Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Chapter 2 Solutions

Problem 2.1

Given that:

1 2

at=400 m/s
a1=300 m/s
γ=1.4

N.S.

Solution:

a) Using Equation 2.102-a,

a2 u2 a2
+ = t = const.
γ −1 2 γ −1

Rearranging and solving for u1,

⇒ u1 = 591.6 m / s

In order to get M1:

u1
M1 = ⇒ M 1 = 1.972
a1

b) First, we need to find M2 of the flow

Refer to Appendix C, Normal Shock Table (γ=1.4),

M 2 ≈ 0.58 for M1=1.972

Then, with the help of Equation 2.104,

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

*2 (γ + 1) M 22
= ⇒ M 2 ≈ 0.615
*
M2
2 + (γ − 1) M 22

Problem 2.2

Solution

a) From the figure shown, an oblique shock forms between region 1 and 2:

For M1 = 3.0, θ2 = 5o

According to Figure 2.23(a), β2 = 23o

=
M 1n M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 1.172

Using the normal shock table,

For M1n = 1.172,

p2
M 2 n ≈ 0.855 and ≈ 1.4578
p1

b) From the figure shown, and oblique shock forms between region 1 and 3:

For M1 = 3.0, θ3 = 10o

According to Figure 2.23(a), β3 = 27.5o

=
M 1n M 1 sin β3 ⇒ M 1n ≈ 1.385

Using the normal shock table,

For M1n = 1.385,

p3
M 3n ≈ 0.7483 and ≈ 2.055
p1

D'
c) C d ≡
q1c

Let us subtract p1 from the three surfaces to cancel out the base contribution, namely we
can write:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

D ' = ( p2 − p1 ) ⋅ c tan θ 2 ) + ( p3 − p1 ) ⋅ c tan θ3 ) 

1 1 γ p1 2 γ p1 2 γ
Note: q1 ≡ ρ1V12 = ρ1 V = V1 = p1 M 12
2 2 γ p1 1 2a12 2

Therefore,

2 [ ( p2 / p1 − 1) tan θ 2 + ( p3 / p1 − 1) tan θ3 ]
Cd ≈ 0.0359
γ M 12

Problem 2.3

p1=100 kPa 10o

M1=2 2
1
3

Bow shock
O.S.

Solution:

An oblique shock is formed on the lower panel. We use:

M1 = 2
θ = 10o

to get the wave angle, from Figure 2.23(a), β ≈ 39o

M 1n = M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 1.26

Using the normal shock table,

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

p2
For M1n = 1.26, M 2 n ≈ 0.8071 and ≈ 1.6855
p1

We then solve for p2,

p 2 = 168.55 kPa

M 2n
Also, M 2 = ⇒ M 2 ≈ 1.665
sin( β − θ )

From the isentropic table, using M2 = 1.665:

pt , 2
= 4.6479
p2

The Pitot tube measures the stagnation pressure downstream of a NS, as shown, namely:

NS −Table pt 3
=
M 2 1.665  →  4.05 ⇒ pt 3 ≈ 683.1 kPa
p2

Problem 2.4

Solution:

An oblique shock is reflected from a flat surface with:

β1 = 30o
θ2 = 9o

From Figure 2.23(a), M1 = 2.6

M 1n = M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 1.3

Using the normal shock table,

For M1n = 1.3, M 2 n ≈ 0.7860

M 2n
M2 = ⇒ M 2 ≈ 2.193
sin( β − θ )

The reflected oblique shock has M2 as its upstream Mach number and the flow in region
3 has to be parallel to the wall, therefore, we know that:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

M2 = 2.193
θ2 = 9o
θ3 = 0

From Figure 2.23(a), β = 36.5o

M 2 n = M 2 sin β ⇒ M 2 n ≈ 1.305

Using the normal shock table,

For M2n = 1.305, M 3n ≈ 0.7860

M 3n
M3 = ⇒ M 3 ≈ 1.702
sin( β − θ )

Problem 2.5

Solution:

a) An oblique shock occurs between the test section and region 2.

Flow has to turn 10o across the oblique shock and p2 can be determined by:

MT.S. = 2.0, θ1 = 10o; According to Figure 2.23(a), β1 = 39o

M=
1n M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 1.259

Using the normal shock table,

p2
For M1n = 1.259, M 2 n ≈ 0.8071 and ≈ 1.6855
p1

Referring to isentropic flow table,

pt ,T .S .
For M T .S . ≈ 2.0 → ≈ 7.825 ⇒ pT .S . =
12.78 kPa
pT .S .

Therefore, p2 ≈ 21.54 kPa

b) On the upper surface that turns away from the test section, we get a centered expansion
wave (P-M waves). From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table,

For MT.S.=2.0, ν1(M1) = 26.38o

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

ν3(M3) = ν1(M1) + θ3 = 31.38o

Using ν3(M3) = 31.38o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 3 ≈ 2.19

Referring to isentropic flow table,

pt ,3
For M 3 ≈ 2.19 → ≈ 10.53
p3
Flow across expansion wave is isentropic, pt ,3 = pt ,T .S .
Therefore, p3 ≈ 9.50 kPa

c) The flow between region 2 and 4 encounters a centered expansion wave:

M 2n
M 2 n ≈ 0.8071 ⇒=
M2 ⇒ M 2 ≈ 1.665
sin( β − θ )

Referring to isentropic flow table,

p
For M 2 ≈ 1.665 → t ,2 ≈ 4.7192
p2

From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table,

For M2=1.665, ν2(M2) = 16.928o

ν4(M4) = ν2(M2) + θ2 = 16.928o + 10o = 26.928o

Using ν4(M4) = 26.928o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 4 ≈ 2.02

Referring to isentropic flow table,

p
For M 4 ≈ 2.02 → t ,4 ≈ 8.071
p4
Flow across expansion wave is isentropic, pt ,4 = pt ,2
p4
Therefore, = 0.5847 ⇒ p 4 = 12.59 kPa
p2

Problem 2.6:

Solution:

From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table, for M1=2.0 we get: ν1(M1) = 26.38o

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

a) ν2(M2) = ν1(M1) + θ = 26.38o + 30o = 56.38o

Using ν2(M2) = 56.38o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 2 ≈ 3.4

A
b) Using isentropic relations, we determine for the flow in regions 1 and 2,
A*
Referring to isentropic flow table,

A1 A
M1 = 2.0 → *
1.6875 and M 2 ≈ 3.4 → 2* =
= 6.1836
A A
A
Therefore, 2 = 3.664
A1

c) The P-M fan angle, δ, can be determined by identifying the Mach wave angles for the
head and tail Mach waves:

From P-M table, M1 = 2.0 → µ1 = 30.0° and M 2 ≈ 3.4 → µ2= 17.10°

Therefore, δ =θ + µ1 − µ2 =42.9°

Problem 2.7

Solution:

First, we assign region number 2 and region number 3 to be the upper panels and region 4
to the lower surface of the half-diamond airfoil.

