PRELIMS MICROTHEMES [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

SUBJECT
ENVIRONMENT
Sr. Microtheme # of Qs
1 PollutionXSources 32
International Org,Treaties
2 27
XEnvironment
3 Trees/Forests/Vegetation 17
4 SpeciesXPeculiar features 19
5 National Parks 15
6 Ecological Theory 17
7 Environmental organisations 17
8 SpeciesXHabitat 14
9 Environmental Acts 15
10 PollutionXimpact & remediation 15
Flagship SpeciesXCharacteristics
11 12
and Behaviour
12 Fuels and biofertilizers 13
13 Marine Ecosystem 12
SpeciesXThreats and Conservation
14 10
efforts
15 Environmental Policies 10
16 SpeciesXExotic/Invasive 9
17 Climate Change 9
18 Wetlands 9
19 Biodiversity 6
20 PollutionXAcid Rain 3
21 UNFCCC/IPCC 2
Total Qs from 2009 to 2025 284

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

[Microtheme]
#1. PollutionXSources 
1. [ 2025] Consider the following statements: Many chewing gums contain plastic as 4. Articles made of it can be easily dis-
Statement I: gum base. posed of by incineration without causing
Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emis- Which one of the following is correct in greenhouse gas emissions.
sions from cement industry account for respect of the above statements? Which of the statements given above are
more than 5% of global carbon emissions. (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct?
Statement II: correct and Statement-II explains State- (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone ment-I (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
while manufacturing cement. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are Ans: (a)
Statement III: correct, but Statement-II does not explain
Limestone is converted into lime during Statement-I 10. [ 2021] Magnetite particles, suspected to
clinker production for cement manufac- (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II cause neurodegenerative problems, are
turing. is incorrect generated as environmental pollutants
Which one of the following is correct in (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but State- from which of the following?
respect of the above statements? ment-II is correct 1. Brakes of motor vehicles
(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are Ans: (a) 2. Engines of motor vehicles
correct and both of them explain State- 3. Microwave stoves within homes
ment I 6. [ 2024] With reference to perfluoroalkyl 4. Power plants
(b) Both Statement II and Statement III and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that 5. Telephone lines
are correct but only one of them explains are used in making many consumer prod- Select the correct answer using the code
Statement I ucts, consider the following statements: given below.
(c) Only one of the Statement II or State- 1. PFAS are found to be widespread in (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
ment III is correct and it explains State- drinking water, food, and food packaging (c) 3, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
ment I materials. Ans: (b)
(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III 2. PFAS are not easily degraded in the
is correct environment. 11. [ 2021] Why is there a concern about
Ans: (b) 3. Persistent exposure to PFAS can lead to copper smelting plants?
bioaccumulation in animal bodies. [Link] may release lethal quantities of
2. [ 2025] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above are carbon monoxide into the environment.
I. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India correct? [Link] copper slag can cause the leaching
are less than 0.5 t CO₂/capita. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only of some heavy metals into the environ-
II. In terms of CO₂ emissions from fuel com- (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 ment.
bustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific Ans: (d) [Link] may release sulfur dioxide as a
region. pollutant.
III. Electricity and heat producers are the 7. [ 2023] Consider the following: Select the correct answer using the code
largest sources of CO₂ emissions in India. 1. Aerosols given below:
Which of the statements given above is/ 2. Foam agents (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
are correct? 3. Fire retardants (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3
(a) I and III only (b) II only 4. Lubricants Ans: (b)
(c) II and III only (d) I, II and III In the making of how many of the above are
Ans: (c) hydrofluorocarbons used? 12. [ 2021] ‘Triclosan’, considered harmful
(a) Only one (b) Only two when exposed to high levels for a long
3. [ 2024] According to the Environmental (c) Only three (d) All four time, is most likely present in which of the
Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the Ans: (c) following?
following is the largest source of sulphur (a) Food preservatives
dioxide emissions? 8. [ 2023] Consider the following statements (b) Fruit-ripening substances
(a) Locomotives using fossil fuels regarding mercury pollution: (c) Reused plastic containers
(b) Ships using fossil fuels 1. Gold mining activity is a source of mer- (d) Toiletries
(c) Extraction of metals from ores cury pollution in the world. Ans: (d)
(d) Power plants using fossil fuels 2. Coal-based thermal power plants cause
Ans: (d) mercury pollution. 13. [ 2021] Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of
3. There is no known safe level of exposure concern, is a structural/key component in
4. [ 2024] Consider the following: to mercury. the manufacture of which of the following
1. Pyroclastic debris How many of the above statements are kinds of plastics?
2. Ash and dust correct? (a) Low-density polyethylene
3. Nitrogen compounds (a) Only one (b) Only two (b) Polycarbonate
4. Sulphur compounds (c) All three (d) None (c) Polyethylene terephthalate
How many of the above are products of Ans: (c) (d) Polyvinyl chloride
volcanic eruptions? Ans: (b)
(a) Only one (b) Only two 9. [ 2022] With reference to polthylene
(c) Only three (d) only four terepthalate, the use of which is so 14. [ 2021] With reference to furnace oil,
Ans: (d) widespread in our daily lives, Consider the consider the following statements:
following statements : [Link] is a product of oil refineries.
5. [ 2024] Consider the following statements: 1. Its fibres can be blended with wool and [Link] industries use it to generate
Statement-I: cotton fibres to reinforce their properties power.
Many chewing gums found in the market 2. Containers made of it can be used to [Link] use causes sulfur emissions into the
are considered a source of environmental store any alcoholic beverage. environment.
pollution. 3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into Which of the statements given above are
Statement-II: other products. correct?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 2. Soft drinks — Brominated vegetable oils (c) CO, CO2 , and NO2 at low temperature
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 3. Chinese fast food — Monosodiumglu- (d) high concentration of NO2 , O 3 and
Ans: (d) tamate CO in the evening
Which of the pairs given above is/are Ans: (a)
15. [ 2020] Consider the following state- correctly matched?
ments: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only 26. [ 2013] Which of the following can be
1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 found as pollutants in the drinking water
mercury. Ans: (c) in some parts of India?
2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur (1). Arsenic
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the 21. [ 2014] Which of the following adds/add (2). Sorbitol
environment. carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the (3). Fluoride
3. High ash content is observed in Indian planet Earth? (4). Formaldehyde
coal. 1. Volcanic action (5). Uranium
Which of the statements given above is/ 2. Respiration Select the correct answer using the
are correct? 3. Photosynthesis codes given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only 4. Decay of organic matter (a) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code (b) 2, 4 and 5 only
Ans: (d) given below. (c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
16. [2020] Which of the following are the (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only Ans: (c)
reasons/factors for exposure to benzene Ans: (c)
pollution? 27. [ 2013] Due to improper/indiscriminate
(1) Automobile exhaust 22. [ 2014] Brominated flame retardants are disposal of old and used computers or
(2) Tobacco smoke used in many household products like their parts, which of the
(3) Wood burning mattresses and following are released into the environ-
(4) Using varnished wooden furniture upholstery. Why is there some concern ment as e-waste?
(5) Using products made of polyurethane about their use? (1). Beryllium
Select the correct answer using the code 1. They are highly resistant to degrada- (2). Cadmium
given below: tion in the environment. (3). Chromium
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only 2. They are able to accumulate in humans (4). Heptachlor
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and animals. (5). Mercury
Ans: (a) Select the correct answer using the code (6). Lead
given below: (7). Plutonium
17. [2019] In India, the use of carbofuran, (a) 1 only (b) 2 only Select the correct answer using the
methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 codes given below.
is viewed with apprehension. These Ans: (c) (a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
chemicals are used as (b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
(a) pesticides in agriculture 23. [ 2014] There is some concern regarding (c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only
(b) preservatives in processed foods the nanoparticles of some chemical ele- (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
(c) fruit-ripening agents ments that are used by the industry in the Ans: (b)
(d) moisturising agents in cosmetics manufacture of various products. Why?
Ans: (a) 1. They can accumulate in the environ- 28. [ 2012] Consider the following state-
ment and contaminate water and soil. ments: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as
18. [2019] Why is there a great concern 2. They can enter the food chains. ozone depleting substances, are used
about the ‘microbeads’ that are released 3. They can trigger the production of free 1. In the production of plastic foams 2.
into environment? radicals. In the production of tubeless tyres 3. In
(a) They are considered harmful to marine Select the correct answer using the code cleaning certain electronic components
ecosystems. given below. 4. As pressurizing agents in aerosol cans
(b) They are considered to cause skin (a) 1 and 2 only Which of the statements given above is/
cancer in children (b) 3 only are correct?
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
by crop plants in irrigated fields. Ans: (b) (b) 4 only
(d) They are often found to be used as (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
food adulterants. 24. [ 2014] Which of the following are some (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (a) important pollutants released by steel Ans: (c)
industry in India?
19. [2019] Consider the following: 1. Oxides of sulphur 29. [ 2012] Lead, ingested or inhaled, is a
1. Carbon monoxide 2. Oxide of nitrogen health hazard. After the addition of lead
2. Methane 3. Carbon monoxide to petrol has been banned, what still are
3. Ozone 4. Carbon dioxide the sources of lead poisoning? 1. Smelt-
4. Sulphur dioxide Select the correct answer using the code ing units 2. Pens and pencils 3. Paints 4.
Which of the above are released into given below: Hair oils and cosmetics Select the correct
atmosphere due to the burning of crop/ (a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 answer using the code given below:
biomass residue only (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 ‘only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Ans: (d) (c) 2 and 4 only
Ans: (d) d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
25. [ 2013] Photochemical smog is a resul- Ans: (b)
20. [2017] Consider the following pairs : tant of the reaction among
Commonly used / Unwanted or con- (a) NO 2 , O 3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in 30. [ 2011] There is a concern over the
sumed materials controversial chemicals the prescence of sunlight increase in harmful algal blooms in the
likely to be found in them (b) CO 2 , O 2 , and peroxyacetyl nitrate in seawater of India. What could be the
1. Lipstick — Lead the presence of sunlight causative factors for this phenomenon?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

1. Discharge of nutrients from the estu- emission/emissions from coal combus- methane.
aries. tion at thermal power plants? 2. When nitrogen based fertilizers are
2. Run-off from the land during the (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only used, nitrous oxide is emitted from the
monsoon. (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 cultivated soil.
3. Upwelling in the seas. Ans: (d) Which of the statements given above is/
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only are correct?
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 32. [ 2010] Due to their extensive rice cultiva- (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Ans: (d) tion, some regions may be contributing to (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
global warming. To what possible reason/ Ans: (c)
31. [ 2011] Consider the following: 1. Carbon reasons is this attributable?
dioxide 2. Oxides of nitrogen 3. Oxides 1. The anaerobic conditions associated
of Sulphur Which of the above is/are the with rice cultivation cause the emission of

