Name: CLEO ANNE C.
LORA
Program: MAEd-Filipino
Date: June 21, 2024
STATISTICAL METHODS
Mr. Anthony Madrazo
Task 1:
1. Define “Statistics”.
2. What are the two sub-branches of Statistics? What are the commonalities and differences
of the two?
3. What is Variable? Give the hierarchy of variable.
4. Differentiate Variable and Data.
5. What are the different levels of measurements? Define each. Cite at least 5 examples of
variables that belongs to each level of measurement.
6. Why is it necessary to understand first the classification in the level of measurement in
statistical treatment?
(Answers)
1. Statistics simply defined as the study and manipulation of data. It is a branch of applied
mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
organization of data. In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, and
summarize data
.
2. Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics are the two sub-branches of Statistics.
Commonalities:
➢ Both rely on various Statistical Methods and tools in analyzing data to extract
meaningful information.
➢ Both widely applied across various fields as both play essential roles in decision-
making, research analysis, and problem-solving.
Differences:
➢ Descriptive Statistics focus on summarizing and describing the characteristics of
dataset. Commonly involve measures of central tendency, dispersion, and
graphical representations.
➢ Inferential Statistics use sample data to make inferences or predictions about a
larger population. Often include hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and
confidence intervals.
3. Variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. It
may also be called a data item. It is a quantity that can be changed. Variables are
important to understand because it considered as the basic unit of information that are
being studied and interpreted. It can take on different values across the data set.
4. Variable and Data are somehow connected. Variable are the characteristics, numbers, or
quantity that we are observing, measuring, and recording. Some examples of variables
are age, sex, height, and many more, while Data refers to a set of values, which are usually
organized by variables. It refers to observations and measurements which have been
collected often through research.
5. Different Levels of Measurement:
❖ Nominal-Level Measurement - the data can be organized by labelling them in
mutually exclusive groups, but there is no order between the categories. There is no
numerical or quantitative value, and qualities are not ranked.
(examples of variables: gender, marital status, race, eye color, blood type)
❖ Ordinal- Level Measurement – the data can be categorized and ranked in an order
but there is no intervals between the rankings.
(examples of variables: class level, education level, socio-economic status)
❖ Interval-Level Measurement – the data can be categorized, ranked, and infer equal
intervals between neighboring points but there is no true zero point. Two data points
are often used to compare the passing of time or changing conditions within a data
set.
(examples of variable: temperature (Celsius & Fahrenheit), IQ test, time)
❖ Ratio-Level Measurement – the data can be categorized, ranked, and infer equal
intervals between neighboring data points, and there is a true zero point. A true zero
means there is an absence of the variable of interest. In ratio scales, zero does mean
an absolute lack of the variable.
(examples of variable: height, weight, length, population)
6. It is important to understand first the classification in the level of measurement in statistical
treatment because it determines how we can analyze the data and the type of statistical
analysis that can be conducted and is appropriate on the values that were assigned.
References:
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