Experimental Stress Analysis – An Overview

Prof. K. Ramesh
Department of Applied Mechanics
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

Lecture – 3.4
Introduction to Holography

In the last lecture, we have looked at how to use Brittle Coating Technique in
conjunction with strain gauge technique for large scale problems.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:29)

Now, we move on to the next technique Holography. And this is very similar to you
know the name is very similar to photography. But what is Holography? Holography
tries to provide you complete information, when you say complete information. What
complete information? It tries to give you intensity and the phase information. So, we
need to understand little more, when we come to Holography. And the phase information
is recorded as interference fringes.

And before we get into some of these details, we will just see lasers are used in
Holography. We will just look at what do we do in conventional photography and we
look at what is that we do in conventional photography.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:27)

I have the figure of photograph of Athena - Greek Goddess of Wisdom. Because I want
all engineers to be wise acquiring knowledge is not sufficient to be a good engineer. You
need to have practical experience knowledge combine with practical experience
constitute wisdom.

So, what you see here is, you have a beautiful picture of Athena, its illumination is white
light. Suppose I change the light source, what happens?
(Refer Slide Time: 01:59)

This figure is much better, this figure is not even nice to watch and what you find here is
you can see very clearly, there are specular information that is; you see dots, red dots
laying on that. And this is what happens, with any laser illumination when you illuminate
anything with laser. Laser is highly monochromatic and highly coherent, but you have
this information available only in this fashion, and this is your positive.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:38)

.
Now, lets us look at what is a negative? When I have a negative; if I look at the negative
I can make out what does this negative contain? You see intensity is recorded when you
have black in the original. Negative it is white. So, it allows more light and then you get
that as a black in positive. So, in conventional photography, you are able to clearly, see
that I record intensity I record intensity. And then you are able to see intensive variation
and you are able to look at this is positive and then conjuncture what a negative could be
or from negative you could see, what is the positive I have recorded. So, this is the
information I want you to recognize from conventional photography.

Now we go back and then find out what Holography is all about? So, in Holography
what I find is, I record both intensity and the phase information.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:47)

And now you have to know what is phase, what is phase you need to understand; I have
a deflected object here I have a light impinges on it and reaches the model. And I would
like you to have a fairly neat sketch of this, because this gives you a nutshell an
understanding of what is phase? I have shown a deformed object and I have a laser
source, which hits the object. The depth is different. So, when the light scattered from
this reaches the screen, it reaches at different values of phase. So, the phase carries the
depth information.
So, in normal photography, you do not record the phase information. You record only
intensity that is what we had seen the positive and negative. The moment you come to
Holography you record in addition to intensity the phase information of the reflected
wavefront. So, that makes Holography different.

How this phase information is recorded? Its phase information is recorded, based on
principles of interferometry and what we will see is we will see the ideas listed here. So,
what we do in Holography? It is a process of recording and reconstructing the complete
optical wavefront reflected from an object. When I say complete optical wavefront, I said
intensity as well as phase and we have seen in conventional photography. One records
only the intensity informational of the wavefront in Holography. Phase of the wavefront
is also recorded, and phase of the wavefront is recorded by employing the principles of
interferometry. So, that is a difference and we will go back and see how does a hologram
look like and then what do you see in that.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:13)

I have a Hologram here, and what is important point here is, first observation is the
image is not good; as good as what I record in normal white light. But because I record
the phase information, when the observation point is moved horizontally different
perspective of the object is seen. So, you are able to get the three dimensional effect of
the recording. As if the model is in front of you are able to go peep, what it is? You are
able to see that. I will show you that in my animation, I will also magnify this. I will
show you this and this was the hologram recorded in the lab of Professor Kothiyal and
Dr Krishna Mohan at Applied Optics Lab, IIT Madras.