[Microtheme]
#2. International Org,TreatiesXEnvironment 
1. [ 2025] Consider the following statements: (a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) 6. [ 2023] Consider the following statements :
Statement I: At the 28th United Nations (b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Statement-I:
Climate Change Conference (COP28), Bank (AIIB) Carbon markets are likely to be one of the
India refrained from signing (c) The New Development Bank (NDB) most widespread tools in the fight against
the ‘Declaration on Climate and Health’. (d) The International Bank for Reconstruc- climate change.
Statement II: The COP 28 Declaration on tion and Development (IBRD) Statement-II :
Climate and Health is a binding declara- Ans: (a) Carbon markets transfer resources from
tion; and if signed, it becomes mandatory the private sector to the State.
to decarbonize health sector. 4. [ 2024] Consider the following statements: Which one of the following is correct in
Statement III: If India’s health sector is de- Statement-I: respect of the above statements?
carbonized, the resilience of its health-care The European Parliament approved the (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
system may be Net-Zero Industry Act recently. correct and Statement-II is the correct
compromised. Statement-II: explanation for Statement-I
Which one of the following is correct in The European Union intends to achieve (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
respect of the above statements? carbon neutrality by 2040 and therefore correct and Statement-II is not the correct
(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are aims to develop all of its own clean tech- explanation for Statement-I
correct and both of them explain Statement I nology by that time. (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are Which one of the following is correct in is incorrect
correct but only one of the them explains respect of the above statements? (d) Statement-I is incorrect but State-
Statement I (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are ment-II is correct
(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and Statement-II explains State- Ans: (b)
correct and that explains Statement I ment-I
(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are 7. [ 2022] Climate Action Tracker’ which
is correct correct, but Statement-II does not explain monitors the emission reduction pledges of
Ans: (c) Statement-I different countries is a:
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II (a) Database is created by coalition of
2. [ 2025] Consider the following statements: is incorrect research organisations
Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agree- (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but State- (b) Wing of “International Panel of Climate
ment on climate change is frequently ment-II is correct Change”
discussed in global discussions on sustain- Ans: (c) (c) Committee under “United Nations
able development and climate change. Framework Convention on Climate
Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agree- 5. [ 2024] Which one of the following is Change”
ment on climate change sets out the the correct description of “100 Million (d) Agency promoted and financed by
principles of carbon markets. Farmers”? United Nations Environment Programme
Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agree- (a) It is a platform for accelerating the tran- and World Bank
ment on climate change intends to pro- sition towards food and water systems that Ans: (a)
mote inter-country non-market strategies are net-zero (carbon), nature-positive and
to reach their climate targets. that aims to increase farmer resilience. 8. [ 2022] Which one of the following best
Which one of the following is correct in (b) It is an international alliance and describes the term “greenwashing” ?
respect of the above statements? a network of individuals and farming (a) Conveying a false impression that a
(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are organisations interested in supporting and company’s products are eco-friendly and
correct and both of them explain State- strengthening the development of organic environmentally sound
ment I animal husbandry. (b) Non-inclusion of ecological/environ-
(b) Both Statement II and Statement III (c) It is a digital platform fully integrated mental costs in the Annual Financial
are correct but only one of them explains with service providers and built on block- Statements of a country
Statement I chain that lets buyers, sellers and third par- (c) Ignoring the disastrous ecological con-
(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is ties trade fertilizers quickly and securely. sequences while undertaking infrastruc-
correct and that explains Statement I (d) It is a platform with the mission of ture development
(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III encouraging the farmers to form Farmer (d) Making mandatory provisions for envi-
is correct Product Organisations or Agribusiness ronmental costs in a government project/
Ans: (a) Consortiums, thus facilitating the access to programme
global open markets to sell their products. Ans: (a)
3. [ 2025] Which one of the following Ans: (a)
launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance
Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

9. [ 2021] With reference to the ‘New York given below. (d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+
Declaration on Forests’, which of the fol- (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only initiatives hosted by the World Bank
lowing statements are correct? (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (a)
[Link] was first endorsed at the United Na- Ans: (d)
tions Climate Summit in 2014. 18. [ 2016] Consider the following state-
[Link] endorses a global timeline to end the 14. [ 2016] Consider the following pairs: ments:
loss of forests. Terms sometimes seen in the news : Their 1. The Sustainable Development Goals
[Link] is a legally binding international decla- origin were first proposed in 1972 by a global
ration. 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol think tank called
[Link] is endorsed by governments, big com- 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Na- the ‘Club of Rome’.
panies, and indigenous communities. goya Protocol 2. The Sustainable Development Goals
[Link] was one of the signatories at its 3. Clean Development Mechanisms : have to be achieved by 2030.
inception. Kyoto Protocol Which of the statements given above is/
Select the correct answer using the code Which of the pairs given above is/are are correct?
given below: correctly matched? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(a) 1, 2, and 4 (b) 1, 3, and 5 (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 5 (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (b)
Ans: (a) Ans: (c)
19. [ 2015] Which one of the following is
10. [ 2021] The ‘Common Carbon Metric,’ 15. [ 2016] What is/are the importance/ associated with the issue of control and
supported by UNEP, has been developed importances of the ‘United Convention to phasing out of the use of
for: Combat ozone-depleting substances?
(a) Assessing the carbon footprint of Desertification’? (a) Bretton Woods Conference
building operations around the world 1. It aims to promote effective action (b) Montreal Protocol
(b) Enabling commercial farming entities through innovative national programmes (c) Kyoto Protocol
around the world to enter carbon emis- and supportive (d) Nagoya Protocol
sion trading international partnerships Ans: (b)
(c) Enabling governments to assess the 2. It has a special/particular focus on
overall carbon footprint caused by their South Asia and North Africa regions, and 20. [ 2015] What is Rio+20 Conference,
countries its Secretariat often mentioned in the news?
(d) Assessing the overall carbon footprint facilitates the allocation of major portion (a) It is the United Nations Conference on
caused by the use of fossil fuels by the of financial resources to these regions. Sustainable Development
world in a unit time 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, (b) It is a Ministerial Meeting of the World
Ans: (a) encouraging the participation of local Trade Organization
people in (c) It is a Conference of the Inter-Govern-
11. [2018] The Partnership for Action on combating the desertification. mental Panel on Climate change
Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism Select the correct answer using the code (d) It is a Conference of the member
to assist countries transition towards given below. Countries of the Convention on Biological
greener and more inclusive economies, (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only Diversity
emerged at (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (a)
(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Ans: (a)
Development 2002, Johannesburg 21. [ 2014] Consider the following state-
(b) The United Nations Conference on 16. [ 2016] With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, ments regarding ‘Earth Hour’:
Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de sometimes seen in the news, consider the 1. It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO.
Janeiro following 2. It is a movement in which the partici-
(c) The United Nations Framework Con- statements: pants switch off the lights for one hour on
vention on Climate Change 2015, Paris 1. It is a global action plan for sustainable a certain day every year.
(d) The World Sustainable Development development. 3. It is a movement to raise the awareness
Summit 2016, New Delhi 2. It originated in the World Summit on about the climate change and the need to
Ans: (b) Sustainable Development held in Johan- save the planet.
nesburg in 2002. Which of the statements given above is/
12. [2017] Consider the following statements : Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: (c)
group of countries; Ans: (a)
2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black 22. [ 2014] Consider the following interna-
carbon and hydrofluorocarbons. 17. [ 2016] What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Proto- tional agreements:
Which of the statements given above is/ col’? 1. The International Treaty on Plant Ge-
are correct ? (a) It is an international accounting tool netic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only for government and business leaders to 2. The United Nations Convention to
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 understand, quantify and manage green- Combat Desertification.
Ans: (b) house gas emissions. 3. The World Heritage Convention.
(b) It is an initiative of the United Nations Which of the above has/have a bearing
13. [ 2016] Which of the following state- to offer financial incentives to devel- on the biodiversity?
ments is/are correct? Proper design and oping countries to reduce greenhouse (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
effective implementation of gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly technologies Ans: (d)
contribute to (c) It is an inter-governmental agreement
1. Protection of biodiversity ratified by all the member countries of the 23. [ 2012] The Millennium Ecosystem As-
2. Resilience of forest ecosystems United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas sessment describes the following major
3. Poverty reduction emissions to specified levels by the year categories of ecosystem services-provi-
Select the correct answer using the code 2022 sioning, supporting, regulating, preserving

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

and cultural. Which one of the following is (d) Carbon credits are traded at a price 26. [ 2009] The concept of carbon credit orig-
supporting service? fixed from time to time by the United inated from which one of the following ?
(a) Production of food and water Nations environment programs. (a) Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro
(b) Control of climate and disease Ans: (d) (b) Kyoto Protocol
(c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination (c) Montreal Protocol
(d) Maintenance of diversity 25. [ 2009] In the context of C02 emission (d) G-8 Summit, Hciligendamm
Ans: (c) and Global Warming, what is the name of Ans: (b)
a market driven device under the UNFCC
24. [ 2011] Regarding “carbon credits’’, which that allows developing countries to get 27. [ 2009] In the middle of the year 2008
one of the following statements is not funds/incentives from the developed the Parliament of which one of the fol-
correct? countries to adopt, better technologies lowing countries became the first in the
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified that reduce greenhouse gas emissions ? world to enact a Climate Act by passing
in conjunction with the Kyoto protocol. (a) Carbon Footprint ‘The Climate Change Accountability Bill’ ?
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries (b) Carbon Credit Rating (a) Australia
or groups that have reduced greenhouse (c) Clean Development Mechanism (b) Canada
gases below their emission quota. (d) Emission Reduction Norm (c) Germany
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system Ans: (c) (d) Japan
is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide Ans: (b)
emission.