Region 1 is the freestream condition.

We must note that a normal shock will form ahead of the Pitot tube due to supersonic
flow over a blunt body. Pitot tube measures total or stagnation pressure of the flow
downstream of the normal shock.

First we note that there is no shock formed between regions 1 and 4, rather a Mach wave.
Thus, p4=p1 and M4=M1.

From the Normal Shock table,

pt ,4
For M1=3.0, = 0.32834
pt ,1

Pitot tube in region 4 measures:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

pt ,4
∴ pt ,4 = ⋅ pt ,1 = 32.83 kPa
pt ,1

An oblique shock is formed between regions 1 and 2.

M1 = 3.0
θ1 = 30o

From Figure 2.23(a), β1 = 52o

M 1n = M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 2.364

Using the normal shock table,

pt ,2
For M1n = 2.364, M 2 n ≈ 0.5275 and ≈ 0.557
pt ,1
M 2n
=
M2 ⇒ M 2 ≈ 1.408
sin( β − θ )

pt ,2'
For M2=1.408, = 0.95819 from normal shock table.
pt ,2

Pitot tube in region 2 measures:

pt ,2' pt ,2
∴ pt ,2' = ⋅ ⋅ pt ,1 = 53.38 kPa
pt ,2 pt ,1

The flow then encounters an expansion wave from region 2 to 3. Thus, we need to
establish the P-M angle, ν2(M2)

From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table,

For M2=1.408, ν2(M2) = 8.99o; Δθ=60o

ν3(M3) = ν2(M2) + Δθ = 68.99o

Using ν3(M3) ≈ 68.99o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 3 ≈ 4.3

Flow across expansion wave is isentropic, pt ,3 = pt ,2

Using the normal shock table,

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

pt 3'
For M3 = 4.3, M 3' ≈ 0.4277 and ≈ 0.108
pt 3

Pitot tube in region 3 measures:

p p
∴ pt 3' = t 3' ⋅ t 2 ⋅ pt1 ≈ 6.02 kPa
pt 2 Pt1

Problem 2.8

Solution:

a) An expansion fan is formed between regions 1 and 2 while an oblique shock turns flow
into itself between regions 1 and 3.

Region 1 and 2:
θ=30o; From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table,

For M1=5.0, ν1(M1) = 76.92o. Thus, ν2(M2) = ν1(M1) + θ = 106.92o

Using ν2(M2) = 106.92o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 2 ≈ 12

Referring to isentropic flow table,

p p
For M 2 ≈ 12 → t , 2 = 144500 and M 1 = 5.0 → t ,1 = 529.1
p2 p1
p
Flow across expansion wave is isentropic, pt,2=pt,1, ∴ 2 = 0.00366
p1
Region 1 and 3:
For M1 = 5.0, θ = 30o; According to Figure 2.23(a), β = 42o

M 1n = M 1 sin β ⇒ M 1n ≈ 3.3457

Using the normal shock table,

p3
For M1n = 3.345, M 3n ≈ 0.4573 and ≈ 12.93
p1

L' = ( p3 − p 2 )c cos α and D' = ( p3 − p 2 )c sin α

L' L' 2  p3 p 2 
cl = = =  −  cos α ⇒ cl = 0.63969
q1 S (γ / 2) p1 M 1 c γM 12  p1 p1 
2

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

D' D' 2  p3 p 2 
cd = = =  −  sin α ⇒ cd = 0.369324
q1 S (γ / 2) p1 M 1 c γM 12  p1 p1 
2

L ' cl c 1
∴ = = 1.732 , also l = = 1.732
D' cd cd tan α

p −p  c2
b) cm , LE =
M LE '
2
= − u 2 l (
 = − c pu − c pl ⋅
1
)
q∞ c  q∞ c  2 2

p 2 − p1 2  p2 
c pu = = − 1 = −0.057
q1 γM 12  p1 

2  p3 
c pl = − 1 = 0.68171
γM 12  p1 

∴ cm , LE = 0.3694

Problem 2.9

Solution:

a) M 1 =
u1
a1
⇒ u1 = M 1a1 = M 1 ( (γ RT1 ) ) ⇒ u1 = 680.5 m / s

Eqn 2.104 states: M * =

2 (γ + 1)M 2 ⇒ M * = 1.633
2 + (γ − 1)M 2
u1 u
Using the relation, M * = *
⇒ a* = 1* = 416.72 m / s
a M
2
a*
b) Prandtl’s Relation: u1u2 = a ⇒ u2 =
*2
= 255.19 m / s
u1

γ +1 * at2 γ +1 *
a = = const. ⇒ at2= a = 456.49 m / s
2 2
c) Using Equation 2.102-a,
2(γ − 1) γ −1 2
at = 456.49 m / s

d) According to conservation of energy across normal shock,

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

u2 2 at2 at2 u2
h2 + = = const. ⇒ h2= − 2 ⇒ h2 ≈ 488.4 kJ / kg
2 γ −1 γ −1 2

Problem 2.10

Assuming negligible heat and total pressure losses through the wind tunnel,

proom=pt,room=pt,T.S.=100 kPa and Troom=Tt,room=Tt,T.S..= 288.13 K

Solution:

Tt ,T .S .
a) TT .S . = = 160.07 K
 γ −1 2 
1 + M T .S . 
 2 

∴ aT .S . = γRTT .S . = 253.61 m / s

pt ,T .S .
b) pT .S . = γ
= 12.78 kPa
 γ −1 2  γ −1
1 + M T .S . 
 2 

Force on each glass window: ∴ Fglass = ( proom − pT .S ) Aglass = 1.744 kN

Problem 2.11

Solution:

Given: θupper=θlower= 30o; pbase=p∞; M∞=3.0 we can use the symmetry to write:

D' = 2 D'1 = 2( p1 − p∞ ) ⋅ = ( p1 − p∞ ) ⋅ b
b
2

cd ≡ =
D' ( p1 − p∞ )=
⋅b 2  p1 
− 1
2 
q∞ S (γ / 2) p∞ M ∞b γ M ∞  p∞ 
2

According to Figure 2.23(a), β = 52o

M ∞ ,n = M ∞ sin β ⇒ M ∞ ,n ≈ 2.364

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Using the normal shock table,

p1
For M∞,n = 2.364, ≈ 6.3312
p∞
Therefore,

⇒ cd ≈ 0.8460

Problem 2.12

Solution:

a) From P-M table,

P − M table
µ1 = 30°  →υ1 = 26.38° and M 1 = 2.0

P − M table
µ 2 = 16.6°  →υ 2 = 58.53° and M 2 = 3.5

∴θ wall = υ 2 − υ1 = 32.15°

b) From isentropic table,

Tt T
M 1 = 2.0 
→ = 1.8 and M 2 = 3.5 
→ t = 3.45
T1 T2

T2 Tt T2
∴ = ⋅ = 0.5217
T1 T1 Tt

Solving for V2/V1 from

V2 M 2 a 2 M 2 γR T2 V
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⇒ 2 = 1.264
V1 M 1a1 M 1 γR T1 V1

Problem 2.13

Solution:

a) The chordwise location of max thickness (in %c) is:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

 x
=
(t / c )max = 0.10 = 0.373
 
 c  (t / c )max tan θ tan 15

t
 
 c  max
b) Trailing edge angle, δ, tan δ = , ∴ δ = 9.06°
 x
1−  
 c  (t / c )max

c) First, we realize that p1/p∞=1.0 and M1=M∞ since the flow is inclined at the same angle
as panel #1.

An expansion wave occurs between regions 1 and 2.

From the Prandtl-Meyer (P-M) Table,

For M1=2.4, ν1(M1) = 36.75o

The Prandtl-Meyer angle on wall 2 is equal to P-M angle on wall 1 plus the turning angle
from wall 1 to wall 2, i.e.,

ν2(M2) = ν1(M1) + θ1 + θ2= 60.81o

Using ν2(M2) = 60.81o, we return to the P-M Table to get M 2 ≈ 3.7

Flow across expansion wave is isentropic, pt,2=pt,1=pt, ∞

Referring to isentropic flow table,

p p p
For M 1 = 2.4 → t ,1 = 14.62 and M 2 = 3.7 → t , 2 = 100.98 ; therefore, 2 = 0.14478
p1 p2 p∞
Also, an oblique shock forms between freestream and region 3
For M∞ = 2.4, θ = 15o

According to Figure 2.23(a), β ≈ 38o

M ∞ ,n = M ∞ sin β ⇒ M ∞ ,n ≈ 1.48
p3
Using the normal shock table, ≈ 2.389
p∞

Problem 2.14

Solution:

A bow shock forms ahead of the vehicle due to its blunt nose.

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Regions 1 and 2 will represent two sides of the normal portion of the bow shock.

From the normal shock table,

p2
For M1 = 2.4, = 6.5533 and M2 = 0.5231
p1
p
Using the isentropic table, t , 2 = 1.2024
p2
p p
Therefore, pt , 2 = t , 2 ⋅ 2 . p1 ⇒ pt , 2 = 157.59 kPa
p 2 p1

Problem 2.15

Solution:

a) Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; R=286.8 J/kg.K; A=(π/4)*d2=0.00785 m2; Cf=0.005

 γ +1 
 
  2(γ −1) 
γ pt  1 
= m ⋅ A⋅ M 
γ − 1 2 
Mass flow rate,
R Tt  1+ M
 2 

Tt
M 1 = 0.5   → = 1.05 ; T1=533.13 K , ∴ Tt1 = 559.79 K
Isentropic Table

pt
and = 1.1862 ; ∴ pt1 = 1.186 MPa
p

∴ m = 11.8765 kg / s

4c f L* 1.0691D
b) M 1 = 0.5  → = 1.0691 ; ∴
= ⇒=
Fanno flow
L1* L1* 5.35 m
D 4c f
Actually for any L>L1 , the exit will remain choked. Therefore Lmax≥5.35 m
*

p
c) M 1 = 0.5  → *t = 1.3398 ; if the duct is (first) choked, M2=1.0
Fanno flow

pt
p
Thus, pt* = pt 2 = 0.885 or t 2 = 0.746 ; i.e. 25.4% total pressure loss.
pt1

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Problem 2.16

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: For M1=2.0, T1=258.13 K; γ=1.4; cp=1004 J/kg.K

Tt T
M 1 = 2.0   → = 0.79339 and M 1 = 2.0   → t = 1.80
Rayleigh Table Isentropic Table
*
Tt T

∴ Tt1 = 464.63 K and Tt1 = 585.63 K

*

Thus, q*= c p (Tt1* − Tt1 )= 121.49 kJ / kg

Problem 2.17

Solution:

4C f L*
a) Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4 and L/D=100 and M=
1 0.5 → = 1.0691
Fanno flow

L*
If duct is choked, L=L*, thus = 100 and ∴ C f =
0.00267 .
D

p1 p
b) For M 1 = 0.5  → = 2.1381 . Also, if L=L* then p2=p* and 2 = 0.4677 .
Fanno flow
*
p p1

We conclude that static pressure drop is 53.23%

Problem 2.18

Solution:

a) Rayleigh flow parameters: For M1=3.0; γ=1.4; cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K

 Tt * 
q= c p (Tt − Tt1=
* *
) 500 kJ / kg ⇒ q= c pTt1  − 1=
*
 500 kJ / kg
 Tt1 
Tt
M=1 3.0 
Rayleigh Table
γ =1.4
→ = 0.65398 . Therefore, Tt1 = 941.24 K
Tt *

b) The exit is choked, Tt * = Tt 2 and M2=1.0.

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

p1 p
For M=1 3.0 
Rayleigh flow
→ = *
0.17647 . We conclude that p2=p* and 2 = 5.667 . Static
p p1
pressure rise is 466.7%

Problem 2.19

Solution:

1 T
a) At =
M γ 1.4 . =
= 0.84515,= For M 0.84515 
Rayleigh flow
→ max ≈ 1.0285
γ T*

p@ Tmax
b) =
For M 0.84515 
Rayleigh flow
→ ≈ 1.2073 .
p*

Problem 2.20

Solution:

Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; R=287 J/kg.K; p1=100 kPa, ρ1=1 kg/m3, u1=100 m/s and
u2=200 m/s.