Now, I move my head and what you see here? I see objects behind; I see this strain is
behind. And you have a statue of Lord Ganesha in the front, and then I move it to the
right. Then you are able to see the depth information. Are you able to see the depth
information? As if the objects are kept before you. You are able to see the depth
information? You are able to get different prospective, this is recorded as if you are
moving the head over the region of hologram, but from my from our measurement point
of view, we are not looking at only three dimensional pictures, our interest is to go in for
deformation when metrology application, this is useful. Are you able to see the depth
information? Are you convenience that Holography records depth? Now we go back and
then see the other aspects of it.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:27)

So, what I find is the recording medium should have a high resolution to record this
information, because I am recording both the information of intensity and phase. So, I
need to have a high resolution to record the information. Holography is also called as
lensless photography. And we have to see further, what is the implication of the use of
lensless photography, and how it is recorded and traditionally they where having a very
high resolution. They have holographic plates that are how they are able to record the
holograms.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:12)

See in the case of conventional photography. The holographic record of the object will
have no resemblance to the original image, but only densely packed interferometric
fringes. This is my interest to show because in the case of conventional photography you
look at the negative you are able to make out what is recorded on that. Suppose
somebody gives you a hologram, you will not know what is that unless you reconstruct
it. This is the fundamental difference. So, what you see here is the hologram needs to be
reconstructed to view the three dimensional object. And for the set of Ganesha and a
swan what is kept?
(Refer Slide Time: 09:53)

If you look at the hologram, the hologram is like this; we will see that in last and this is
what I see. Do you make out anything here; you see only some funny fringes on this. So,
this contains information of swan lord, Ganesha kept at different distances you are able
to peep into it, and then you are able to see that. So, by looking at the hologram, with the
naked eye you cannot see the picture. You need to reconstructed you need an optical
arrangement to do that. And that optical arrangement is shown next, and this is what you
see here. And what you have here is I have the hologram mounted I have a play of laser
which falls on this, and you will have to look at this hologram and then record the three
dimensional depth of the hologram. So, it is not like conventional photographic.

Conventional photograph you have a digital camera now you take a photograph instantly
you see what you have recorded, but in Holography you will have to reconstruct the
hologram and view it, but many will disagree with me sir we are seeing hologram day in
and day out in many of our simple appliances when I buy a cassette I have a hologram
printed on this, what is this hologram? Though it is not needed for you know your stress
analysis or strain development displacement analysis. It is better to know have a
common knowledge on what all these holograms? OK, that is what we have seen
reconstruct hologram gives a nice three dimensional view.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:44)

Now, what we want to see is recording the hologram is a sensitive and involved process
it is not a that is why it is used for security devices; however, the reconstruction is fairly
simple thought for reconstruction I need an optical arrangement to do it.

So, this has made Holography attractive for addressing security issues as it is difficult to
copy that is why people use hologram stickers though for measurement purposes one
uses a laser for reconstruction with advancements in technology it has been possible to
construct holograms that could be reconstructed using white light. So, what you see as
holographic stickers on nothing, but white light holograms there is some scarifies of
quality in the process, but at the same time because holograms are difficult to make
duplication is difficult. So, you are able to give a guarantee to the generous to the product
if you see the hologram, given by the manufacture. And these holograms are named as
rainbow holograms, and why they are called as rainbow holograms? There is a reason
behind it; many times you do not know how to even look at the hologram how to look
for information. And we will see what are these rainbow holograms.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:25)

What you have here is these are made by double holographic process, an ordinary
transmission hologram is used as the object and a second hologram is made through a
slit; it is an optical requirement. And the focus here is I want to see the reconstruction
without going into complicated optics just normal white light should be good enough,
that is the purpose behind it.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:03)

So, one of the greatest application of Holography is in security which you see it has
become so common place almost anything you buy it comes with the hologram sticker.
And if you go back in history it was in 1983 first visa card, the dove hologram was used;
I will just show you that. So, what you have here is you have a visa card dove hologram
this is a dove and you could even see the color change, and what we will do is we look at
another hologram which is also released during the same time. How to view a rainbow
hologram? What is the difference between a conventional hologram? And this is more
from of point of view of appreciating how your Holography is used in various
applications.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:17)