[Microtheme]
#3. Trees/Forests/Vegetation 
1. [ 2025] With reference to the planet Earth, (c) Lemongrass 8. [ 2018] Which of the following leaf mod-
consider the following statements: (d) Nut grass ifications occur(s) in the desert areas to
I. Rain forests produce more oxygen than Ans: (c) inhabit water loss?
that produced by oceans. 1. Hard and waxy leaves
II. Marine phytoplankton and photosyn- 5. [ 2021] Consider the following statements: 2. Tiny leaves
thetic bacteria produce about 50% of 1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous 3. Thorns instead of leaves
world’s oxygen. evergreen tree. Select the correct answer using the code
III. Well-oxygenated surface water contains 2. Tamarind tree is endemic to South Asia. given below:
several folds higher oxygen than that in 3. In India, most of the tamarind is collect- (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only
atmospheric air. ed as minor forest produce. (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Which of the statements given above is/ 4. India exports tamarind and seeds of Ans: (d)
are correct? moringa.
(a) I and II 5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be 9. [ 2016] With reference to ‘Red Sanders’,
(b) II only used in the production of biofuels. sometimes seen in the news, consider the
(c) I and III Which of the statements given above are following
(d) None of the above statements is correct correct? statements:
Ans: (b) (a) 1, 2, 4, and 5 (b) 3, 4, and 5 1. It is a tree species found in a part of
(c) 1, 3, and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3, and 5 South India.
2. [ 2024] Consider the following: Ans: (b) 2. It is one of the most important trees in
1. Cashew the tropical rain forest areas of South India.
2. Papaya 6. [ 2021] In nature, which of the following is/ Which of the statements given above is/
3. Red sanders are most likely to be found surviving on a are correct?
How many of the above trees are actually surface without soil? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
native to India? [Link] (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) Only one (b) Only two [Link] Ans: (a)
(c) All three (d) None [Link]
Ans: (a) [Link] 10. [ 2014] With reference to Neem tree,
Select the correct answer using the code consider the following statements:
3. [ 2022] Which of the following are nitro- given below: 1. Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to
gen-fixing plants? (a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 only control the proliferation of some species
1. Alfalfa (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 3, and 4 of insects and mites.
2. Amaranth Ans: (c) 2. Neem seeds are used in the manufac-
3. Chickpea ture of biofuels and hospital detergents.
4. Clover 7. [ 2019] Consider the following States: 3. Neem oil has applications in pharma-
5. Puslane (Kulfa) 1. Chhattisgarh ceutical industry.
6. Spinach 2. Madhya Pradesh Which of the statements given above is/
Select the correct answer using the code 3. Maharashtra are correct?
given below 4. Odisha (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only With reference to the States mentioned (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 3, 5 and 6 only above, in terms of percentage of forest Ans: (c)
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 6 only cover to the total area of State, which one
(d) 1,2,4,5 and 6 of the following is the correct ascending 11. [ 2014] Which of the following state-
Ans: (a) order? ments is/are correct regarding vegetative
(a) 2-3-1-4 propagation of plants?
4. [ 2021] Which one of the following is used (b) 2-3-4-1 1. Vegetative propagation produces
in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (c) 3-2-4-1 clonal population.
(a) Congress grass (d) 3-2-1-4 2. Vegetative propagation helps in elimi-
(b) Elephant grass Ans: (c) nating the virus.

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

3. Vegetative propagation can be prac- codes given below. (c) Tree is infected by soil microbes.
ticed most of the year. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (d) Roots do not receive oxygen for
Select the correct answer using the code (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 respiration.
given below: Ans: (d) Ans: (a)
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only 14. [ 2013] Which of the following is/are 16. [ 2010] In India, which type of forest
Ans: (c) unique characteristic/characteristics of among the following occupies the largest
equatorial forests? area?
12. [2014] If you travel through the Hima- (1). Presence of tall, closely set trees with (a) Montane Wet Temperate Forest
layas, you are likely to see which of the crowns forming a continuous canopy (b) Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forest
following plants naturally growing there? (2). Coexistence of a large number of (c) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
1. Oak species (d) Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest
2. Rhododendron (3). Presence of numerous varieties of Ans: (c)
3. Sandalwood epiphytes
Select the correct answer using the code Select the correct answer using the 17. [ 2009] Consider the following :
given below: codes given below. 1. Camphor
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only 2. Chicory
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 3. Vanilla
Ans: (a) Ans: (d) Which of the above is/are plant product(s) ?
(a) 1 and 2 only
13. [2013] Which of the following leaf modi- 15. [ 2011] When the bark of a tree is (b) 3 only
fications occurs/occur in desert areas to removed in a circular fashion all around (c) 1 and 3 only
inhibit water loss? near its base, it gradually dries up and (d) 1,2 and 3
(1). Hard and waxy leaves dies because? Ans: (d)
(2). Tiny leaves or no leaves (a) Water from soil cannot rise to aerial
(3). Thorns instead of leaves parts.
Select the correct answer using the (b) Roots are starved of energy.

[Microtheme]
#4. SpeciesXPeculiar features 
1. [ 2025] Regarding Peacock tarantula (a) Only one (b) Only two 7. [ 2023] Consider the following statements
(Gooty tarantula), consider the following (c) Only three (d) All four regarding the Indian squirrels :
statements: Ans: (c) 1. They build nests by making burrows in
I. It is an omnivorous crustacean. the ground.
II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited 5. [ 2023] Consider the following statements : 2. They store their food materials like nuts
to some forest areas. Statement-I: and seeds in the ground.
III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal Marsupials are not naturally found in India. 3. They are omnivorous.
species. Statement-II: How many of the above statements are
Which of the statements given above is/ Marsupials can thrive only in montane correct?
are correct? grasslands with no predators. (a) Only one (b) Only two
(a) I only (b) I and III Which one of the following is correct in (c) Only three (d) All four
(c) II only (d) II and III respect of the above statements? Ans: (c)
Ans: (d) (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct 8. [ 2023] Which of the following organisms
2. [ 2024] Which one of the following shows a explanation for Statement-I perform waggle dance for others of their
unique relationship with an insect that has (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are kin to indicate the direction and the dis-
coevolved with it and that is the only insect correct and Statement-II is not the correct tance to a source of their food?
that can pollinate this tree? explanation for Statement-I (a) Butterflies (b) Dragonflies
(a) Fig (b) Mahua (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II (c) Honeybees (d) Wasps
(c) Sandalwood (d) Silk cotton is incorrect Ans: (c)
Ans: (a) (d) Statement-I is incorrect but State-
ment-II is correct 9. [ 2022] Certain species of which one of
3. [ 2023] Which one of the following makes Ans: (c) the following organisms are well known as
a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a cultivators of fungi ?
hole in a tree or a log of wood? 6. [ 2023] Consider the following statements : (a) Ant (b) Cockroach
(a) Fishing cat (b) Orangutan 1. Some mushrooms have medicinal (c) Crab (d) Spider
(c) Otter (d) Sloth bear properties. Ans: (a)
Ans: (b) 2. Some mushrooms have psychoactive
properties. 10. [ 2021] Consider the following animals:
4. [ 2023] Consider the following statements : 3. Some mushrooms have insecticidal 1. Hedgehog
1. Some microorganisms can grow in properties. 2. marmot
environments with temperature above the 4. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent 3. Pangolin
boiling point of water. properties. to reduce the chance of being captured
2. Some microorganisms can grow in How many of the above statements are by predators, which of the above organ-
environments with temperature below the correct? isms rolls up/roll up and protects/protect
freezing point of water. (a) Only one (b) Only two its/their vulnerable parts?
3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly (c) Only three (d) All four (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
acidic environment with a pH below 3. Ans: (d) (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 3
How many of the above statements are Ans: (d)
correct?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

11. [ 2021] Which of the following are detri- 14. [ 2016] Recently, our scientists have
tivores? discovered a new and distinct species 17. [ 2014] If you walk through countryside,
1. Earthworms of banana plant which attains a height you are likely to see some birds stalking
2. Jellyfish of about 11 metres and has orange-co- alongside the cattle to seize the insects
3. Millipedes loured fruit pulp. In which part of India has disturbed by their movement through
4. Seahorses it been discovered? grasses. Which of the following is/are
5. Woodlice (a) Andaman Islands such bird/birds?
Select the correct answer using the code (b) Anaimalai Forests 1. Painted Stork
given below. (c) Maikala Hills 2. Common Myna
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast 3. Black-necked Crane
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Ans: (a) Select the correct answer using the code
Ans: (c) given below:
15. [ 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
12. [ 2021] Which of the following have camel’, a breed found in India? (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
species that can establish symbiotic 1. It is capable of swimming up to three Ans: (b)
relationship with other organisms? kilometres in seawater.
1. Cnidarians 2. It survives by grazing on mangroves. 18. [ 2014] Among the following organisms,
2. Fungi 3. It lives in the wild and cannot be do- which one does not belong to the class of
3. Protozoa mesticated. other three?
Select the correct answer using the code Select the correct answer using the code (a) Crab (b) Mite
given below. given below. (c) Scorpion (d) Spider
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only Ans: (a)
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (d) Ans: (a) 19. [ 2012] What is the difference between
the antelopes Oryx and Chiru?
13. [2019] Consider the following state- 16. [ 2014] Consider the following: (a) Oryx is adapted to live in hot and arid
ments: 1. Bats areas whereas Chiru is adapted to live in
1. Some species of turtles are herbivores. 2. Bears steppes and semi-desert areas of cold
2. Some species of fish are herbivores. 3. Rodents high mountains.
3. Some species of marine mammals are The phenomenon of hibernation can be (b) Oryx is poached for its antlers where-
herbivores. observed in which of the above kinds of as Chiru is poached for its musk.
4. Some speeies of snakes are viviparous. animals ? (c) Oryx exists in western India only
Which of the statements given above are (a) 1 and 2 only whereas Chiru exists in north-cast India
correct? (b) 2 only only.
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c)
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) Hibernation cannot be observed in any given above is correct.
Ans: (d) of the above Ans: (a)
Ans: (c)

[Microtheme]
#5. National Parks 
1. [ 2020] Among the following Tiger given below: 6. [ 2018] In which one of the following
Reserves, which one has the largest area (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Manipur
(a) Corbett Ans: (c) (c) Meghalaya (d) Nagaland
(b) Ranthambore Ans: (b)
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam 4. [ 2019] Which one of the following Nation-
(d) Sunderbans al Parks lies completely in the temperate 7. [ 2017] From the ecological point of view,
Ans: (c) alpine zone? which one of the following assumes im-
(a) Manas National Park portance in being a good link between the
2. [ 2020] Which of the following Protected (b) Namdapha National Park Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?
Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (c) Neora Valley National Park (a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
1. Nagarhole National Park (d) Valley of Flowers National Park (b) Nallamala Forest
2. Papikonda National Park Ans: (d) (c) Nagarhole National Park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 5. [ 2019] Which of the following are in Ans: (a)
Select the correct answer using the code Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?
given below: (a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wild- 8. [ 2015] Which of the following National
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only life Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthu- Parks is unique in being a swamp with
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 rai Tiger Reserve floating vegetation that
Ans: (c) (b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and supports a rich biodiversity?
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent (a) Bhitarkanika National Park
3. [ 2020] With reference to India’s Desert Valley National Park (b) Keibul Lamjao National Park
National Park, which of the following state- (c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahme-swaram (c) Keoladeo Ghana National Park
ments are correct? and Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and (d) Sultanpur National Park
1. It is spread over two districts. Mukurthi National Park Ans: (b)
2. There is no human habitation inside the Park. (d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife
3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam
Indian Bustard. Tiger Reserve
Select the correct answer using the code Ans: (a)

