is essential to an individual’s psychological health, social success, and academic
and workplace achievement. Individuals who are adaptable exhibit key behaviours like
thinking and acting effectively under pressure, and adjusting timelines, results, and
expectations appropriately when change is needed.

Adaptability can be practiced in different ways. In general, students are expected to adapt to
changes and learn new ideas relatively quickly for exams and real-world application. Self-
studying is also a way to practice adaptability to test yourself on how well you can learn new
concepts, draw conclusions, and generate your own examples. Adaptability can be exhibited
in classroom during projects, when their trajectory changes. Group projects force students to
adapt to different thinking and learning styles to effectively work together and build on each
other’s strengths. This also develops the skill of adaptability.

In business, adaptability becomes a survival skill as the nature of businesses is dynamic.

Uncertainty around globalization, new technologies, market trends, etc., poses a tremendous
challenge for applying the right business strategy. Everything changes with the speed of light
so it becomes very difficult for entrepreneurs to craft strong strategies. Before planning and
strategizing in the first place comes one essential management approach is adaptability.

Entrepreneurs are people who dedicate their lives to disrupt, pay the price and bring change
and it is impossible to accomplish this without developing the trait of adaptability and
persistence. Adaptability and persistence create amazing opportunities for entrepreneurs. All
entrepreneurs, have to think of ways to embrace adaptability in their business, in terms of
their business model, team, operations etc. This also creates the need for them to teach their
team members, their customers and even their inventors to get comfortable with constant
change.

Some ways to practice adaptability:

 Consider new ways of doing things

 Employ unique analyses and generate innovative ideas in complex areas
 Integrate seemingly unrelated information to develop creative solutions
 Develop innovative methods of obtaining resources when insufficient resources are
available
 Discard approaches that are no longer working
 Be willing to change as the internal and external environment evolves

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  Show tolerance learn to deal with ambiguous, unstructured situations
 Take effective action even without all the necessary facts in hand
 Change plans, goals, decisions, actions, or priorities to deal with unpredictable or
unexpected events, pressures and situations when necessary

Activity X

In this activity, we will make a story using other classmates’ inputs. To do this, please follow
the steps given below:

Get in groups of 10.

Any one person in the group has to start a story from “Once upon a time…..” and stop after
speaking for around 1 minute.
As the first person stops, the second person has to continue the story started by the first
person.
Similarly, after the second person speaks for 1 minute, the third person has to continue the
story from where the second person stopped and so on.
This goes on until the story is completed by the tenth person.

After doing this exercise, reflect on the following questions:

Did you find challenging to adapt to someone else’s story? Why?

What did you learn about yourself from this exercise?
One a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your skill of adaptability?

Barriers to Entrepreneurship

Recognizing a need and having an idea of how to fill the gap or need, are rarely a strong
enough basis for launching a new venture, particularly if the entrepreneur needs to borrow
capital. Most successful entrepreneurs also create a business plan, a formal document that
contains a statement of purpose, a description of the products or services to be offered a
market analysis, financial projections and some management procedures designed to attain
the firm’s goals. Before they can write a business plan, though, entrepreneurs must be aware
of the barriers to entry.

Unsupportive business environment: Lack of supportive and market-augmenting

governmental regulations serve as a barrier to entrepreneurship. For example, Russia leads all
other large nations in having an unsupportive business environment because they lack rule of
law, enforce regulations inconsistently, allow rampant corruption and bribing, allow
regulatory authorities and inspectors to act in a predatory nature which therefore requires
friendly ties with government officials and bureaucrats to smooth the way for businesses to
operate.

Employee related difficulties: Building an employee asset base for the enterprise is one of
the more daunting and sometimes overlooked tasks. Entrepreneurs must find and select the
best-qualified employees who are motivated and willing to grow with the venture. Then they
must ensure the employees do not leave. This task becomes a barrier when employee

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expectations increase, governmental regulations related to labor employment are hardened,
and employee costs grow.

