MODULE 1; LESSON 1 (INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED

SOCIETY)

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

It is the period of enlightenment when the development in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the view of society about nature;
The idea generated during this period enabled the people, to reflect, rethink and reexamine their
beliefs and their way of life;
It led to the creation of new research fields in science ad prompted the establishment of a strong
foundation for modern science.
How can science be defined?

• As an idea: it includes ideas, students touch the tail, it is like a

theories and all available scientific whip, Ilong- trumpet and they don’t
explanation and observation about define it as a whole. (School Science)
the natural and physical world. • As a personal and social activity:
• As an intellectual activity: it Science is both knowledge and
encompasses systematic and activities done by human being who
practical study of natural and physical develop better understanding of the
world. This process of study involves world around them. It is a means to
systematic observation and improve and survive life. It is always
experimentation. interwoven with people’s lives.
• As a body of knowledge: it is a Personal Activity: DIY- Social Activity
subject or a discipline. It deals with was done by the society or a certain
the process of learning. Ex: Course group related to science and
or entire Curriculum. Elephant – technology.
All of this result to scientific revolution.
They also able to develop noble ideas later known as Philosophy. To provide alternative or
possible explanation to a certain phenomenon.
Religion: Human also used this to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless harms.
The idea of Scientific Revolution explained to have started in the early 16th century- 18th century
in Europe.
Why Europe?
Because of the invention of printing machine and the growing number of scholars in the various
fields of human interest
Science – a foreign idea transported from other area as of the globe.
Anyone who examine the history of science?
Technology, medicine and mathematics are aware that all great civilization of the ancient world
had their own sophisticated tradition and activities related to these disciplines.
Scientist during their time was driven by their curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to explore
the physical and natural world.

SOME INTELLECTUAL AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

Copernican Revolution
In the early times people questioned what created days and nights. And they wanted to
understand what heaven bodies like stars, moon and planets are.
Claudius Ptolemy
The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth and the
sun and moons revolution explained the existence of days and nights.
Stated that planets, as well as the sun and the moon move in a circular motion around the Earth.
He believed that the center of the universe is the Earth where the sun, moon and planets revolve
around it, it is called Geocentrism (Geo- earth, Centric – center) But Nicolaus challenged this
theory. This study was widely accepted by people and one of the greatest discoveries of that time.
Nicolaus Copernicus- Born on Feb 19, 1473, in Warmia, Poland Mikolaj Kopernik (Copernicus
is the latinized form of his name) travelled to Italy at the age of 18 to attend college, where he was
supposed to study the laws and regulations of the Catholic Church and return home to become a
canon. However, he spent most of his time studying mathematics and astronomy.
The invention of the Telescope allows the people to take a peek to the outer space, but more
importantly it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there.
In the 16th century Nicolaus Copernicus, a polish mathematician and astronomer challenged the
Ptolemaic model. He introduced the new concept known as Heliocentrism. (Helio- Sun, Centric-
center) It mean that the center of the solar system was not the Earth but the sun. But this idea
was rejected first at the public since their religious belief has taught them the Earth was created
first before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a Heretic. Since during this time
religion holds the highest power in the community, to be followed by government and people.
Copernicus Planetary Motion
The orbits of Venus and mercury, lay inside the orbits of the earth closer to the sun. The orbits of
Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lays outside the orbit of the Earth farther from the sun.
From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once
around the Sun.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Sigmund Freud- an Australian neurologist. Was a physiologist, medical, doctor and is generally
recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. He
was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of
Psychoanalysis.
- A method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.
- The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release represses emotion and experiences.
- Its goal is to bring the unconscious or preconscious level up to consciousness.
He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements which are the id, ego
and superego.

• Id- the unconscious part of the mind, meets basic needs and seeks to bring us pleasure.
Fights with the superego.
• Ego- a conscious part of the mind (rational self). It is aware of reality. Balance the
demands of the Id and the moral rules of the Superego.
• Superego- the unconscious part of the mind that acts as our conscience. It is concerned
with morality. It fights with the Id.
In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than science. Many believed that Freud’s psychoanalysis theory
has no scientific basis. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of
psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as science.