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

9. [ 2015] Which one of the following Na- 12. [ 2013] Consider the following pairs : Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea.
tional Parks has a climate that varies from National Park River flowing through the This is an important site of wildlife and
tropical to subtropical, Park biodiversity and a protected area. Which
temperate and arctic? (1). Corbett National Park : Ganga one of the following could be this?
(a) Khangchendzonga National Park (2). Kaziranga National Park : Manas (a) Bhitarkanika
(b) Nandadevi National Park (3). Silent Valley National Park : Kaveri (b) Chandipur-on-sea
(c) Neora Valley National Park Which of the above pairs is/are correctly (c) Gopalpur-on-sea
(d) Namdapha National Park matched? (d) Simlipal
Ans: (d) (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only Ans: (a)
(c) 1 and 3 (d) None
10. [ 2014] Consider the following pairs : Ans: (d) 15. [ 2010] Consider the following state-
Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram ments:
Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim 13. [ 2012] Consider the following protected 1. The boundaries of a National Park are
Saramati Peak : Nagaland areas; defined by legislation.
Select the correct answer using the code 1. Bandipur 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to
given below. 2. Bhitarkanika conserve a few specific species of flora
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only 3. Manas and fauna.
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only 4. Sunderbans 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited ‘ biotic
Ans: (c) Which of the above are declared Tiger interference is permitted.
Reserves? Which of the statements given above is /
11. [ 2013] Consider the following pairs : (a) 1 and 2 Only (b) 1, 3 and 4 Only are correct ?
(1). Nokrek Biosphere Reserve : Garo Hills (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1,2, 3 and 4 (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(2). Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range Ans: (b) (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(3). Namdapha National Park : Dafla Hills Ans: (c)
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly 14. [ 2011] Two important rivers- one with its
matched? source in Jharkhand (and known by a dif-
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only ferent name in Odisha), and another, with
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None its source in Odisha- merge at a place
Ans: (a) only a short distance from the coast of

[Microtheme]
#6. Ecological Theory 
1. [ 2017] Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (c) Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans 8. [ 2013] Which one of the following terms
is a standard criterion for (d) Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatom describes not only the physical space
(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood Ans: (a) occupied by an
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest organism, but also its functional role in the
ecosystems 5. [ 2013] With reference to food chains in community of organisms?
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems ecosystems, Consider the following state- (a) Ecotone
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude ments : (b) Ecological niche
regions (1). A food chain illustrates the order in (c) Habitat
Ans: (c) which a chain of organisms feed upon each (d) Home range
other. Ans: (b)
2. [ 2015] Which one of the following is the (2). Food chains are found within the popu-
best description of the term ‘ecosystem’? lations of a species. 9. [ 2013] With reference to the food chains
(a) A community of organisms interacting (3). A food chain illustrates the numbers of in ecosystems, which of the following kinds
with one another each organism which are eaten by others. of organism is/are known as decomposer
(b) That part of the Earth which is inhabited Which of the statements given above is/ organism/organisms?
by living organisms are correct? [Link]
(c) A community of organisms together (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only [Link]
with the environment in which they live (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None [Link]
(d) The flora and fauna of a geographical Ans: (a) Select the correct answer using the codes
area given below.
Ans: (c) 6. [ 2013] Which one of the following is the (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
correct sequence of ecosystems in the (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. [ 2014] Which one of the following is the order of decreasing productivity? Ans: (b)
process involved in photosynthesis? (a) Oceans, lakes, grasslands, mangroves
(a) Potential energy is released to form free (b) Mangroves, oceans, grasslands, lakes 10. [ 2011] Biodiversity forms the basis for
energy. (c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans human existence in the following ways:
(b) Free energy is converted into potential (d) Oceans, mangroves, lake, grasslands 1. Soil formation
energy and stored. Ans: (c) 2. Prevention of soil erosion
(c) Food is oxidized to release carbon diox- 3. Recycling of waste
ide and water. 7. [ 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not re- 4. Pollination of crops
(d) Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide place the grasses as a part of an eological Select the correct answer using the code
and water vapour are given out. succession because of given below:
Ans: (b) (a) insects and fungi (a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients (b) 2, 3, and 4 only
4. [ 2014] Which one of the following is the (c) water limits and fire (c) 1 and 4 only
correct sequence of a food chain? (d) None of the above (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings Ans: (c) Ans: (d)
(b) Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

11. [ 2011] Consider the following: accumulate in which one of the following?
1. Photosynthesis (a) Food crop (b) Rat 16. [ 2010] Some species of plants are insec-
2. Respiration (c) Snake (d) Hawk tivorous. Why?
3. Decay of organic matter Ans: (d) (a) Their growth in shady and dark
4. Volcanic action places does not allow them to undertake
Which of the above add carbon dioxide to 14. [ 2010] From the point of view of evo- sufficient photosynthesis and thus they
the carbon cycle on earth? lution of living organisms, which one of depend on insects for nutrition.
(a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only the following is the correct sequence of (b) They are adapted to grow in nitrogen
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 ,3 and 4 evolution? deficient soils and thus depend on in-
Ans: (c) (a) Otter-Tortoise-Shark sects for sufficient nitrogenous nutrition.
(b) Shark-Tortoise-Otter (c) They cannot synthesize certain
12. [ 2011] Consider the following state- (c) Tortoise-Shark-Otter vitamins themselves and depend on the
ments: 1. Biodiversity is normally greater (d) Shark-Otter-Tortoise insects digested by them.
in the lower latitudes as compared to the Ans: (b) (d) They have remained in that particular
higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain stage of evolution as living fossils a link
gradients, biodiversity is normally greater 15. [ 2010] Sustainable development is between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
in the lower altitudes as compared to the described as the development that meets Ans: (b)
higher altitudes. Which of the statements the needs of the present without compro-
given above is/are correct? mising the ability of future generations to 17. [ 2009] With reference to the evolution of
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only meet their own needs. In this perspective, living organisms, which one of the follow-
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 inherently the concept of sustainable ing sequences is correct ?
Ans: (c) development is intertwined with which of (a) Octopus-Dolphin-Shark
the following concepts? (b) Pangolin-Tortoise-Hawk
13. [ 2010] A pesticide which is a chlorinated (a) Social Justice and Empowerment (c) Salamander-Python-Kangaroo
hydrocarbon is sprayed on a food crop. (b) Inclusive Growth (d) Frog-Crab-Prawn
The food chain is: Food crop - Rat -Snake (c) Globalization Ans: (c)
- Hawk. In this food chain, the highest (d) Carrying capacity
concentration of the pesticide would Ans: (d)

[Microtheme]
#7. Environmental organisations 
1. [ 2023] Invasive Species Specialist Group’ 3. [ 2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(that develops Global Invasive Species Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Database) belongs to which one of the (a) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Ans: (a)
following organizations? Change
(a) The International Union for Conserva- (b) The UNEP Secretariat 6. [ 2017] Consider the following statements
tion of Nature (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat in respect of Trade Related Analysis of
(b) The United Nations Environment Pro- (d) The World Meteorological Organization Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC):
gramme Ans: (c) 1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Na-
(c) The United Nations World Commission tions Environment Programme (UNEP).
for Environment and Development 4. [ 2018] With reference to the ‘Global Alli- 2. The Mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure
(d) The World Wide Fund for Nature ance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GAC- that trade in wild plants and animals is not
Ans: (a) SA)’, which of the following statements is/ a threat
are correct ? to the conservation of nature.
2. [ 2022] Consider the following statements : 1. GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Which of the above statements is/are
1. “The Climate Group” is an international Summit held in Paris in 2015. correct?
non-profit organisation that drives climate ac- 2. Membership of GACSA does not create (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
tion by building large networks and runs them. any binding obligations. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. The International Energy Agency in part- 3. India was instrumental in the creation of Ans: (b)
nership with the Climate Group launched a GACSA.
global initiative “EP100”. Select the correct answer using the code 7. [ 2016] Consider the following statements:
3. EP100 brings together leading compa- given below : 1. The International Solar Alliance was
nies committed to driving innovation in (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only launched at the United Nations Climate
energy efficiency and increasing com- (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Change Conference in 2015.
petitiveness while delivering on emission Ans: (c) 2. The Alliance includes all the member
reduction goals. countries of the United Nations.
4. Some Indian companies are members of 5. [ 2017] With, reference to ‘Global Climate Which of the statements given above is/
EP100 Change Alliance’ which of the following are correct?
5. The International Energy Agency is the statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Secreteriat to the “Under2 Coalition”. 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which of the statements given above are 2. It provides technical and financial Ans: (a)
correct? support to targeted developing countries
(a) 1,2,4 and 5 to integrate climate change into their devel- 8. [ 2016] With reference to an initiative
(b) 1,3 and 4 only opment policies and budgets. called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and
(c) 2,3 and 5 only 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Biodiversity (TEEB)’,
(d) 1,2,3,4 and 5 Institute (WRI) and World Business Council which of the following statements is/are
Ans: (b) for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). correct?
Select the correct answer using the code 1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF
given below : and World Economic Forum.
2. It is a global initiative that focuses on

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

drawing attention to the economic benefits (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code
of biodiversity. (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 given below:
3. It presents an approach that can help Ans: (b) (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
decision-makers recognize, demonstrate (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only
and capture the value of ecosystems and 12. [ 2015] With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Ans: (c)
biodiversity. Partnership Facility’, which of the follow-
Select the correct answer using the code ing statements is/are 15. [ 2014] With reference to ‘Global Envi-
given below. correct? ronment Facility’, which of the following
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (1) It is a global partnership of govern- statements is/are
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 ments, businesses, civil society and correct?
Ans: (c) indigenous peoples. (a) It serves as financial mechanism for
(2) It provides financial aid to universities, ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and
9. [ 2015] BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sus- individual scientists and institutions ‘United Nations Framework Convention
tainable Forest Landscapes’ is managed involved in scientific forestry research to on Climate Change’.
by the develop eco-friendly and climate adapta- (b) It undertakes scientific research on
(a) Asian Development Bank tion technologies for sustainable forest environmental issues at global level.
(b) International Monetary Fund management. (c) It is an agency under OECD to facili-
(c) United Nations Environment Programme (3) It assists the countries in their tate the transfer of technology and funds
(d) World Bank ‘REDD+ (Reduing Emissions from Defor- to underdeveloped countries with specific
Ans: (d) estation and Forest aim to protect their environment.
Degradation+)’ efforts by providing them (d) Both (a) and (b).
10. [2015] Which of the following state- with financial and technical assistance. Ans: (a)
ments regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/ Select the correct answer using the code
are correct? given below. 16. [ 2011] The “Red Data Books’’ published
(1) It is intended to assist the developing (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only by the International Union for Conser-
countries in adaptation and mitigation (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 vation of Nature and Natural Resources
practices to counter climate change. Ans: (c) (IUCN) contain lists of
(2) It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, (a) Endemic plant and animal species
OECD, Asian Development Bank and 13. [ 2015] With reference to an organization present in the biodiversity hotspots.
World Bank. known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of (b) Threatened plant and animal species.
Select the correct answer using the code the following (c) Protected sites for conservation of
given below. statements is/are correct? nature and natural resources in various
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (1) It is a Global Partnership of Conserva- countries.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 tion Organizations. (d) None of the above
Ans: (a) (2) The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ Ans: (b)
originated from this organization.
11. [2015] With reference to the Interna- (3) It identifies the sites known/referred 17. [ 2010] As a result of their annual survey,
tional Union for Conservation of Nature to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity the National Geographic Society and an
and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Areas’. international polling firm GlobeScan gave
Convention on International Trade in Select the correct answer using the code India top rank in Greendex 2009 score.
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and given below. What is this score ?
Flora (CITES), which of the following (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (a) It is a measure of efforts made by dif-
statements is/are correct? (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 ferent countries in adopting technologies
(1) IUCN is an organ of the United Ans: (c) for reducing carbon footprint
Nations and CITES is an international (b) It is a measure of environmentally sus-
agreement between governments. 14. [ 2014] With reference to Bombay Natu- tainable consumer behaviour in different
(2) IUCN runs thousands of field projects ral History Society (BNHS), consider the countries
around the world to better manage natu- following statements: (c) It is an assessment of programmes
ral environments. 1. It is an autonomous organization under undertaken by different countries for
(3) CITES is legally binding on the States the Ministry of Environment and Forests. improving the conservation of natural
that have joined it, but this Convention 2. It strives to conserve nature through resources.
does not take the place of national laws. action-based research, education and (d) It is an index showing the volume of
Select the correct answer using the code public awareness. carbon credits sold by different countries
given below. 3. It organizes and conducts nature trails Ans: (b)
and camps for the general public.