From continuity, ρ1u1 = ρ 2 u 2 ⇒ ρ 2 = 0.5 kg / m 3

u2
Flow is adiabatic, ht or Tt is a constant (if cp is const.). Thus, T + = const. between
2c p
stations 1 and 2.
p1 γ
Perfect gas law gives= T1 = 348.43 K and c p = R = 1004.5 J / kg.K
ρ1 R γ −1
u 22 u1
2

We can solve for T2, T2 + = T1 + ⇒ T2 = 333.5 K

2c p 2c p

∴ p 2 = ρ 2 RT2 = 47.9 kPa

Problem 2.21

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: γ=1.4; p1=100 kPa, ρ1=1 kg/m3, u1=100 m/s and u2=200 m/s.

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

From continuity, ρ1u1 = ρ 2 u 2 ⇒ ρ 2 = 0.5 kg / m 3

(
Flow is frictionless, therefore, fluid impulse p + ρu 2 = const. between stations 1 and 2. )
We can solve for p2 from, p1 + ρ1u1 = p 2 + ρ 2 u 2 ⇒ p 2 = 90 kPa
2 2

Problem 2.22

Solution:

pt 2
Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; D=0.2 m; cf=0.005; M1=0.5; = 0.85
pt1
*
pt1 4c f L1
M 1 = 0.5  → = 1.3398, = 1.0691 . Since pt*1 = pt*2 , we can establish
Fanno flow
*
pt D
pt 2
= 1.13883
pt*

*
pt 2 4c f L2
= 1.13883  → M 2 ≈ 0.66, ≈ 0.29788
Fanno flow
*
pt D

Thus, we determine critical choking length for stations 1 and 2, L1*= 10.69 m and
L2*= 2.9788 m.

* *
4c f L1 4c f L2 4c f L
∴ − = = 0.77122 ⇒ L = 7.712 m
D D D

Problem 2.23

Solution

Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; D=4A/C= 0.133 m; cf=0.004; M1=2.0.

a) Maximum length of the pipe is found for a choked flow, M2=1.0 and Lmax=L*.

pt1 4c f L*
M 1 = 2.0  → = 1.6875, = 0.30495 . Therefore, L* = 2.54 m .
Fanno flow
*
pt D

pt 2 pt*
b) pt2=pt* for a choked flow and = = 0.5926 , i.e. 40.7% total pressure loss.
pt1 pt1

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Problem 2.24

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: For p1=60 psia; T1=500 oR, M1=0.6, q=300 BTU/lbm; γ=1.4;
cp=0.24 BTU/[Link]

Tt1
a) M 1 = 0.6   →
Isentropic
= 1.0720 and Tt1=536 oR
T1

q T
Tt 2 − Tt1 = = 1250 ° R ⇒ Tt 2 = 1786 ° R and M 1 = 0.6   → t*1 = 0.81892
Rayleigh Table

cp Tt

Tt 2 Tt 2 Tt1
*
= ⋅ * = 2.729 . Since Tt2/Tt*>1, we conclude that q>q1* and M2=1.0.
Tt Tt1 Tt

Inlet is reset to a lower Mach number such that the given q is now q1’*. Similarly, Tt1’=Tt1
and pt1’=pt1.

T1 T1
Tt=
1'
*
1786 ° R ⇒ t= *
0.3 and t= 0.3 
Rayleigh Table
→ M 1' ≈ 0.28
Tt1' Tt1'*

p1' T p
b) M 1' ≈ 0.28   → = 2.1626 ; 1*' = 0.36667 and t*1' = 1.2064
Rayleigh Table
*
p T pt

p Tt1' pt1
M 1' ≈ 0.28  =
Isentropic Table
→ t1' 1.0560;
= 1.016 and M=
1 0.6 
Isentropic
→ = 1.276
p1' T1' p1

Tt1 T1' T *
Therefore, T2 = T * = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ T1 = 1438.67 ° R
T1 Tt1' T1'
pt1 p1' p*
p2 = p* = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ p1 = 33.52 psia
p1 pt1' p1'
pt * pt1
pt 2 = pt * = ⋅ ⋅ p1 = 63.46 psia
pt1' p1

 Tt1*' 
= c pTt1'  − 1 ⇒ q1' = 300 BTU / lbm
* *
c) q1'
 Tt1' 

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Problem 2.25

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: For Tt1=650 oR, q*=500 BTU/lbm; γ=1.4;

cp=0.24 BTU/[Link]

T*  T* T
a) q * = c pTt1  t − 1 ⇒ t = 4.205 and t*1 = 0.2378   → M 1 ≈ 0.24
Rayleigh Flow

 Tt1  Tt1 Tt

Tt *
b) For thermally choked duct, Tt2=Tt and = 4.205 ⇒ Tt 2 = 2733 ° R
*
Tt1

Problem 2.26

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: M3=0.2; Tt3=900 oR, Q=18,400 BTU/lbm; γ=1.33;

cp=0.27 BTU/[Link] and f = 0.02 ⇒ m f = 0.02m air

We can deduce that: q = f ⋅ Q = 368 BTU / lbm

Rayleigh Table
Tt 4 q γ =1.33 T
= 1+ = 2.5144 and M 3 = 0.2   → t 3* = 0.16726
Tt 3 c pTt 3 Tt

Tt 4 Tt 3 Tt 4
Therefore, *
= *
⋅ = 0.42056
Tt Tt Tt 3

Rayleigh Table
Tt 4
For *
= 0.42056 γ
=1.33
 → M 4 ≈ 0.36
Tt

Problem 2.27

Solution:

Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; cf=0.005; M1=0.5.

4c f L*
a) For choked duct flow, M 1 = 0.5  → = 1.0691
Fanno flow

D
19
 Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

L*
∴ = 53.455
D

b) Case: L=1.2L*

* *
L 4c f L1'
As in Example 2.10, 1' = 64.146 and = 1.2829
D D

*
4c f L1'
= 1.2829  → M 1' ≈ 0.48
Fanno flow
Then,
D

Problem 2.28

Solution:

Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; Cf=0.004; M1=2.0 and L=1.1L1*

4C f L1*
For choked duct flow, M=
1 2.0 → = 0.30495 Fanno flow

4C f L*
Case: L=1.1L ; *
= 0.33545
D

4C f Lx*
Guess Mx to be 1.5, M=
x 1.5 → = 0.13602 Fanno flow

4C f Lx 4C f L1* 4C f Lx*
= − = 0.16893
D D D

Establish shock jump conditions, M x = 1.5  → M y = 0.7011

N . S . Table

4C f Ly*
=
M y 0.7011 
Fanno flow
→ = 0.20817
D

4C f Lx 4C f Ly*
Now we check criterion: Lx+Ly*=L or + =0.3771 ≠ 0.33545
D D

Shock was too strong to choke exit flow, guess a lower Mx.

