Chemical Bonding I:
Basic Concepts
Chapter 9
Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
particpate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
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Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases
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The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s1 1s2 1s22s22p6
1s22s22p5
[He] [Ne]
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The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -
Li Li+ + e-
LiF e- + F F -
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
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A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
Why should two atoms share electrons?
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
The formation of these molecules illustrates the octet rule,
An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is
surrounded by eight valence electrons.
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A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
Why should two atoms share electrons?
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs
single covalent bond
lone pairs F F lone pairs
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Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-
Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons
O C O or O C O
8e- 8ebonds
double - 8e- double bonds
Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons
N N or N N
8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond
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Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms
electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich
H F H F
+ -
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Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
Electronegativity - relative, F is highest
X (g) + e- X-(g)
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The Electronegativities of Common Elements
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Bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or covalent
2.0 RULE
An ionic bond forms when the electronegativity difference
between the two bonding atoms is 2.0 or more
A polar covalent bond forms when the electronegativity
difference between the atoms is in the range of 0.5–1.6
If the electronegativity difference is below 0.3, the bond is
normally classified as a covalent bond.
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Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or
covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and the NN
bond in H2NNH2.
Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic
H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent
N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Covalent
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Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or covalent:
(a) the bond in HCl polar covalent.
(b) the bond in KF ionic
(c) the CC bond in H CCH .
3 3 covalent
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Writing Lewis Structures
1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing
what atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for
each negative charge. Subtract 1 for each
positive charge.
3. Complete an octet for all atoms except
hydrogen
4. If structure contains too many electrons, form
double and triple bonds on central atom as
needed. 16
Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms and complete
octets on N and F atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
F N F
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Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-
2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
1 double bond = 4
O C O 8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
Total = 24
O 18
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