[Microtheme]
#8. SpeciesXHabitat 
1. [ 2024] Consider the following pairs: 2. [ 2020] Which of the following are the (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
Country →Animal found in its natural habitat most likely places to find the musk deer in (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only
1. Brazil →Indri its natural habitat? Ans: (a)
2. Indonesia →Elk 1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
3. Madagascar →Bonobo 2. Gangotri National Park 3. [ 2020] Which one of the following protect-
How many of the pairs given above are 3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary ed areas is well-known for the conservation
correctly matched? 4. Manas National Park of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer
(a) Only one (b) Only two Select the correct answer using the code (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard
(c) All three (d) None given below: ground and is exclusively graminivorous?
Ans: (d) (a) Kanha National Park
(b) Manas National Park

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (c) Pulicat Lake Select the correct answer using the
(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary (d) DeeporBeel codes given below.
Ans: (a) Ans: (b) (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, and 3
4. [ 2019] Consider the following statements: 8. [ 2017] Recently there was a proposal to Ans: (a)
1. Asiatic lion is naturally found In India translocate some of the lions from their
only. natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of 12. [ 2012] Consider the following:
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found the following sites? 1. Black-necked crane
in India only. (a) Corbett National Park 2. Cheetah
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally (b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Flying squirrel
found in India only. (c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary 4. Snow leopard
Which of the statements given above is / (d) Sariska National Park Which of the above are naturally found in
are correct? Ans: (b) India?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 9. [ 2016] In which of the following regions (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (a) of India are you most likely to come across Ans: (b)
the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural
5. [ 2019] Consider the following pairs: habitat? 13. [ 2011] A sandy and saline area is the
Wildlife Naturally found in (a) Sand deserts of northwest India natural habitat of an Indian animal spe-
1. Blue-finned Mahseer : Cauvery River (b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kash- cies. The animal has no predators in that
2. Irrawaddy Dolphin: Chambal River mir area, but its existence is threatened due
3. Rusty-spotted Cat: Eastern Ghats (c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat to the destruction of its habitat. Which
Which of the pairs given above are correct- (d) Western Ghats one of the following could be that animal?
ly matched? Ans: (d) (a) Indian wild buffalo
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (b) Indian wild ass
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 10. [ 2013] Consider the following : (c) Indian wild boar
Ans: (c) [Link] tortoise (d) Indian gazelle
[Link] lizard Ans: (b)
6. [ 2019] Which one of the following groups [Link] hog
of plants was domesticated in the ‘New [Link] monkey 14. [ 2010] Consider the flowing pairs:
World’ and introduced into the ‘Old World’? Which of the above are naturally found in Protected area Well-known for
(a) Tobacco, cocoa and rubber India? 1. Bhiterkanika, Orissa→ Salt Water
(b) Tobacco, cotton and rubber. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only Crocodile
(c) Cotton, coffee and sugarcane (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan→
(d) Rubber, coffee and wheat Ans: (a) Great Indian Bustard
Ans: (a) 3. Eravikulam, Kerala→Hoolak Gibbon
11. [ 2013] In which of the following states Which of the pairs given above is/are
7. [ 2017] If you want to see gharials in their is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural correctly matched?
natural habitat, which one of the following habitat? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
is the best place to visit ? [Link] Nadu (c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves [Link] Ans: (b)
(b) Chambal River [Link]
[Link] Pradesh

[Microtheme]
#9. Environmental Acts 
1. [ 2022] Which one of the following has Ground Water Authority (CGWA). 5. [ 2019] Consider the following statements:
been constituted under the Environment 2. CGWA was’ formed under the Environ- The Environment Protection Act, 1986
(Protection) Act, 1986 ? ment (Protection) Act. empowers the Government of India to
(a) Central Water Commission 3. India has the largest area under ground- 1. state the requirement of public partic-
(b) Central Ground Water Board water irrigation in the world. ipation in the process of environmental
(c) Central Ground Water Authority Which of the statements given above is/ protection, and the procedure and manner
(d) National Water Development Agency are correct? in which it is sought
Ans: (c) (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only 2. lay down The standards for emission or
(c) 2 only (d) 1 and 3 only discharge of environmental pollutants from
2. [ 2021] At the national level, which minis- Ans: (b) various sources
try is the nodal agency to ensure effective Which of the statements given above is/
implementation of the Scheduled Tribes 4. [ 2020] If a particular plant species is are correct?
and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Rec- placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
ognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006? Protection Act, (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and 1972, what is the implication? Ans: (b)
Climate Change (a) A licence is required to cultivate that
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj plant. 6. [ 2019] Consider the following statements
(c) Ministry of Rural Development (b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under 1. As per law, the Compensatory Affor-
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs” any circumstances. estation Fund Management and Planning
Ans: (d) (c) It is a Genetically Modified crop plant. Authority exists at both National and State
(d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to levels.
3. [ 2020] Consider the following statements : the ecosystem. 2. People’s participation is mandatory in
1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as Ans: (a) the compensatory afforestation pro-
“overexploited” or “critical” by the Central grammes carried out under the Compensa-

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

tory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. [Link] Ministry of Environment, Forest 13. [ 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive
Which of the statements given above is / and Climate Change oflicially decides and Zones’, which of the following statements
are correct? declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of 1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 India. are declared under the Wildlife (Protec-
Ans: (a) Which of the statements given above is/ tion) Act, 1972.
are correct? 2. The purpose of the declaration of
7. [ 2019] Consider the following statements: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all
1. As per recent amendment to the Indian (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 kinds of human activities in those zones
Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the Ans: (a) except agriculture.
right to fell the bamboos grown on forest Select the correct answer using the code
areas. 10. [ 2017] In India, if a species of tortoise is given below.
2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other declared protected under Schedule I of (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a does it imply ? Ans: (d)
minor forest produce. (a) It enjoys the same level of protection
3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Tra- as the tiger. 14. [ 2014] Consider the following state-
ditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of (b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few ments:
Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership individuals are under captive protection; 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is estab-
of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. and how it lished under the Environment (Protection)
Which of the statements given above is / is impossible to prevent its extinction. Act, 1986.
are correct? (c) It is endemic to a particular region of 2. National Tiger Conservation Authority
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only India. is a statutory body.
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Both (b) and (c) stated above are cor- 3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is
Ans: (b) rect in this context. chaired by the Prime Minister.
Ans: (a) Which of the statements given above is/
8. [ 2018] How is the National Green Tribunal are correct?
(NGT) different from the Central Pollution 11. [ 2017] According to the Wildlife (Protec- (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
Control Board (CPCB)? tion) Act, 1972, which of the following (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
[Link] NGT has been established by an Act animals cannot be hunted by any person Ans: (b)
whereas the CPCB has been created by an except under some provisions provided
executive order of the Government. by law? 15. [ 2013] Under the Scheduled Tribes and
[Link] NGT provides environmental justice 1. Gharial Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recog-
and helps reduce the burden of litigation 2. Indian wild ass nition of Forest
in the higher courts whereas the CPCB 3. Wild buffalo Rights) Act, 2006, who shall be the
promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, Select the correct answer using the code authority to initiate the process for deter-
and aims to improve the quality of air in the given below: mining the nature
country. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only and extent of individual or community
Which of the statements given above is/ (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 forest rights or both?
are correct? Ans: (d) (a) State Forest Department
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (b) Distrit Collector/Deputy Commissioner
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 12. [ 2015] The Genetic Engineering Apprais- (c) Tahsildar/Block Develoment Officer/
Ans: (b) al Committee is constituted under the Mandal Revenue Officer
(a) Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (d) Gram Sabha
9. [ 2018] Consider the following statements : (b) Geographical Indications of Goods Ans: (d)
[Link] definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, (c) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
2006. (d) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
[Link] the first time in India, Baigas have Ans: (c)
been given Habitat Rights.

[Microtheme]
#10. PollutionXimpact & remediation 
1. [ 2025] With reference to Direct Air Cap- 2. [ 2025] Statement I: (b) Both Statement II and Statement III
ture, an emerging technology, which of the Activated carbon is a good and an attrac- are correct but only one of them explains
following statements is/are correct? tive tool to remove pollutants from effluent Statement I
I. It can be used as a way of carbon seques- streams and to remediate contaminants (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is
tration. from various industries. correct and that explains Statement I
II. It can be a valuable approach for plastic Statement II : (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III
production and in food processing. Activated carbon exhibits a large surface is correct
III. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon area and a strong potential for adsorbing Ans: (a)
for combining with hydrogen to create heavy metals.
synthetic low-carbon fuel. Statement III : 3. [ 2023] With reference to the role of biofil-
Select the correct answer using the code Activated carbon can be easily synthe- ters in Recirculating Aquaculture System,
given below. sized from environmental wastes with high consider the following statements:
(a) I and II only carbon content. 1. Biofilters provide waste treatment by
(b) II only Which one of the following is correct in removing uneaten fish feed.
(c) I, II, and III respect of the above statements? 2. Biofilters convert ammonia present in
(d) None of the above statements is correct (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are fish waste to nitrate.
Ans: (c) correct and both of them explain Statement I 3. Biofilters increase phosphorus as nutri-