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 Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

4C f Lx*
M=
x 1.2 → = 0.033625
Fanno flow

4C f Lx 4C f L1* 4C f Lx*
= − = 0.271325
D D D

Establish shock jump conditions, M x = 1.2  → M y = 0.8422

N . S . Table

4C f Ly*
=
M y 0.8422 → = 0.042269
Fanno flow

4C f Lx 4C f Ly*
Now we check criterion: Lx+Ly*=L or + = 0.313594 ≠ 0.33545
D D

Shock was not strong enough, need to guess a higher Mx

4C f Lx*
M=
x 1.3 
Fanno flow
→ = 0.064814
D

4C f Lx 4C f L1* 4C f Lx*
= − = 0.24014
D D D

Establish shock jump conditions, M x = 1.3  → M y = 0.7860

N . S . Table

*
4c f L y
M y = 0.7860  → = 0.091691
Fanno flow

4C f Lx 4C f Ly*
Now we check criterion: Lx+Ly*=L or + =0.3318 ≠ 0.33545
D D

We are close to the target value of 0.33545 and so we need to slightly increase the shock
Mach number to about 1.35. To improve accuracy, we can use Fanno flow equations but
we may also stop at this value of Mx~1.3 to proceed further.

Thus, location of shock is given by:

xs ( L − Ly ) 0.33545 − 0.091691
*
xs
Lx=xs ⇒= = ⇒= 15.235
D 4C f D 4(0.004) D D

b) Total pressure loss given by:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

pt1 pty
M 1 = 2.0  → = 1.6875 and M y = 0.7860  → = 1.0471
Fanno flow Fanno flow
* *
pt pt

pty
Therefore, = 0.6205 , i.e. 37.95% loss of total pressure.
pt1

c) Loss of fluid impulse given by:

I1 Iy
M 1 = 2.0  → = 1.1227 and
= M y 0.7860  →
=
Fanno flow Fanno flow
*
1.0231
I I 2*
Ix
M= x 1.3 
Fanno flow
→ = 1.0217 and since shocks are impulse conserving, Ix=Iy.
I1*
Therefore
I 2* − I1 I 2* I * I I I* 1 1
= − 1 = 2 y x* 1 − 1 = .1.(1.0217) − 1 =0.88958 − 1 =−0.1104
I1 I1 I y I x I1 I1 1.0231 1.1227
Therefore, loss of impulse was 11.04% in this duct due to friction.

Had this duct been so long as L1*, then loss of impulse would have been

I 2* − I1 I1* 1
= −1 = − 1 =0.88958 − 1 =−0.1093
I1 I1 1.1227
or 10.9%. Therefore the extended duct introduced slightly increased loss of impulse
(compare 11.04% to 10.9%).

Problem 2.29

Solution:
L 4C f L 4C f L1*
Fanno flow parameters: γ=1.4; Cf=0.005 and =
15 ⇒ = =
0.3
D D D

4C f L*
a) = 0.3 
Fanno Flow
→ M 1 ≈ 0.66 or 2.0
D

b) Subsonic case: For choked flow, static pressure drop is

p*
M 1 = 0.66  → = 0.628 i.e. 37.2% static pressure drop.
Fanno flow

p1

c) Supersonic case: For choked flow, static pressure rise is

22
Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

p*
M 1 = 2.0  → = 2.45 i.e. 145% static pressure rise.
Fanno flow

p1

d) Loss of fluid impulse is given by:

I*
Subsonic case: For choked flow, M 1 = 0.66  → = 0.9365 i.e. 6.35% loss of
Fanno flow

I
fluid impulse.

I*
Supersonic case: For choked flow, M 1 = 2.0  → = 0.8907 i.e. 10.93% loss of
Fanno flow

I
fluid impulse.

Loss of fluid impulse is greater for supersonic inlet Mach flow.

Problem 2.30

Solution:

Rayleigh flow parameters: M1=0.2; q=0.9q1*; γ=1.4

a) Exit is un-choked and exit total temperature is less than Tt*

Tt1
M 1 = 0.2   → = 0.1736
Rayleigh Table
*
Tt

T  T *  T T* 
q = 0.9q1* ⇒ c pTt1  t 2 − 1 = 0.9 ⋅ c pTt1  t − 1 ⇒ t 2 = 0.9 t  = 5.1834
 Tt1   Tt1  Tt1  Tt1 

Tt 2
= 0.9   → M 2 ≈ 0.70
Rayleigh Table
Therefore, we show that *
Tt

T2 p
b) M 2 ≈ 0.70   → = 0.9929 and t 2* = 1.0431
Rayleigh Table
*
T pt

T1 p
M 1 = 0.2   → = 0.20661 and t1* = 1.2346
Rayleigh Table
*
T pt

T2 T2 T * T
We conclude that = *⋅ ⇒ 2 = 4.806
T1 T T1 T1

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

*
pt 2 pt 2 pt p
c) Total pressure loss: = *⋅ ⇒ t 2 = 0.845 i.e. 15.5% total pressure loss.
pt1 pt pt1 pt1

Problem 2.31

Solution:

p1
a) Mass flow rate, m = ρ1 A1V1 = A1 ⋅ M 1 γRT1 = 242.7 kg / s
RT1

 γ +1   γ +1 
   
   2 (γ −1)     2 (γ −1) 
γ Pt1  1  γ Pt 2  1 
b) m = ⋅ A1 ⋅ M 1   = ⋅ A2 ⋅ M 2  
R Tt1 1+ γ −1 M 2  R Tt 2 1+ γ −1 M 2 
 1   2 
 2   2 

The above simplifies to:

M2 p  A M1
=  t1  ⋅ 1 ⋅ = 0.44466 ⇒ M 2 = 0.521
( 2 3
1 + 0.2 M 2 ) (
 pt 2  A2 1 + 0.2 M 1
2
)
3

γ
  γ −1 γ −1
1+
p 2 pt 2 
M 12 
( p 2 − p1 ) 2  p2 
c) C PR ≡ =  − 1 where =  2  = 1.183
q1 γM 12  p1  p1 pt1  γ − 1 2 
1+ M2 
 2 