Market entry regulations: Governmental rules, taxation, environmental regulations, lending

requirements and licensing are all barriers to entrepreneurship. Most countries license market
entry and the creation of new firms to protect incumbents in certain industries and
professions. Other barriers to entrepreneurship are predatory tax behavior of authorities, lack
of property rights and tax disadvantages.

Shortage of funds and resources: Finding the money to start up an enterprise is a leading
barrier to entrepreneurship. Without funds, any person cannot begin to organize, train,
develop and sell product.

Lack of Entrepreneurship Opportunities: Venture creation requires existing marketplace

opportunities with possibilities known to the entrepreneur and favorable odds for success for
entrepreneurial “spirit” to succeed.

Lack of Entrepreneurial Capacity: Entrepreneurial capacity is the existence of people with

entrepreneurship qualities, willingness and motivation to initiate new ventures. Opportunities
go untried until someone comes along with an eye for possibility and a can-do attitude. Some
cultures may discourage entrepreneurial capacity resulting in a low rate of new firm entrance.

Lack of Adequate Entrepreneurship Training: Training and education can be a robust

incubator for new ventures. This includes training in technical skills, managerial skills,
entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurship.

Lack of Appropriate Technical and Practical Skills: People tend to use the skills they have
acquired to pursue entrepreneurial initiative. Lacking the appropriate skills and knowledge
inhibits economic development.

Difficult Access to Market Experience: The essence of leadership is first learning and doing
before leading. Therefore, the capability to start a business is propelled by previous education
and work experience. Rushing into a new market because it looks attractive and rewarding
without having some experience and background in it can be fatal. Experience in a related
business before start-up is positively correlated to the probability of success.

Fear of Failure: Entrepreneurs have to decide whether to take action so they don’t miss the
boat, while knowing that hasty action may cause them to sink the boat.

Aversion to Risk: A psychological barrier closely related to the fear of failure is aversion to
risk. Entrepreneurs must take initiative, create structure with a social-economic mechanism
and accept risk of failure. Entrepreneurs have to be risk takers while those who are risk
averse will seek the security in an existing establishment.

Identifying Fears

Fear is defined as an unpleasant feeling triggered by the perception of danger, real or

imagined. It is a fundamental part of human psychology. Our brains are wired to feel fear
because it helps us avoid calamity; it keeps us safe. But fear can also hold us back if we let it.

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Fear feeds on fear, meaning the more we try to avoid something we’re afraid of, the bigger
and deeper our anxiety grows. To overcome this, we must face our deep-seated misgivings
and worries. We have to acknowledge our fears and find ways to move beyond them.

In the process of entrepreneurship, many fears serve as obstacles in taking action. If

entrepreneurs don’t confront them, the fears can ultimately consume them. Some common
fears seen in entrepreneurs are as follows:

Fear of failure: The fear of failure is like a tiny voice whispering into your ears that
everything could go wrong in the business. The best way to overcome this fear is to accept
that failure is possible, even for the most gifted entrepreneurs. With every failure comes an
added value in strength, courage, wisdom and knowledge. Whenever you experience any
setback, do a little soul searching to find out what mistakes were yours, why you made them
and what you learnt.

The Fear of being wrong: This is also another common fear most entrepreneurs face when
setting up a business. The fear of being wrong is a bit more subtle than the fear of failure, and
therefore potentially deadlier. While the fear of failure can prevent you from starting a
business, the fear of being wrong can cause you to pursue a foolhardy business strategy even
when it’s crystal clear that you need a change of approach. To overcome this fear, you need
to first recognize this as a problem that can harm your business and put aside any ego that
makes you stay on a course of action because you are emotionally attached to a certain way
of doing things or getting results.

The Fear of not being an expert: Even though you probably know enough about your
business or product to make important decisions or solve most of the nagging issues that may
arise, many entrepreneurs still face the fear of not being considered as experts in their line of
business. This fear, however minor it may seem, has a way of limiting your potential as an
entrepreneur. For the things about a business one might not know, there is no shame in
constantly learning and finding answers to them. Learning about the business is a continuous
process that will surely lead to perfection in the long.