DARWINIAN EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin

• Famous for his theory of evolution. He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589.
Is book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and
adapting that differentiate species. (Taxonomy of plants and animals)
• In his book the Descent of Man, he introduced the idea of all organic life, including human
beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.
• His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence- based science. It
is science marked by observation and experiment.
• (Evolutionary biology and Philosophy of Science.)
What makes Darwin truly remarkable?
His courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are kid to the prominent during those
days.
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Where was Mesoamerica?
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse
civilizations that shared similar
cultural characteristics in the
geographic area comprising the
modern-day countries of Mexico,
Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El
Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa
Rica.
Some of the most well-known
Mesoamerica cultures are the
Olmec, Maya, Zapotec,
Teotihuacan, Mixtec and Mexica
(or Aztec)
An anthropologist named Paul
Kirchkoff first used the term
“Mesoamerica” (meso is Greek for
“middle or “intermediate”) in 1943
or Central America.

Maya Civilization

• One of the famous civilizations that astrological cycles in planting and

lasted for approximately 2,000 years. harvesting.
• They incorporated their advanced • They are also known for measuring
understanding of astronomy onto time using two complicated calendar
their temples and other religious systems.
structures. • They developed the technology for
• They are known for their knowledge growing different crops and building
of predicting eclipse and using elaborate cities using ordinary
machineries and tools.
Their Calendar:

• They also built looms for weaving • They are one of the world’s first
cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery civilizations to use a writing system
paints made from a mineral called known as the Mayan hieroglyphics;
mica (EX, Ifugao) • They were also skilled in
• They are also believed to be one of mathematics and created a number
the first people to produce rubber system based on the numeral 20.
products 3,000 years before • They independently developed the
Goodyear received its patient in concepts of zero and positional
1844. value, even before the Roman did.
 INCA CIVILIZATION

• They are also famous in • The first suspension bridge; Quipu, a

Mesoamerica. The following were system of knotted ropes to keep
scientific ideas and tools that they records that only experts can
developed to help them in everyday interpret; and
life; • Inca textiles since cloth was one of
• Road’s buildings that surmounted the specially prized artistic
earthquakes and other disasters: achievements.
• Irrigation system and technique for
staring water for their crops to grow in
all types of lands;
• Calendar with 12 months to mark
their religious festivals and prepare
them for planting season;

AZTEC CIVILIZATION

Has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and the society as a whole.
Some of their contributions are the ff;
Mandatory Education. Their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social
class, gender or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education.
Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. The Aztec valued the
cacao beans highly and made them as part of their tribute to their gods.
Antispasmodic Medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent
muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.

Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for

agricultural farming in which the land was divided
into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

Aztec Calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season.
Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for travelling in water systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

India.

• The Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday
lives.
 • Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of
Roman Empire.
• Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500
BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
• They discovered some medical properties of plants that led them to develop medicine to
cure various illnesses.
• The Susruta Samhita describes different surgical and other
medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
• They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each.
• The people of this civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to
standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and
design a ruler, the Mohenjo-Daro ruler,
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550) in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a
number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
Another Indian, Brahmagupta, also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction and lucidly
explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit.
Another Indian named Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of
mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991)
Example: 1000= .1x 104=1k=103= 1.0 x 103

China

• It is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like
medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy and music among others.
• Known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of
the Chinese people.
• Discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure
human illness; an example is the practice of acupuncture.
• Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass,
papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools.
• They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller, among others.
• They developed a design of different models of bridges (Zhonggou ke xue yuan, 1983),
invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et
al., 1971)
• Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets which were
carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their
effects to our world. (Mayall, 1939)
• They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that
may affect their daily activities. They used calendars.
Chinese Inventions;
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST

• The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. With the spread of Islam
in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden
Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century.
• The common language of Arabic that have an access to Greek text were a great contribute
to the intellectualization of the Muslims and they provided their scholars with knowledge
to create innovations and develop new ideas.
There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science,
mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and even in the field on social sciences.
Muslim chemist and alchemist also played an important role in the foundation of modern
chemistry. In particular, some scholars considered Jābir ibn Ḥayyān to be the “Father of
Chemistry”.
“Muslims Scientist Placed Greater Value on Science Experiments Rather Than Plain-
Thoughts Experiments”
A muslim scientist named Ibn al- Haytham is also regarded as the Father of
Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light
which states that visual representation comes from something representative
of the object.