2  p2 
Therefore, C PR =  − 1 = 0.4643
γM 12  p1 

d) Fx wall
= I1 − I 2 = A1 p1 (1 + γM 12 ) − A2 p 2 (1 + γM 22 )

  A  p  
The formula can also be written as: Fx wall
= ( p1 A1 ) ⋅ 1 + γM 12 −  2  2 (1 + γM 22 )
  A1  p1  

Therefore, Fx wall
= −20.256 kN

Problem 2.32

24
Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Solution:

p1=p2=p0=14.7 psi or 2116.8 psf

Conservation of momentum states,

( m 2V2 x )out − ( m 1V1x )in =

( Fx ) fluid where (V2 x )out = 0

 kg m
∴− ( m 1V1x )in = ( Fx ) fluid ⇒ ( Fx ) fluid = −  0.5 ⋅ 50  = −25 N = − ( Fx )vane
 s s
Therefore, ( Fx )vane = 25 N

Mass is conserved, m = (ρuA)in = (ρuA)out

( m V )
2 2 y out − ( m 1V1 y ) =
in
( Fy ) fluid where (V1 y )in = 0
∴ ( m 2V2 y ) ( Fy ) ⇒ ( Fy )
= = − ( Fy )
25 N =
out fluid fluid vane

Therefore, (F )
y vane = −25 N

Problem 2.33

Solution:

pt1
=
M 1 0.50 
Isentropic Table
→= 1.1862; and
p1
Since M2=1 and p2=p0, we get
pt 2 pt 2 pt 2 1.8929
= = (1.2 )= 1.8929 Therefore = = 0.9963 Nozzle suffered
3.5

p2 p0 pt1 1.90
some total pressure loss.

Axial force:
Fx A  p 
Fx nozzle
= I1 − I 2 = A1 p1 (1 + γM 12 ) − A2 p 2 (1 + γM 22 ) ⇒ nozzle
= 1 + γM 12 −  2  ⋅  2 (1 + γM 22 )
p1 A1  A1   p1 
γ +1
 γ +1  2(γ −1)
 A2   pt1   2 
=
We get the area ratio from continuity:     M1  γ − 1  ≈ 0.7491
 A1   pt 2   1 + M1 
2

 2 
Also p2/p1=p0/p1=(p0/pt1)(pt1/p1)=(1/1.9)(1.1862)=0.624

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Fx
Therefore, nozzle
≈ 0.2275
p1 A1

Problem 2.34

Solution: We identify the inlet and exit of each duct by a station number according to the
following figure. We have three Rayleigh ducts and two sudden area expansions.

cp=γR/(γ-1)=3.5(287 J/kg.K)=1004.5 J/kg.K

Tt1=T1[1+(γ-1)M12/2]= 2800 K

M1=3.0 Rayleigh Table Tt1/Tt*≈0.654

Tt2=Tt1+q/cp=2800 K +5x106 J/kg/1004.5 J/kg.K ≈ 7777.6 K

Therefore, Tt2/Tt*=(Tt2/Tt1)(Tt1/Tt*)=(7777.6/2800)(0.654)=1.816
The maximum Tt2/Tt* can be 1 for a choked exit at station 2. But since our
calculated value is much larger than 1, we choose a lower heat release, i.e.,

3 4

1 2
5 6

Guess number 2: let total heat release be 2.1 MJ/kg, this divides into700 kJ/kg
per duct (for three ducts).

Tt2=Tt1+q/cp=2800 K +7x105 J/kg/1004.5 J/kg.K ≈ 3497 K

Rayleigh Table
Tt2/Tt*=(Tt2/Tt1)(Tt1/Tt*)=(3497/2800)(0.654)=0.8168
M2≈ 1.9
Using isentropic tables between stations 2 and 3, we have
M2 =1.9 A2/A*=1.555
Therefore, A3/A*=(A3/A2)(A2/A*)=1.2(1.555)=1.866 M3≈ 2.12

Tt4=Tt3+q/cp=3497 K +7x105 J/kg/1004.5 J/kg.K ≈ 4194 K

M3≈ 2.12 Rayleigh Table Tt3/Tt*≈ 0.7704

Tt4/Tt*=(Tt4/Tt3)(Tt3/Tt*)=(4194/3497)(0.7704) ≈ 0.924 Rayleigh Table

M4≈ 1.44 Isentropic Table A4/A*=1.1379

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

A5/A*=(A5/A4)(A4/A*)=1.2(1.1379)=1.365 M5≈ 1.72

Tt6=Tt5+q/cp=4194 K +7x105 J/kg/1004.5 J/kg.K ≈ 4891 K

Rayleigh Table
M5≈ 1.72 Tt5/Tt*=0.855

Tt6/Tt*=(Tt6/Tt5)(Tt5/Tt*)=(4891/4194)(0.855) ≈ 0.997 Rayleigh Table

M6 ≈ 1.05

Although, the exit Mach number is slightly above 1.0, it is within the
approximations that we used in our calculation, e.g. taking the nearest numbers
from the tables.

Problem 2.35

Solution:

M∞=2.8, θc=15o

p t∞
M ∞ = 2.8   → = 27.138
Isentropic Table

p∞

a) From Appendix H, conical shock chart for γ=1.4, Mcone ≈ 2.4

pcone p p p
b) M ∞ = 2.8    → = 0.075 , ∴ cone = cone ⋅ t∞ = 2.03535
Conical shock Table

p t∞ p∞ p t∞ p ∞

pcone − p∞ 2  pcone 
C p ,cone = =  − 1 = 0.1887
q∞ γM ∞2  p∞ 

c)=
( pcone − p=
∞ ) Abase 2  pcone 
CD ,cone  = − 1 0.1887
q∞ Abase γ M ∞2  p∞ 

We may note that C p ,cone = C D ,cone .