Fear of being pushed into uncomfortable situations: Many people fear public speaking
more than death. Just the thought of it puts us on edge and makes us anxious. With practice,
however, we can become comfortable pushing ourselves outside our comfort zones. But it
won’t happen without getting into the right mindset and prepping to take on this challenge.
One can start by taking small steps and doing things just outside of their comfort zone.

Fear of taking risks: A risk can pay off with amazing success, or it can lead to a downward
spiral and failure. But there is an important difference between dangerous, unmitigated risk
and thoughtful, calculated risk. Dangerous risk takers are like gamblers, betting it all on
something that isn’t proven. With a calculated risk, you have strategized each step of the
way. One must move incrementally towards their goal, carefully assessing their level of
investment and overhead. Calculated risks are key to every success.

Fear of the unknown: Uncertainty registers in our brain like a blaring alarm. We often avoid
the unknown because we fear change. We are afraid of losing control and being unable to
manage potential outcomes. Allowing ourselves to take a massive leap into the unknown is
terrifying because we have no guarantees of how things will turn out. The unknown will
certainly lead to change of some kind.

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Activity XI

Take 5 minutes to think about your future goal. Now make a list of things that you feel are
certain obstacles in achieving your future goal.
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Which of these obstacles make you feel negative emotions such as anxiety, stress, sorrow,
tension, worry, helplessness etc.? Thinking about it, understand and identify certain fears you
feel about your future life and mention them below:
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Now, choose your biggest fear and write down ways to overcome it in the space given below:
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Process of Entrepreneurship

There are various personal, social and environmental factors that play a role in whether the
person pursues the idea or not. In entrepreneurship, the design thinking process of empathize,
define, ideate, prototype and test ([Link], 2010) can be used to take action on your
ideas.

Let us start by understanding how one can act on their idea and follow some steps in the
entrepreneurial process.

Idea Exploration: Once you have an idea, you need to first understand how people,
especially customers respond to it. Through your idea, you propose a solution or an answer.
However, before that, understand what the problem or the question is. In order to understand
the problem deeply, you have to talk to those who feel it is a problem for them. Interact with

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and observe your potential customers and other people who can or will be affected if the idea
turns into a business. In this process, the design thinking skill of empathy is extremely useful.
Empathy is required to listen and understand the emotion of the person. In turn, it helps to dig
deeper and identify the things that are not so obvious. Sometimes, there is a difference
between what people say and what they actually do, thus, it is important to engage with the
user and observe the behavior as well. Ask yourself what exactly your customers need and
what problems are you solving for them. Conduct primary and secondary qualitative and
quantitative research. Initial quantitative research can be done through market surveys and by
modelling the choices of customers.

Data Analysis: Research conducted for your idea must focus on collecting data about
customer problems and requirements, preconceptions, potential objections, preferences and a
sense of price sensitivity. Apart from this, research about direct and indirect competitors as to
what they are doing, what process do they follow, what kind of a customer base do they have,
what is the market share etc. This will help you think about how your idea is going to be
different. After collecting this data, analyze your discoveries, make sense of the information,
look for insights and try to understand how your research has helped to refine your idea. The
data analysis process helps you define the problem or need you are solving. Do a SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis for the data collected.

Idea Development: After analyzing and synthesizing the data, you should get a clearer
picture about the prospects of your business idea. At this stage, you start to challenge the
assumptions that you had made when you came up with the idea and refine the idea. You
might pivot from your original idea and find other interesting insights about customer
problems or your research might show that your assumptions about customer needs are
turning out to be true. In the first case, you start to build on the insight that you have gained
and dig deeper into it by interacting with more people and then brainstorming ideas to solve
the problem. In the second case, you start to think of solutions and build a model or a
prototype of what your solution or business idea (product/service) would look like.