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

ent for fish in water. given below: 12. [ 2015] With reference to ‘fly ash’ pro-
How many of the statements given above (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only duced by the power plants using coal as
are correct? (c) 4 and 5 only (d) 1 and 5 only fuel, which of the
(a) Only one (b) Only two Ans: (a) following statements is/are correct?
(c) All three (d) None (1) Fly ash can be used in the production
Ans: (b) 8. [ 2020] Steel slag can be the material for of bricks for building construction.
which of the following? (2) Fly ash can be used as a replacement
4. [ 2022] “Biorock Technology” is talked 1. Construction of base road for some of the Portland cement contents
about in which one of the following situa- 2. Improvement of agricultural soil of concrete.
tions? 3. Production of cement (3) Fly ash is made up of silicon dioxide
(a) Restoration of damaged coral reefs Select the correct answer using the code and calcium oxide only, and does not
(b) Development of building materials using given below: contain any toxic
plant residues (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only elements.
(c) Identification of areas for exploration/ (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code
extraction of shale gas Ans: (d) given below.
(d) Providing salt licks for wild animals in (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
forests. 9. [ 2019] In the context of which one of (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
Ans: (a) the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and Ans: (a)
plasma gasification’ mentioned?
5. [ 2022] In the context of WHO Air Quality (a) Extraction of rare earth elements 13. [ 2011] In the Union Budget 2011-12, a
Guidelines, Consider the following state- (b) Natural gas extraction technologies full exemption from the basic customs
ments : (c) Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles duty was extended to the bio-based
1. The 24-hour mean of PM 2.5 should not (d) Waste-to-energy technologies asphalt (bioasphalt). What is the impor-
exceed 15 μg/m3 and annual mean of PM Ans: (d) tance of this material?
2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m3. 1. Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt
2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pol- 10. [ 2018] Which of the following is/are the is not based on fossil fuels.
lution occur during the periods of inclem- possible consequence/s of heavy sand 2. Bioasphalt can be made from non-re-
ent weather. mining in riverbeds ? newable resources.
3. PM 10 can penetrate the long barrier [Link] salinity in the river 3. Bioasphalt can be made from organic
and enter the bloodstream. [Link] of groundwater waste materials.
4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger [Link] of the water-table 4. It is eco-friendly to use bioasphalt for
asthma. Select the correct answer using the code surfacing of the roads.
Which of the statements given above are given below : Which of the statements given above are
correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only correct?
(a) 1,3 and 4 (b) 1 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2 only Ans: (b) (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (b) Ans: (b)
11. [ 2017] In the context of solving pollution
6. [ 2021] R2 Code of Practices’ constitutes problems what is/are the 14. [ 2010] Which bacterial strain, developed
a tool available for promoting the adoption of advantage/disadvantages of bioremedia- from natural isolated by genetic manipula-
(a) environmentally responsible practices in tion technique? tions, can be used for treating oil spills?
electronics recycling industry 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollu- (a) Agrodbacterium (b) Clostridium
(b) ecological management of Wetlands of tion by enhancing the same biodegrada- (c) Nitrosomonas (d) Pseudomonas
International Importance under the Ramsar tion process Ans: (d)
Convention that occurs in nature.
(c) sustainable practices in the cultivation 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals 15. [ 2010] Excessive release of the pollutant
of agricultural crops in degraded land such as cadmium and lead can be readily carbon monoxide (CO) into the air may
(d) ‘Environmental Impact Assessment’ in and produce a condition in which oxygen sup-
the exploitation of natural resources completely treated by bioremediation ply in the human body decreases. What
Ans: (a) using microorganisms. causes this condition?
3. Genetic engineering can be used (a) When inhaled into the human body CO
7. [ 2020] In rural road construction, the use to create microorganisms specifically is converted into CO2
of which of the following is preferred for designed for (b) The inhaled CO has much higher
ensuring environmental sustainability or to bioremediation. affinity for haemoglobin as compared to
reduce carbon footprint? Select the correct answer using the code oxygen
1. Copper slag given below: (c) The inhaled CO destroys the chemical
2. Cold mix asphalt technology (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only structure of haemoglobin
3. Geotextiles (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) The inhaled CO adversely affects the
4. Hot mix asphalt technology Ans: (c) respiratory centre in the brain
5. Portland cement Ans: (b)
Select the correct answer using the code

[Microtheme]
#11. Flagship SpeciesXCharacteristics and Behaviour 
1. [ 2024] Consider the following statements: proclaim their territory by scent marking.
1. Lions do not have a particular breeding Which of the statements given above are 2. [ 2024] Consider the following:
season. correct? 1. Butterflies
2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 2. Fish
not roar. (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 3. Frogs
3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not Ans: (a) How many of the above have poisonous

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

species among them? quence/consequences?

(a) Only one (b) Only two 1. Pollination of some plants could be 9. [ 2012] Consider the following kinds of
(c) All three (d) None adversely affected. organisms:
Ans: (c) 2. There could be a drastic increase in the 1. Bat
fungal infections of some cultivated plants. 2. Bee
3. [ 2023] Consider the following fauna: 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of 3. Bird
1. Lion-tailed Macaque some species of wasps, spiders and birds. Which of the above is/are pollinating
2. Malabar Civet Select the correct answer using the code agent/agents?
3. Sambar Deer given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
How many of the above are generally noc- (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
turnal or most active after sunset? (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (d)
(a) Only one (b) Only two Ans: (c)
(c) All three (d) None 10. [ 2010] King Cobra is the only snake that
Ans: (b) 7. [ 2014] Other than poaching, what are makes its own nest. Why does it make its
the possible reasons for the decline in the nest ?
4. [ 2022] Which of the following is not a population of Ganga River Dolphins? (a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps
bird? 1. Construction of dams and barrages on attract other snakes
(a) Golden Mahseer rivers. (b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a
(b) Indian Nightjar 2. Increase in the population of crocodiles nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) Spoonbill in rivers. (c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its
(d) White Ibis 3. Getting trapped in fishing nets acciden- eggs in the nest and guards the nest until
Ans: (a) tally. they are hatched
4. Use of synthetic fertilizers and other (d) It is a large, cold blooded animal and
5. [ 2020] With reference to Indian elephants, agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the needs a nest to hibernate in the cold
consider the following statements: vicinity of season.
1. The leader of an elephant group is a rivers. Ans: (c)
female. Select the correct answer using the code
2. The maximum gestation period can be given below: 11. [ 2009] The Panda belongs to the same
22 months. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only family as that of
3. An elephant can normally go on calving (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and (a) Bear (b) Cat
till the age of 40 years only. 4 only (c) Dog (d) Rabbit
4. Among the States in India, the highest Ans: (c) Ans: (a)
elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/ 8. [ 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initi- 12. [ 2009] In making the saffron spice,
are correct? ating ecological succession even on a bare which one of the following parts of the
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 4 only rock, are actually a symbiotic association plant is used ?
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only of: (a) Loaf (b) Petal
Ans: (a) (a) algae and bacteria (c) Sepal (d) Stigma
(b) algae and fungi Ans: (d)
6. [ 2017] Due to some reasons, if there is (c) bacteria and fungi
a huge fall in the population of species of (d) fungi and mosses
butterflies, what could be its likely conse- Ans: (b)

[Microtheme]
#12. Fuels and biofertilizers 
1. [ 2025] Consider the following statements: 2. [ 2020] According to India’s National Policy 3. Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can
Statement I: Of the two major ethanol on Biofuels, which of the following can be be blended with CNG as fuel for buses.
producers in the world, i.e., Brazil and the used as raw materials for the production of 4. H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive
United States of America, the former pro- biofuels? than CNG.
duces more ethanol than the latter. 1. Cassava Which of the statements given above is /
Statement II: Unlike in the United States 2. Damaged wheat grains are correct?
of America, where corn is the principal 3. Groundnut seeds (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
feedstock for ethanol production, sugar- 4. Horse gram (c) 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
cane is the principal feedstock for ethanol 5. Rotten potatoes Ans: (b)
production in Brazil. 6. Sugar beet
Which one of the following is correct in Select the correct answer using the code 4. [ 2017] It is possible to produce algae
respect of the above statements? given below: based biofuels, but what is/are the likely
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are (a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only limitation(s) of developing countries in
correct and Statement II explains State- (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 promoting this industry?
ment I Ans: (a) 1. Production of algae based biofuels is
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are possible in seas only and not on conti-
correct but Statement II does not explain 3. [ 2019] In the context of proposals to the nents.
Statement I use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as 2. Setting up and engineering the algae
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II fuel for buses in public transport, consider based biofuel production requires high
is not correct the following statements: level of expertise/technology until the
(d) Statement I is not correct but State- 1. The main adyantage of the use of construction is completed.
ment II is correct H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monox- 3. Economically viable production necessi-
Ans: (d) ide emissions. tates the setting up of large scale facilities
2. H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide which may raise ecological and social
and hydrocarbon emissions. concerns.

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

Select the correct answer using the code 2. Fungi atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates.
given below: 3. Flowering plants (c) They have the mechanism to convert
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only Some species of which of the above kinds atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 of organisms are employed as biopesti- crop plants can absorb readily.
Ans: (b) cides? (d) They induce the roots of the crop
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only plants to absorb the soil nitrates in larger
5. [ 2015] With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 quantities.
which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are Ans: (d) Ans: (c)
used to generate
electriity, Consider the following statements : 8. [ 2012] Biomass gasification is considered 11. [ 2010] Other than Jatropha curcas, why
(1) If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the to be one of the sustainable solutions to is Pongamia pinnata also considered a
fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products. the power crisis in India. In this context good option for the production of biodies-
(2) Fuel cells can be used for powering which of the following statements is/ el in India?
buildings and not for small devices like are correct? 1. Coconut shells, ground- 1. Pongamia pinnata grows naturally in
laptop computers nut shells and rice husk can be used in most of the arid regions of India
(3) Fuel cells produce electricity in the form biomass gasification 2. The combustible 2. The seeds of Pongamia pinnata are
of Alternating Current (AC). gases generated from biomass gasification rich in lipid content of which nearly half is
Which of the statements given above is/ consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide oleic acid
are correct? only 3. The combustible gases generated Which of the statement given above is/
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only from biomass gasification can be used for are correct?
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 direct heat generation but not in internal (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Ans: (a) combustion engines. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only Ans: (c)
6. [ 2013] With reference to the usefulness of (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
the by-products of sugar industry, which of Ans: (a) 12. [2010] Given below are the names of
the following four energy crops.
statements is/are correct? 9. [ 2010] Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles pro- Which one of them can be cultivated for
(1). Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel duce one of the following as ‘exhaust’ ethanol?
for the generation of energy. (a) NH3 (a) Jatropha (b) Maize
(2). Molasses can be used as one of the (b) CH4 (c) Pongamia (d) Sunflower
feedstocks for the production of synthetic (c) H2O Ans: (b)
chemical fertilizers. (d) H2O2
(3). Molasses can be used for the produc- Ans: (c) 13. [2009] In the context of alternative
tion of ethanol. Select the correct answer sources of energy, ethanol as a viable
using the codes given below. 10. [ 2010] Which feature of some species of bio-fuel can be obtained from:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only blue green algae helps promoted them as (a) Potato (b) Rice
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 bio-fertilizers? (c) Sugarcane (d) Wheat
Ans: (c) (a) They convert atmospheric methane Ans: (c)
into ammonia which the crop plants can
7. [ 2012] Consider the following kinds of absorb readily.
organisms: (b) They induce the crop plants to pro-
1. Bacteria duce the enzymes which help convert

