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Cancer

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors, which can be benign or malignant. It can arise from various carcinogens and genetic mutations affecting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Treatment options include steroids, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.

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8 views11 pages

Cancer

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors, which can be benign or malignant. It can arise from various carcinogens and genetic mutations affecting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Treatment options include steroids, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Uploaded by

rs.m84108
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CANCER

MAYANK YADAV
Cancer
Cancer

Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, escaping the normal
regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle.
Adhesion capacity lost.
Develop new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
Some of the cancer cells can grow even in absence of nutrition
Can bypass programmed cell death/ Apoptosis
Types of Cancer

CARCINOMAS - is the cancer of Epithelial cells

SARCOMAS - is the cancer of connective tissue and muscles

LEUKEMIAS - is the cancer of blood.


Properties of Cancer

Uncontrolled growth can form tumors :

1. Benign : Non-cancerous, localised

2. Malignant : Cancerous, invasive, may metastasise (most feared


property of cancer)
Causes of Cancer
Carcinogens

Carcinogens are the agents which causes cancer.

There are 3 types of carcinogens:

1. Chemical - eg. [Link]., Acrylamide etc.

2. Physical - e.g. UV, X-rays etc.

3. Biological - e.g. Virus [Cervical cancer (HPV)]


Causes of Cancer

Point mutations (that activate an oncogene)

Deletion (deletion of tumour suppressor gene)

Gene ampli cation (to increase expression of an oncogene)

Virus insertion

DNA rearrangement or translocation


fi
Genes related to Cancer
1. PROTO-ONCOGENES —— ONCOGENES
• Normal role: Stimulate cell growth and division when needed.
• In cancer: Mutation or overexpression converts them into oncogenes, causing uncontrolled proliferation.
• Example, RAS

2. TUMOUR SUPRESSOR GENE


• Normal role: Act as brakes → slow cell cycle, repair DNA, or trigger apoptosis.
• In cancer: Mutations inactivate them → loss of control.
• Examples, p53, Brca I, Brca II, Rb
Stages of Cancer

O - mutation

I - spread in nearby cells

II - spread locally

III - start spreading through blood

IV - affecting other organs


Treatment

Steroids

Radiotherapy

Immunotherapy
“THE END”

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