Experimentation: Experimentation refers to conducting small experiments to get customer

feedback by giving them an understanding of what your product/service would look like.
There could be innovative ways to conduct such experiments. For example, a business idea
trying to solve the problem of children being scared of hospitals, doctor’s clinic, medicines
and injections showed an animated video in which the injection and medicines are talking to
the child and playing around the doctor, to all children that visited a doctor’s clinic in a day
and recorded their responses. These experiments help you improve your initial prototype or
model and keep improving it, taking into account customer feedback till you reach your final
prototype. Research and prototyping helps you refine and shape your opportunity in a cost-
effective manner before your initial market test. Only a market test can truly validate whether

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your idea can be turned into a business. It helps to measure what you have created. Market
tests start after the final prototype of the product/service has been designed. Market tests are
most-effective once you have a minimum viable product. Entrepreneurs go through multiple
escalating market tests, each building upon the previous test.

Business Planning: After conducting multiple market tests, you must have evidence of
number of users that used your product/service and showed likeliness to use or revenue
generated if you made any sales or took any pre-orders. Having this helps you conclude and
prove that there is a demand for your business idea and it can be done in a viable way. Now,
you develop your final product or service and start planning different functions of your
business. You start by identifying what resources you would need for each business function
to turn the idea into a business venture. You start to think about getting one or two people on-
board who can help you grow your idea. The business plan is a written document that
consists of an executive summary, market analysis, business description, details of product or
service, marketing and sales, operations and team, financial statements, funding and
development.

Marshalling Resources and Financing: After planning, it is important to work on

marshalling and acquiring the resources as identified in the business plan. This would include
physical, human, intellectual and financial resources. The key resources will depend on the
type of business you are starting. There are various ways to finance, such as friends & family,
forming a partnership, borrowing or debt financing from banks, crowdfunding on online
platforms and equity financing. The financial statements in your business plan must include
all the start-up costs you would incur. You must learn how to pitch your idea to investors. It
is also important for you to compare different financing options and taking advice from
experts. You would not want to give a very high stake of your business to the investor for
very less money.

Launch: After fulfilling the needs of financing and business planning, you are ready to
launch your start-up. In the initial stage, you hire more people, develop a customer base,
build a network, adjust the marketing and operations business plan and start dealing with
uncertainty. One of the most effective ways to promote your business during and after the
launch is to talk the most about your business wherever you go. Apply for conferences, ted
talks, forums etc. and share about your business venture.

Activity XII

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Entrepreneurial Process is drawn out of the process successful entrepreneurs followed to
execute their business idea. It is generic in nature. The exact process that one entrepreneur
would’ve gone through might not be the exact process that another entrepreneur would’ve
gone through. After reading the entrepreneurship process, you have to develop your own
understanding of it.

Take a chart paper and in groups of 4, make a flow chart of the entrepreneurial process in
your words. Then, draw a small version of the final chart in the space given below:

Business Planning

A business plan is a document that describes what a business plans to do and how it plans to
do it. It is a written description of a business's future. It serves as a guide and a roadmap for a
business and outlines its goals and details how those goals are planned to be achieved.

Thus, a business plan conveys business goals, strategies, potential problems and ways to
solve them, the organizational structure, the amount of capital required to finance the venture
and other such important information.

Business plans can help perform a number of tasks for those who write and read them. They
are used by investment-seeking entrepreneurs to convey their vision to potential investors.
They may also be used by firms that are trying to attract key employees, prospect for new
business, deal with suppliers or simply to understand how to manage their companies better.

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Components of a Business Plan

Executive summary:

Executive summary is like the first impression or the calling card of a business. It is the first
thing that anyone reads or learns about one’s business. It provides a brief and quick summary
and overview of the entire business plan, covering key aspects such as the problem a business
solves, the solution to the problem, the target market, key financial highlights, and a
summary of who does what on the management team.

An executive summary has to be concise, succinct and hit the key highlights of the plan.
While it is difficult to convey every thing one might want to convey in the executive
summary, keeping it short is critical. Many potential investors never read beyond the
executive summary and assess from the summary itself if the business interests them or not.
Hence, it needs to be compelling and intriguing.

The Opportunity:

In this section, it is explained why one has a strong business opportunity. It describes the
market, including market analysis, data, projections, descriptions, and competition.