Problem 2.36

Solution:

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

p1
a) Inlet mass flow rate, m = ρ1 AV
1 1 = A1 ⋅ M 1 γ RT1 = 81.82 kg / s
RT1
A1 A2
b) M= 1 3.5 
Isentropic Table
→ =*
6.7895 and M=2 0.5 
Isentropic Table
→ = 1.3398
A A*

A2 A*
∴ A2 = ⋅ ⋅ A1 = 0.1973 m 2
A* A1

pt1 pt 2
c) M= 1 3.5 
Isentropic Table
→ = 76.272 and M=
2 0.5 
Isentropic Table
→ = 1.1862
p1 p2
p2 pt1 p2 pt1
∴= p2 . = ⋅ p1 . = ⋅ p1 160.75 kPa
pt 2 p1 0.5 pt1 p1

d) Fluid impulse at inlet, I1 = A1 p1 (1 + γ M 12 ) = 90.75 kN

e) Fluid impulse at exit, I 2 = A2 p2 (1 + γ M 22 ) = 42.817 kN

f) Axial force on the inlet, Fx wall

= I1 − I 2 = 47.933 kN

Problem 2.37

Solution:

Convergent-divergent nozzle flow parameters: M1=0.55; NPR=pt1/p0=6; (pt1-

pt,th)/pt1=0.01; (pt,th-pt2)/pt,th=0.02;A2/Ath=A2/A*=1.50; γ=1.4 and R=287 J/kg.K

M2 p  Ath M th
a) As in Example 2.13: =  t ,th  ⋅ ⋅ = 0.3937 ⇒ M 2 ≈ 1.828
(1 + 0.2M ) 2 3
2  pt 2 (
 A2 1 + 0.2M th
2
)
3

pt 2 pt 2 pt ,th pt1
b) p 2 = γ
and pt 2 = p0
pt ,th pt1 p0
 γ − 1 2  γ −1
1 + M2 
 2 

p 2 pt 2 p 2
Thus, = = 0.9706
p0 p 0 pt 2

c) Fx ,con− wall = p1 A1 (1 + γM 12 ) − pth Ath (1 + γM th2 )

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

 p  A  p 
⇒
Fx ,con− wall
( )
=  1  1  1 + γM 12 −  th (2.4)
pt1 Ath  pt1  Ath   pt1 

γ +1
  γ −1 2 ( γ −1)
1+
A1  pt ,th  1 
M 12 
=   2  = 1.2424
Ath  pt1  M 1  γ +1 
 
 2 

pt ,th pth
pth = γ
= 0.523 pt1 ⇒ = 0.523
pt1
 γ + 1  γ −1
 
 2 

pt1 p1
p1 = γ
⇒ = 0.8142
pt1
 γ − 1 2  γ −1
1 + M1 
 2 
F
Therefore, x ,con− wall ≅ 0.185
pt1 Ath

p   p  A 
d)
Fx ,div − wall
=  th (2.4) −  2  2  1 + γM 22 ( )
pt1 Ath  pt1   pt1  Ath 

p 2 p 2 p0
where, = = 0.1618
pt1 p 0 pt1

Fx ,div − wall
≅ −0.1229
pt1 Ath

Fx ,nozzle
e) ≅ 0.185 − 0.1229 = 0.062
pt1 Ath

Problem 2.38

Solution:

Subsonic diffuser flow parameters: M1=0.6; pt2/pt1=0.98; A2/A1=1.50

A1 A A A
a) M 1 = 0.6   → = 1.1882 and 2* = 2 ⋅ 1* = 1.7823
Isentropic Table
*
A A A1 A

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Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

A2
= 1.7823   → M 2 ≈ 0.34
Isentropic Table
*
A
γ
 γ − 1 2  γ −1
1+
p 2 pt 2 
M1 
b) =  2  = 1.1539
p1 pt1  γ − 1 2 
1+ M2 
 2 
2  p2 
C PR = 
2 
− 1 = 0.611
γM 1  p1 

Fx A  p 
c) = 1 + γM 12 −  2  ⋅  2 (1 + γM 22 ) = −0.507
walls

p1 A1  A1   p1 

Problem 2.39

Solution:

Axial compressor flow parameters: Vx1=Vx2; p2/p1=15; A2/A1=0.155

Since axial velocities at the inlet and exit of the compressor are the same and mass flow
rate is also conserved, the change in fluid impulse at the inlet and exit is simply the
difference between pressure area terms, i.e.,
Fx =
walls
p1 A1 − p2 A2
Therefore
Fx walls A  p 
=1−  2  ⋅ 2  = −1.325
p1 A1  A1   p1 

Problem 2.40

Solution:
Axial turbine flow parameters: Vx1=Vx2; p2/p1=0.36; A2/A1=2.1

As in Example of an axial turbine described previously in the text,

The non-dimensional axial force is given by:

Fx A  p 
= 1 −  2  ⋅  2  = 0.244
walls

p1 A1  A1   p1 

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 Aircraft Propulsion 2E Solution Manual

Problem 2.41

From M1=3 and Rayleigh Table for γ=1.4, we get:

Tt1/Tt*=0.65398→ Tt2=Tt*=2294 K
Energy balance gives: q*=cp(Tt*-Tt1)=796.8 kJ/kg

Therefore qmin=796.8 kJ/kg to choke.

T2=2294 K/(1+0.2)≈1911 K

Fuel-to-air ratio=796.8/120000=0.00664 or 0.664%

Problem 2.42

Solution
Rayleigh Flow
M1=2.8 p1/p*=0.2004 and Tt1/Tt*=0.6738
Table (γ=1.4)
Since q1 = c p (Tt − Tt1 )
* *

Then,
* *
q1 Tt 1
= −1 = − 1 = 0.484
c p Tt1 Tt1 0.6738
Also,
∆p p * − p1 p *
= = − 1 ≅ 3.99 or 399%
p1 p1 p1

Problem
2.43

M-1 p-1 (kPa) T-1 (K) gamma R (J/kg.K) C-f L (m) Square-side (m)
0.3 150 300 1.4 287 0.005 5 0.02

Area Rho m-dot

(m^2) (kg/m^3) a-1 (m/s) V-1 (m/s) (kg/s) D-h (m) 4C-fL-1*/D-h
0.0004 1.7422 347.18 104.15 0.0726 0.02 5.299

M-2 from Delta-pt

4CfL/Dh 4C-fL-2*/Dh table p-t1/p-t* p-t2/p-t* (%)
5 0.2992 0.66 2.035 1.1265 44.64

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Problem
2.44

C-p Q-R
M-1 T-t1 (K) R (J/kg.K) (J/kg.K) gamma (kJ/kg)
3.2 1700 287 1243.6667 1.3 118500

T-t/T-t* T-t* q-1* (kJ/kg) f f (%)

0.583 2915. 1511 0.0127515 1.275

Problem
2.45

m-dot
M-1 p-t1 (kPa) T-t1 (K) C-p (J/kg.K) gamma (kg/s)
0.5 2000 1600 1150 1.33 200

M-2 p-t2 (kPa) T-t2 (K) C-p (J/kg.K) gamma

0.5 200 960 1150 1.33

Rho-1 A-1
p-1 (kPa) T-1 (K) R-1 (J/kg.K) (kg/m^3) a-1 (m/s) V-1 (m/s) (m^2) I-1 (kN)
1699.3 1536.6 285.3 3.876 763.6 381.8 0.13515 306.03

Rho-2 A-2
p-2 (kPa) T-2 (K) R-2 (J/kg.K) (kg/m^3) a-2 (m/s) V-2 (m/s) (m^2) I-2 (kN)
169.9 921.97 285.3 0.646 591.51 295.7 1.047 237.05

Power-1
F-x (duct), kN (MW) Power-2 (MW) Delta-Power (MW)
68.98 368 220.8 -147.2

Since the flow was adiabatic and the exit power is 147.2 MW less than the power of the flow in,
therefore, there has been shaft power extraction, which means that the component is a turbine.