So, what you find here is I have a beautiful hologram here and we will have a
magnification of this and then see the demo. And what you have here is if I move my
head horizontally I will repeat it again you could see beautifully the three dimensional
depth of eagle. Could you see that? I will repeat it again; you are able to see this and this
hologram was recorded by Haines of Eidetic images. It was done in 1983 and this was
published on the national geographic journal as a cover page. They were popularizing
holograms at that time and what you saw here as the animation, it request skill full
photography to reveal and assemble them together.

See in the normal books what they will show you, if they will show one extreme view
one middle view and one another view to show that it is recording the depth information,
and this was done by Guruprasad, who are done it at IIT, Madras and these are assemble
to give you a nice three dimensional view; but still it has not explained why it is rainbow
hologram. So, you have a horizontal slit limits the vertical perspective of the original
hologram and the rainbow hologram retains the three dimensional character only when
the eyes are moved horizontally. When I move my eye horizontally, I have a three
dimensional representation. If I move the eyes vertically, I would not have a three
dimensional representation. I would have only rainbow of colors and here again
recording is difficult, its recording is very difficult and that was done by my student and
that is what you will see here.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:22)

You will see beautifully the play of colors. So, I have this on the vertically movement
when I do it I have play of color and this is what you see, you could see the whole eagle
as green, I will move further you could see the whole eagle as red. And this is you know
this is because of the operations, if the illuminations is not already do not see this
comfortably. And so what you see here is you are able to see different colors of the
rainbow and able to stop only at green, I want to stop it at blue. Let me see one more I
am able to stop only at my reflects are such, I am able to stop only at red or blue. I will
also want to stop at blue I will try one more time; no, I am unable to do that.

So, what you find here is you have a nice hologram what you have the rainbow of colors
and here because you know the images are not assemble properly you say assemblance
of depth, but it is not actual depth; what you saw in the earlier one when the move the
head horizontally you saw a beautiful depth here you see only colors are different. That
is why it is called a rainbow hologram. And these holograms are commonly formed as
surface relief patterns on a plastic film and they incorporate a reflective aluminum
coating, which provides the light from behind to reconstruct the image.

So, what we saw in conventional Holography was, you need to have a laser arrangement
to view the hologram; you cannot view the hologram like reading a normal negative. You
need an optical arrangement to do that, but people found as advancements develop they
could do away with reconstruction optics normal white light can do it. In the process
your three dimensionality on both directions is lost on one direction you are able to
preserve three dimensionality, on other direction you see only a play of colors. That is
interesting that is very interesting. So, you have a play of colors and that is you have to
verify whether it is a genuine hologram or not and these days they have multi layered
holograms you will see on one layer information, another layer another information and
this use of Holography is more from security point of view, less from stress analysis
point of view.

So, what we will do is we will try to look at what is the use of stress analysis in the next
class. And you will also have to remember Holography was invented in 1948, as recent
as 1948 and the person who developed Holography or invented Holography was given a
Nobel prize for it. So, it is a invention of that fundamental in nature that he got a Nobel
prize, it is Dennis Gabber who got a Nobel prize in 1971 and this Holography finds
numerous applications, but we will focus our attention from solid mechanics point of
view, how do I find out the displacement? Primarily, it give you displacement. I spend
little time on rainbow holograms because that is what you have access to easily and you
should know at least go and educate your people at home how to view an hologram. So,
if you have a rainbow hologram on horizontal direction you will say you will have a
three dimensional representation on the vertical scale you will see play of colors.

But now you have layered hologram. So, many varieties have come. So, many varieties
even they have used color try to bring Holography in color, so many developments. So,
those are all like more from marketing point of view displaces and then public use of
Holography for fun we will not get into all that, we will only look at how Holography
can be exploited for stress analysis.

In this lecture we have looked at the fundamental difference between normal

Thank you.