Target market: As critical as it is that a business is solving a real-world problem that people
or other businesses have, it’s equally important to detail who is the customer.
Understanding the target market of the business is key to building marketing campaigns and
sales processes that work. And, beyond marketing, it is the target market that defines how the
business grows.

Market trends: In this, the most important changes occurring in the different factors about
the target market are described. The preferences, needs, demographics, or purchasing
behaviours etc. of potential customers are mentioned and elaborated in terms of how they are
changing. Ideally, it is explained how those trends would favor the products or services of the
business over those of your competitors. For example, if people in the market is increasingly
using their smartphones for tasks that they used to do on a computer, perhaps the mobile app
is potentially well positioned to capture a bigger part of the market.

Market growth: In this section, it is explained how the target market has been growing or
shrinking in recent years. Research done using internet searches, trade associations, market
research firms, journalists or other credible sources to gauge market growth is mentioned. A
growing market is encouraging, since it suggests stronger demand for a specific solution in
the years to come.

Competition: A competitor analysis, in which names, location, products and services are
given and compared to the products/services of the business. The objective of this analysis is
to assess and exhibit the strengths of the business over competitors.

Products and services:

The products and services section of the business plan delves into the core of what one is
trying to achieve. In this section, things that are detailed include the problem that the business
is solving, how it is solving it, the competitive landscape, and the business’s competitive

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edge. Depending on the type of company you are starting, this section may also detail the
technologies used, intellectual property owned, and other key factors about the products that
a business is building now and planning on building in the future.

Business overview:

For external plans, the overview of the business is a brief summary of the business’ legal
structure, ownership, history, and location. It is common to include the vision and mission
statements in the business overview, but that is certainly not a mandatory component of all
business plans. The company overview is often omitted from internal plans.

Marketing and sales:

The marketing and sales plan details the strategies that the business will use to reach the
target market. This portion of the business plan provides an overview of how the business
will be positioned in the market, how the products and services will be priced, how its
offerings will be promoted, and any sales processes that will be needed in place.

Operations:

Depending on the specifics of the business, plans related to locations and facilities,
technology, regulatory issues etc. are included in this section. The entire process about how
the business will source, function and deliver its core value is explained.

Milestones and metrics:

Plans are nothing without solid implementation. The milestones and metrics section of the
business plan lays out concrete tasks that the business plans to accomplish, complete with due
dates and the names of the people to be held responsible. It also details the key metrics that
will be used to track the growth of the business. This could include the number of sales leads
generated, the number of page views to the website, or any other critical metric that helps
determine the health of the business.

Team:

The management team section of a business plan is especially critical for entrepreneurs
seeking investment. The management team section includes relevant team bios that explain
why the management personnel is made up of the right people for the roles. After all, good
ideas are a dime a dozen, it is a talented entrepreneur and his/her team that can take those
ideas and turn them into thriving businesses. Business plans should help identify not only
strengths of a business, but areas that need improvement and gaps that need to be filled.
Identifying gaps in the management team shows knowledge and foresight, not a lack of
ability to build the business.

Financial plan:

The financial plan is a critical component of nearly all business plans. Running a successful
business means paying close attention to how much money is being brought in, and how
much money is being spent. A good financial plan goes a long way to help determine when to
hire new employees or buy a new piece of equipment. Especially for startups seeking

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funding, a solid financial plan helps to figure out how much capital the business needs to get
started or to grow, such that there is knowledge about how much money to ask for from the
bank or from investors.

A typical financial plan includes:

 Sales forecast
 Personnel plan
 Profit and loss statement
 Cash flow statement
 Balance sheet
Answer Key for Activity VIII

Actual Score | (Individual Actual Score | (group score)

Item score)
Box of matches 15 | 15 |
Food concentrate 4 | 4 |
Nylon rope, 50 feet 7 | 7 |
Parachute silk 8 | 8 |
Portable heater 5 | 5 |
Two 0.45 caliber pistols 11 | 11 |
Dehydrated pet milk, One case 12 | 12 |
Two 100-Pound oxygen tanks 1 | 1 |
Star Map-Moon Constellations 3 | 3 |
Life raft 6 | 6 |
Magnetic compass 14 | 14 |
5 gallons of water 2 | 2 |
Signal flares 13 | 13 |
First-aid kits, injection needles 9 | 9 |
Solar powered FM transmitter 10 | 10 |

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 Role of Green Jobs

Industry experts remain hopeful and excited about green jobs market, since
industries are adopting large scale, energy efficiency measures. There are jobs in
solar and wind installations, clean car engineering. Households are switching to
solar energy, families are purchasing alternative energy cars, and news jobs are
being added to the market place to meet the increasing demand.