Problem
2.46
gam R C_f M_1 p_1 T_1 L/D_h
1.4 287 0.005 2 20 650 9.9

p-
T_t1 (K) t1(kPa) 4C_fL_1*/D L_1*/D L_2*/D 4C_fL_2*/D M_2 (from table)
1170 156.5 0.30495 15.2475 5.3475 0.10695 1.42

P_t1/p_t* p_t2/p_t* %Delta p_t/p_t1 L_1*/D Delta(s)/R

1.6875 1.1262 33.3 15.25 0.4044

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Problem
2.47
q
p1 (kPa) T1 (K) M1 (kJ/kg) c-p (J/kg.K)
100 600 0.5 250 1004

pt1 (kPa) a1 (m/s) u1 (m/s) pt1/pt*

118.6 490.999 245.5 1.114

Tt1 (K) Tt1/Tt* Tt2 (K) Tt2/Tt*

630 0.691 879.0 0.965

Tt* (K) M2 (~) pt2/pt* Delta pt Loss (%)

911.25 0.8 1.019 8.501

Problem
2.48
p-1 (kPa) T-1 (K) L/D-h C-f M-1
25 250 10.262 0.005 2

4CfL2*/D M-2 (from

4C-fL/D-h h Table)
0.20524 0.099714 1.4

p2/p1 T2/T1 pt2/pt1 Tt2 (K) pt1 (kPa) pt2 (kPa)

1.624 1.293 0.661 450 195.6 129.2

Problem 2.49

T2/T1 M2/M1 p2/p1 rho-2/rho-1 V-2/V-1 A2/A1

1.01 0.88 1.038 1.0277 0.884 1.100

Problem 2.50

From M1=2.0 and Fanno Table (γ=1.4) , we get: 4CfL1*/D=0.30495

From Mx=1.2 and Fanno Table (γ=1.4) , we get: 4CfLx*/D=0.033625

Lx/D=(1/4Cf)( 4CfL1*/D-4CfLx*/D)=13.57

From NS Table for Mx=1.2, we get My=0.8422 then from Fanno Table we get 4CfLy*/D≈0.0559
This gives Ly*/D=2.795, which then combines with Lx/D to give
L/D≈16.36
For total pressure ratio calculation, we use marching technique, i.e., chain rule:

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pt2/pt1=(pt2/pty)(pty/ptx)(ptx/pt1*)(pt1*/pt1)≈(1/1.0237)(0.9928)(1.0304)(1/1.6875)≈0.5922

This is ~40.8% loss in total pressure due to wall friction and the NS.

Problem 2.51

From γ and R, we get cp=1004.5 J/kg.K

From M1=0.6 and Rayleigh Table for γ=1.4, we read: Tt1/Tt*=0.81892. Therefore Tt*=854.8 K
Through energy balance, we get:
q1*=cp(Tt*-Tt1)= 155.5 kJ/kg
*
q=3q1 =466.4 kJ/kg, using energy balance, we get

Tt2*=1164 K
For the new Tt1/Tt*
we have (700/1164)=0.601. Now, we take this value to the Rayleigh Table for
subsonic flow and get:
M1’ ≈0.44
The reset inlet condition has the same pt1’ and Tt1’ as the original duct flow except for the reset inlet
Mach number, which is the only reason for the mass flow rate to drop.
𝛾+1
𝛾 − 1 2 2(𝛾−1)
𝑚̇1′ 𝑀1′ 1 + 2 𝑀1
= � � = 0.806
𝑚̇1 𝑀1 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀2
2 1′

Therefore mass flow rate drops by about 20%.

Problem 2.52

From continuity equation involving Mach number and the total state of gas, we get:

A1≈1.60 m2
A2≈1.13 m2
Fx)nozzle=I1-I2=p1A1(1+γM12)- p2A2(1+γM22)

Static pressure at 1 and 2 are determined from Mach number and total pressures at 1 and 2
respectively, namely
p1=58.2 kPa and p2=32.45 kPa
Therefore the axial force felt by the nozzle is: Fx)nozzle≈31 kN

Problem
2.53
M-1 M-x C-f gamma
2 1.5 0.005 1.4
4C- 4C-fL-
fL*_1/D 4CfLx*/D x/D L-x/D M-y 4CfLy*/D ptx/ptx*
0.304954 0.136024 0.168931 8.447 0.7 0.208165 1.1762

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(pt1-
L-y/D L/D L-x/L pty/pt* pty/ptx pt1/pt1* pt2)/pt1*100 pt2/pt1
10.40825 18.855 0.448 1.0944 0.9298 1.6875 40.78 0.592

Problem
2.54
c_p
M_1 p_1 T_1 gamma (J/kgK) q (kJ/kg)
2.6 20 600 1.4 1004 572

T_t1 (K) T-t2 (K) T_t1/T_t* T_t2/T_t* M_2 (from Table) p_1/p* p* (kPa)
1411.2 1981 0.697 0.978 1.2 0.229 87.2

p_2
p_2/p* (kPa) p_t1/p_t* p_t2/p_t* Del (p_t)/p_t1 (%) T_t* (K) q* (kJ/kg)
0.796 69.4 2.42 1.019 57.84 2025 616

Problem 2.55

q0=(γ/2)pM2=75.6 kPa

From Isentropic table for M1=3.0 and γ=1.4, we get: A1/A*= A1/Ath=4.2345
Since Ath=0.5 m2, we get the inelt area: A1=2.117 m2

From perfect gas law, we get the flight static density of 0.1834 kg/m3

From gas temperature, T0, we calculate speed of sound a0=302.7 m/s

Therefore flight speed is V0=908 m/s

Now, we use the standard form of the continuity equation based on density * velocity * area,
to get:
𝑚̇0 = 352.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

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