[Microtheme]
#13. Marine Ecosystem 
1. [ 2021] Which one of the following is a (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 ule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
filter feeder? (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4 Select the correct answer using the code
(a) Catfish (b) Octopus Ans: (b) given below.
(c) Oyster (d) Pelican (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
Ans: (c) 4. [ 2018] Consider the following statements : (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
[Link] of the world’s coral reefs are in Ans: (c)
2. [ 2021] What is blue carbon? tropical waters.
(a) Carbon captured by oceans and coastal [Link] than one-third of the world’s coral 6. [ 2014] Which of the following have coral
ecosystems reefs are located in the territories of Aus- reefs?
(b) Carton sequestered in forest biomass tralia, Indonesia and Philippines. 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
and agricultural soils [Link] reefs host far more number of 2. Gulf of Kachchh
(c) Carbon contained in petroleum and animal phyla than those hosted by tropical 3. Gulf of Mannar
natural gas rainforests. 4. Sunderbans
(d) Carbon present in atmosphere Which of the statements given above is/are Select the correct answer using the code
Ans: (a) correct ? given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
3. [ 2021] Consider the following kinds of (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
organisms: Ans: (d) Ans: (a)
1. Copepods
2. Cyanobacteria 5. [ 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’ a mam- 7. [ 2013] Consider the following animals:
3. Diatoms mal found in India, which of the following (1). Sea cow
4. Foraminifera statements is/are correct? (2). Sea horse
Which of the above are primary producers (1) It is a herbivorous marine animal. (3). Sea lion
in the food chains of oceans? (2) It is found along the entire coast of India. Which of the above is/are mammal/mam-
(3) It is given legal protection under Sched- mals?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only 1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be canopies and serve as an excellent shel-
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 adversely affected. ter during a cyclone or Tsunami.
Ans: (b) 2. The food chains in the ocean would be (d) The mangrove trees do not get uproot-
adversely affected. ed by storms and tides because of their
8. [ 2012] The acidification of oceans is in- 3. The density of ocean water would drasti- extensive roots.
creasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause cally decrease. Ans: (d)
of concern? Select the correct answer using the code
1. The growth and survival of calcareous given below: 11. [ 2011] In the context of ecosystem
phytoplankton will be adversely affected. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only productivity, marine upwelling zones
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 are important as they increase marine
will be adversely affected. Ans: (a) productivity by bringing the:
3. The survival of some animals that have (a) Decomposer microorganisms to the
phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely 10. [ 2011] The 2004 Tsunami made people surface
affected. realize that mangroves can serve as a (b) Nutrients to the surface
4. The cloud seeding and formation of reliable safety hedge against coastal (c) Bottom-dwelling organisms to the
clouds will be adversely affected. Which calamities. How do mangroves function surface
among the statements given above is/are as a safety hedge? (d) None of the above
correct? (a) The mangrove swamps separate the Ans: (b)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only human settlements from the sea by a
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 wide zone in which people neither live nor 12. [ 2009] The marine animal called dugong
Ans: (a) venture out. which is vulnerable to extinction is a/an:
(b) The mangroves provide both food and (a) Amphibian (b) Bony Fish
9. [ 2012] What would happen if phytoplank- medicines which people are in need of (c) Shark (d) Mammal
ton of an ocean is completely destroyed for after any natural disaster. Ans: (d)
some reason? (c) The mangrove trees are tall with dense

[Microtheme]
#14. SpeciesXThreats and Conservation efforts 
1. [ 2024] Consider the following statements: 3. [ 2017] The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
Statement-I: seen in the news in the context of (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None
The Indian Flying Fox is placed under the (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna Ans: (c)
“vermin” category in the Wild Life (Protec- (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves
tion) Act, 1972. (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System 8. [ 2012] Which one of the following groups
Statement-II: (d) Security of National Highways of animals belongs to the category of
The Indian Flying Fox feeds on the blood of Ans: (b) endangered species?
other animals. (a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red
Which one of the following is correct in 4. [ 2016] Recently, for the first time in our Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
respect of the above statements? country, which of the following States has (b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetai, Blue Bull and
(a) Both statement I and Statement II are declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Great Indian Bustard
correct and statement II explains state- Butterfly’? (c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus
ment I (a) Arunachal Pradesh Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (b) Himachal Pradesh (d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanu-
correct, but Statement-II does not explain (c) Karnataka man Langur and Cheetal
Statement-I (d) Maharashtra Ans: (a)
(c) Staement- I is correct , but Statement II Ans: (d)
is incorrect 9. [ 2012] Vultures which used to be very
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but State- 5. [ 2015] Which one of the following is the common in Indian countryside some years
ment-II is correct national aquatic animal of India? ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is
Ans: (c) (a) Saltwater Crocodile attributed to:
(b) Olive ridley turtle (a) the destruction of their nesting sites by
2. [ 2022] With reference to Indian laws (c) Gangetic dolphin new invasive species
about wildlife protection, Consider the (d) Gharial disease among them
following statements : Ans: (c) (b) a drug used by cattle owners for treat-
1. Wild animals are the sole property of the ing their diseased cattle
government. 6. [ 2014] The most important strategy for persistent and fatal
2. When a wild animal is declared pro- the conservation of biodiversity together (c) scarcity of food available to them
tected, such animal is entitled for equal with traditional (d) a widespread, persistent and fatal
protection whether it is found in protected human life is the establishment of: disease among them
areas or outside. (a) biosphere reserves Ans: (b)
3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal (b) botanical gardens
becoming a danger to human life is suffi- (c) national parks 10. [ 2011] Which one of the following is not
cient ground for its capture or killing. (d) wildlife sanctuaries a site for in-situ method of conservation
Which of the statements given above is/are Ans: (a) of flora?
correct ? (a) Biosphere Reserve
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only 7. [ 2013] Consider the following fauna of (b) Botanical Garden
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only India : (c) National Park
Ans: (a) (1). Gharial (d) Wildlife Sanctuary
(2). Leatherback turtle Ans: (b)
(3). Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are endangered?

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

[Microtheme]
#15. Environmental Policies 
1. [ 2023] Consider the following statements : 4. [ 2016] Gadgil Committee Report’ and Convention
Once the Central Governmnent notifies an ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, some- (d) Wildlife Sanctuaries
area as a ‘Community Reserve’ times seen in the news, are related to Ans: (b)
1. The Chief Wildlife Warden of the State (a) constitutional reforms
becomes the governing authority of such (b) Ganga Action Plan 8. [ 2012] How does the National Biodiver-
forest (c) linking of rivers sity Authority (NBA) help in protecting the
2. Hunting is not allowed in such area (d) protection of Western Ghats Indian agriculture?
3. People of such area are allowed to col- Ans: (d) 1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects
lect non-timber forest produce the indigenous and traditional genetic
4. People of such area are allowed tradi- 5. [ 2016] In the cities of our country, which resources.
tional agricultural practices among the following atmospheric gases 2. NBA directly monitors and supervises
How many of the above statements are are normally considered in calculating the the scientific research on genetic modifica-
correct? value of Air Quality Index? tion of crop plants.
(a) Only one (b) Only two 1. Carbon dioxide 3. Application for Intellectual Property
(c) Only thrree (d) All four 2. Carbon monoxide Rights related to resources genetic/bio-
Ans: (b) 3. Nitrogen dioxide logical cannot be made without approval
4. Sulfur dioxide of NBA.
2. [ 2019] In India,’extended producer respon- 5. Methane Which of the statements given above is/
sibility’ was introduced as an important Select the correct answer using the code are correct?
feature in which of the following? given below. (a) 1 Only (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
and Handling) Rules, 1998 (c) 1, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Ans: (c)
(b) The Recycled plastic (Manufacturing Ans: (b)
and Usage) Rules, 1999 9. [ 2010] What are the possible limitations
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Han- 6. [ 2014] What are the benefits of imple- of India in mitigating the global warming at
dling) Rules, 2011 menting the ‘Integrated Watershed Devel- present and in the immediate future?
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regula- opment Programme’? 1. Appropriate alternate technologies are
tions, 2011 1. Prevention of soil runoff not sufficiently available
Ans: (c) 2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers 2. India cannot invest huge funds in re-
with seasonal rivers search and development
3. [ 2019] As per the Solid Waste Manage- 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of 3. Many developed countries have already
ment Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the groundwater table set up their polluting industries in India
following statements is correct? 4. Regeneration of natural vegetation Which of the statement given above is/are
(a) Waste generator has to segregate waste Select the correct answer using the code correct?
into five categories. given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
(b) The Rules are applicable to riotified (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 only
urban local bodies, notified towns and all (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only Ans: (a)
industrial townships only. Ans: (c)
(c) The Rules provide for exact and elabo- 10. [ 2009] Which one of the following Union
rate criteria for the identification of sites for 7. [ 2012] In which one among the following Ministries implements the Cartagena
landfills and waste processing facilities. categories of protected areas in India are Protocol on Biosafety ?
(d) It is mandatory on the part of waste local people not allowed to collect and use (a) Ministry of Science and Technology
generator that the waste generated in biomass? (b) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
one district cannot be moved to another (a) Biosphere Reserves (c) Ministry of Environment and Forests
district. (b) National Parks (d) Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers
Ans: (c) (c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Ans: (c)

[Microtheme]
#16. SpeciesXExotic/Invasive 
1. [ 2025] Consider the following pairs: 3. Flies 4. [ 2020] With reference to India’s biodiversi-
Plant: Description 4. Termites ty, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet,
I. Cassava Woody shrub 5. Wasps Graychinned minivet and White-throated
II. Ginger Herb with pseudostem Parasitoid species are found in how many redstart are
III. Malabar spinach Herbaceous climber of the above kind of organisms? (a) Birds (b) Primates
IV. Mint Annual shrub (a) only two (b) only three (c) Reptiles (d) Amphibians
V. Papaya Woody shrub (c) only four (d) all five Ans: (a)
How many of the above pairs are correctly Ans: (b)
matched? 5. [ 2019] Recently, there was a growing
(a) Only two (b) Only three 3. [ 2024] The organisms Cicada, Froghopper awareness in our country about the
(c) Only four (d) All the five and Pond skater are: importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia
Ans: (b) (a) Birds (b) Fish diversifolia) because it is found to be a
(c) Insects (d) Reptiles sustainable source of
2. [ 2024] Consider the following: Ans: (c) (a) anti-malarial drug
1. Carabid beetles (b) blodiesel
2. Centipedes

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

(c) pulp for paper industry 7. [ 2013] Consider the following organisms : of biodiesel. 3. It has nutritional value and
(d) textile fibre [Link] is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high
Ans: (a) [Link] altitudes. 4. Its timber is of great commer-
[Link] cial value.
6. [ 2018] Why is a plant called Prosopis Which of the above is/are used as biofertil- (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
juliflora often mentioned in news? izer/biofertilizers? (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) Its extract is widely used in cosmetics. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only Ans: (c)
(b) It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
area in which it grows. Ans: (b) 9. [ 2009] In the context of Indian wild life,
(c) Its extract is used in the synthesis of the flying fox is a
pesticides. 8. [ 2012] The Government of India encour- (a) Bat (b) Kite
(d) None of the above ages the cultivation of ‘sea buckthorn ‘. (c) Stork (d) Vulture
Ans: (b) What is the importance of this plant? 1. It Ans: (a)
helps in controlling soil erosion and in pre-
venting desertification. 2. It is a rich source