Picture of coal miners

There is promising statistics in the green jobs industry. Clean energy has
experienced incredible growth and success in the past decade and is poised to
continue to grow in the coming decade; this will collaborate with business to
advance policies that will do well to environment and economy. These
technologies are not so costly also, thereby they are adapted widely.

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Role of Green jobs in toxin free homes:

In our daily lives we do household work, that releases harmful gases into the
atmosphere and contribute to the warming of our planet. Green jobs will
promote the usage of ecofriendly raw materials and conserve energy.

The following is the list of steps; green jobs can take to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions;

 Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

 Use less heat and reconditioning
 Replace your light bulbs
 Drive less drive smart
 Buy energy efficient products
 Use less hot water
 Use the off buttons
 Plant a tree.

Green jobs in Solar and wind power:

The green jobs are as follows;

Energy Auditors- they conduct audits determine how energy efficient the
building/home are.

Chief Sustainability officers: they oversee green activities in their organization.

Wind/ Solar energy engineers: they design and develop wind farm systems

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Role of green jobs in Water Conservation:

To protect existing and future water supplies, by ensuring that resources are not
mismanaged, over exploited or otherwise used in manner that would be
considered damaging.

The other jobs in water conservation are;

Water treatment specialist.

Water Auditor

Water policy Analyst

Water resource planning manager

Water Quality Monitoring

Water conservation Representative.

The above mentioned opening are anywhere, where there is a natural water
supply for all users and future generations, identify potential problems to the
ecology or environmental health and mitigate them.

Green jobs in waste Reduction Recycling and Reuse:

Eco cycle- zero waste creates jobs, recycling, composting and reusing create a lot
green jobs. Recycling and reuse create at least 9 times more jobs than landfills
and incinerators. E.g. we need force for collecting, processing and preparing
materials.

Its common knowledge that recycling materials helps the environment by

reducing waste….. depending on materials manufacturers can save up to 60% of
their production costs by using recycled materials rather than obtaining, refining
and extracting brand new substances ,e.g. paper, aluminum, plastics.

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Green jobs in Tourism:

Indonesia is an example of green tourism. Green tourism is also referred as ‘New

experience economy’, green tourism offers new tourism paradigm; we pay to do
things, not to have new things. Tourists are buying experience not product. It
promotes tourists to be prosumers, [Link] care about the future. Green tourism
makes an optimal use of environmental resources. The following are the
principles of green tourism; Respect socio cultural authenticity of host country.
Provide adequate wages and safe working conditions. Green jobs are required to
plan;

 Destination management
 Destination managers.
 Trainers.

Green Jobs in building and construction:

Green buildings use ecofriendly materials, benefit environment by conserving

energy. There are plenty of jobs in the construction sector, this sector employs
millions of people, but suffers from a skill shortfall. Attracting talent and
investment is a key challenge. Green building offers a chance to be part of the
solution to global challenges.

The list of green jobs is as follows;

 Construction worker, crew member

 Designer
 Carpenters
 Building Planner and coordinators
 Insulators
 Weatherization
 Concrete labors
 Highway laborers
 Demolition experts

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Role of green Jobs in limiting Green house emissions

The key to environmental protection is to prevent the degradation of the natural

environment, which is important for all living creatures, one of the biggest
problem in the environment is related to fossil fuels, which leads to pollution ,
climate change and natural resource depletion.

Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserve or restore the
environment, be they in traditional sectors, such as in manufacturing and
construction sectors or in the emerging green sectors such as renewal able
energy.

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