[Microtheme]
#17. Climate Change 
1. [ 2018] Which of the following statements given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
best describes “carbon fertilization”? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) Increased plant growth due to increased (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (a)
concentration of carbon dioxide in the Ans: (d)
atmosphere 7. [ 2012] The increasing amount of carbon
(b) Increased temperature of Earth due to 4. [ 2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally dioxide in the air is slowly raising the
increased concentration of carbon dioxide Determined Contributions’ is sometimes temperature of the atmosphere, because
in the atmosphere seen in the news in it absorbs
(c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result the context of (a) the water vapour of the air and retains
of increased concentration of carbon diox- (a) pledges made by the European coun- its heat.
ide in the atmosphere tries to rehabilitate refugees from the (b) the UV part of the solar radiation.
(d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth war-affected Middle East (c) all the solar radiations.
to the climate change brought about by the (b) plan of action outlined by the countries (d) the infrared part of the solar radiation.
increased concentration of carbon dioxide of the world to combat climate change Ans: (d)
in the atmosphere. (c) capital contributed by the member
Ans: (b) countries in the establishment of Asian 8. [ 2011] Human activities in the recent past
Infrastructure Investment Bank have caused the increased concentration
2. [ 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/ (d) plan of action outlined by the countries of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but a
sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the of the world regarding Sustainable Devel- lot of it does not remain in the lower atmo-
news in the context of the discussion of opment Goals sphere because
(a) Widespread monoculture practices in Ans: (b) 1. its escape into the outer stratosphere
agriculture and large-scale commercial 2. the photosynthesis by phytoplankton in
farming with indiscriminate use of chemi- 5. [ 2014] The scientific view is that the the oceans
cals in many parts of the world that may re- increase in global temperature should not 3. the trapping of air in the polar ice caps.
sult in the loss of good native ecosystems. exceed 2 0 C above pre-industrial level. If Which of the statements given above is/
(b) Fears of a possible collision of a mete- the global temperature increases beyond are correct?
orite with the Earth in the near future in the 30 C above the pre-industrial level, what (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
manner it happened 65 million years ago can be its possible impact/impacts on the (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only
that caused the mass extinction of many world? Ans: (b)
species including those of dinosaurs. 1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net
(c) Large scale cultivation of genetically carbon source. 9. [ 2010] Consider the following which can
modified crops in many parts of the world 2. Widespread coral mortality will occur. be found in the ambient atmosphere:
and promoting their cultivation in other 3. All the global wetlands will permanently 1. Soot
parts of the world which may cause the dis- disappear. 2. Sulphur hexafluoride
appearance of good native crop plants and 4. Cultivation of cereals will not be possible 3. Water vapour
the loss of food biodiversity. anywhere in the world. Which of the above contribute to the
(d) Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of Select the correct answer using the code warming up of the atmosphere?
natural resources, fragmentation/loss of given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
natural habitats, destruction of ecosys- (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
tems, pollution and global climate change. (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only Ans: (d)
Ans: (d) Ans: (b)

3. [ 2017] In the context of mitigating the 6. [ 2012] Which of the following can be
impending global warming due to anthro- threats to the biodiversity of a geographi-
pogenic emission of carbon dioxide, which cal area?
of the following can be the potential sites 1. Global warming
for carbon sequestration? 2. Fragmentation of habitat
1. Abandoned and Uneconomic coal 3. Invasion of alien species
seams 4. Promotion of vegetarianism
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs Choose the correct answer using the code
3. Subterranean deep saline formations given below:
Select the correct answer using the code

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

[Microtheme]
#18. Wetlands 
1. [ 2022] Consider the following pairs : (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Wetland/Lake Location 4. [ 2014] Consider the following pairs: (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. Hokera Wetland — Punjab Wetlands : Confluence of rivers Ans: (b)
2. Renuka Wetland — Himachal Harike Wetlands : Confluence of Beas and
Pradesh Satluj/ Sutlej 7. [ 2012] With reference to the wetlands of
3. Rudrasagar Lake — Tripura Keoladeo Ghana National Park : Conflu- India, consider the following statements:
4. Sasthamkotta Lake — Tamil Nadu ence of Banas and Chambal 1. The country’s total geographical area
How many pairs given above are correctly Kolleru Lake : Confluence of Musi and under the category of wetlands is record-
matched ? Krishna ed more in Gujarat as compared to other
(a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs Which of the above pairs is/are correctly States. 2. In India, the total geographical
(c) Only three pairs (d) All four pairs matched? area of coastal wetlands is larger than that
Ans: (b) (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only of inland wetlands. Which of the state-
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only ments given above is/are correct?
2. [ 2022] “If rainforests and tropical forests Ans: (a) (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wet- (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
lands function as its kidneys” Which one 5. [ 2014] If a wetland of international im- Ans: (a)
of the following functions of wetlands best portance is brought under the ‘Montreux
reflects the above statement? Record’, what does it imply? 8. [ 2010] India is a party to the Ramsar
(a) The water cycle in wetlands involves (a) Changes in ecological character have Convention and has declared many areas
surface runoff, subsoil percolation and occurred, are occurring or are likely to as Ramsar Sites.
evaporation occur in the wetland as a result of human Which of the following statements best
(b) Algae form the nutrient base upon interference. describes as to how we should maintain
which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, (b) The country in which the wetland is these sites in the context of the Conven-
reptiles and mammals thrive. located should enact a law to prohibit any tion.
(c) Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining human activity within five kilometres from (a) Keep all the sites completely inac-
sedimentation balance and soil stabilisation the edge of the wetland. cessible to man so that they will not be
(d) Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and (c) The survival of the wetland depends exploited.
excess behaviour. on the cultural practices and traditions of (b) Conserve all the sites through eco-
Ans: (d) certain communities living in its vicinity system approach and permit tourism and
and therefore the cultural diversity therein recreation only.
3. [ 2019] Consider the following statements: should not be destroyed. (c) Conserve all the sites through ecosys-
1. Under Ramsar Convention, it is manda- (d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage tem approach for a period without any ex-
tory on the part of the Government of India Site’. ploitation with specific criteria and specific
to protect and conserve all the wetlands in Ans: (a) period for each site and then allow sustain-
the territory of India. able use of them by future generations.
2. The Wetlands (Conservation and Man- 6. [ 2014] With reference to a conservation (d) Conserve all the sites through ecosys-
agement) Rules, 2010 were framed by the organization called ‘Wetlands Internation- tem approach and allow their simultaneous
Government of India based on the recom- al’, which of the sustainable use.
mendations of Ramsar Convention. following statement/s is/are correct? Ans: (d)
3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Man- 1. It is an intergovernmental organization
agement) Rules, 2010 also encompass the formed by the countries which are signa- 9. [ 2009] In India, which one of the follow-
drainage area or catchment regions of the tories to ing States has the largest inland saline
wetlands as determined by the authority. Ramsar Convention. wetland?
Which of the statements given above is / 2. It works at the field level to develop and (a) Gujarat (b) Haryana
are correct? mobilize knowledge, and use the practical (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Rajasthan
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only experience to advocate for better policies. Ans: (d)
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code
Ans: (c) given below:

[Microtheme]
#19. Biodiversity 
1. [ 2023] Consider the following statements: 2. [ 2011] The Himalayan Range is very rich 3. [ 2011] Three of the following criteria have
1. In India, the Biodiversity Management in species diversity. Which one among the contributed to the recognition of western
Committees are key to the realization of following is the most appropriate reason Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions
the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol. for this phenomenon? as hotspots of biodiversity: 1. Species rich-
2. The Biodiversity Management Commit- (a) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuri- ness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism
tees have important functions in determin- ant vegetative growth. 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat
ing acces and benefit sharing, including (b) It is a confluence of different biogeo- perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna
the power to levy collection fees on the graphical zones. to warm and humid conditions Which three
access of biological resources within its (c) Exotic and invasive species have not of the above are correct criteria in this
jurisdiction. been invasive species and have not been context?
Which of the statements given above is/ introduced in this region. (a) 1, 2 and 6 only (b) 2, 4 and 6 only
are correct? (d) It has less human interference. (c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 3, 4 and 6 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Ans: (b) Ans: (c)
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (c)

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 MICROTHEMES PRELIMS [2009-2025 | LAST 17 YEARS] ENVIRONMENT

4. [ 2011] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it 5. [ 2010] Consider the following statements : 6. [ 2009] Consider the following regions :
does not regenerate quickly as compared 1. Biodiversity hotspots are located only in 1. Eastern Himalayas
to a tropical deciduous forest. This is tropical regions. 2. Eastern Mediterranean region
because 2. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e., 3. North-western Australia
(a) The soil of the rainforest is deficient in Eastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, Which of the above is/are Biodiversity
nutrients. Western Ghats and Andaman and Nicobar Hotspot(s) ?
(b) Propagules of the trees in a rainforest Islands. (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
have poor viability. Which of the statements given above is/are (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(c) The rain forest species are slow growing. correct ? Ans: (b)
(d) Exotic species invade the fertile soil of (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
the rainforest. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (a) Ans: (d)

[Microtheme]
#20. PollutionXAcid Rain 
1. [ 2022] Consider the following : 3. [ 2010] Consider the following:
1. Carbon monoxide 2. [ 2013] Acid rain is caused by the pollution 1. Oxides of Hydrogen
2. Nitrogen oxide of environment by 2. Oxides of Nitrogen
3. Ozone (a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur
4. Sulphur dioxide (b) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Which of the above causes/cause acid
Excess of which of the above in the envi- (c) ozone and carbon dioxide rain ?
ronment is/are cause(s) of acid rain ? (d) nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 only Ans: (d) (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(c) 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 Ans: (c)
Ans: (b)

[Microtheme]
#21. UNFCCC/IPCC 
1. [ 2016] With reference to the Agreement 2. [ 2010] The United Nations Framework
at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
which of the is and international treaty drawn at
following statements is/are correct? (a) United Conference on the Human Envi-
1. The Agreement was signed by all the ronment, Stockholm, 1972
member countries of the UN and it will go (b) UN Conference on Environment and
into effect in 2017. Development, Rio De Janerio, 1992
2. The Agreement aims to limit the green- (c) World Summit on Sustainable Develop-
house gas emissions so that the rise in ment, Johannesburg, 2002
average global (d) UN Climate Change Conference, Co-
temperature by the end of this century penhagen, 2009
does not exceed 2oC or even 1.50C above Ans: (b)
pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their
historical responsibility in global warming
and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a
year from 2020 to help developing coun-
tries to cope with
climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code
given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (b)

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