MATHEMATICS

Muhammad ibn Musa Al- Khawarizmi (780-850)

Gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is
dervived from al-jabir.
The Arabic Numeral System is originally from India but Muslim
mathematicians make several refinements to the number system such as
the introduction of Decimal Point Notation.
1,000,000,000= 109= 1.0 x 109= 1billion.
 FIELD OF MEDICINE

Ibn Sina
Pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008).
Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious disease and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.
His Two Notable Works in Medicine
Book of Healing The Canon of Medicine

Were used as standard medicinal text in both Muslim word and in Europe during the 17th century.
The decline of this Golden Age of Islam started in the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of
the Mongols destroyed libraries, observations and other learning institutions.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

• Africa is blessed with natural resources.

• Science emerged in this part of the planet before the European colonized it.
• The history of science and myth show that similar to another ancient civilizations, the Early
Africa are knowledge producers, too.

•For about 700 years, The Dogon people of Mali in West Africa recorded
the path of the star Sirius A, which they called “SIGI TOLO”.
•Then they discovered Sirius B, the tiniest and densest companion of Sirius
A, which they called “Po Tolo”
•All that the Dogon people said about Sirius A and B has been confirmed by
recent scientific revelations.

Metallurgy was also known in the Region during their times.

North Africa and Nile River Valley imported iron technology in the latter part
of the region. Enabling everyone to develop and benefit from to stone and
bronze age.
 Mathematics was also prominent in the life of Africa. The Lebombo Bone
was discovered in the mountains as it is said as a tool for basic operations
and calculating lunar calendar. It is considered as the oldest mathematical
artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.

The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical
learning, which is considered advanced during those time, such as algebra, geometry and
trigonometry.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

The Ancient Egyptian Civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in
the fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. For example:

• They are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical
skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry.
• The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from
the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced civilization.

The development of Geometry was a product of the necessity to

preserve the farmlands along the Nile River.

• Rules of Geometry was also developed to build the structures in the

Architecture of Egypt.
• Science is used to give the Africans qualities of life by building their
homes and cities.

• Egypt is known to be the Center of Alchemy, known as the

Medieval forerunner of Chemistry.
• They tried studying human anatomy, pharmacology and applied
important components such as examinations, diagnosis, etc. The basic
empirical method of science.
 MODULE 1 LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-
BUILDING
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines.

Stone Age

• Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over
land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
• Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros,
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
Inventions

• They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and

later developed method of sawing and polishing stones
around 40,000 B.C.
• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes
ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for
the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain.
Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron and gold
metal tools and ornaments.
3,000 B.C.

Iron Age

The Iron Age lasted from there third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. During this period
Filipinos were engaged in extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation
of cast from Sarawak and later from China.

• Smelting and Refining Iron

• Inventions/ Discoveries
They learn to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and
cultivate lowlands rice and dike fields of terraced fields
utilizing spring water in mountains regions.
They also learned to build boats for trading purposes.
Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-built warships called
Caracoa suited for interisland trade raids.
10th Century A.D.

Filipinos from Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with
China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. These
archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between the Philippines, China and
Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to the 15th century A.D.

• Trading
The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats,
tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets sinker, colored
glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin.

Before the Spaniards

Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or
first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from
herbs. They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and
measure. They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one
harvest to another.

• They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking

and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal
conflicts.
• They also developed technologies in creating
musical instruments.
• The Metal Age had a significant influence on the
lives of early Filipinos.
• Sophisticated design of gold and silver jewelry,
ceramics, and metal tools proved that their
technological ideas helped in the development of
different tools.

Spanish Regime
The later part of the 16th Century
Development of Schools

• Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu (1595)

• Colegio de San Ignacio- Manila (1595)
• Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Manila (1597)
• Colegio De San Jose- Manila (1601)
Development of Hospitals

• San Juan Lazaro Hospital the oldest in the Far East was founded in 1578.
17th and 18th Century
Successive shipwrecks of an attacks of pirates on the galleons led to declining profits from the
trade that led to economic depression in Manila during the later part of the 17th century.
The Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas founded by Governador
Jose Baco y Vargas in 1780 encouraged research in agriculture of indigo, cotton, cinnamon and
silk industry.
In 1789 Manila was opened to Asian shipping, inaugurating an era of
increase in export of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar and indigo and imports of
manufacturing goods.
The 19th Century

• In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational
system.
• In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened to UST, after 15 years it had
granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 62 graduates.
• The licentiate degree equivalent to Master degree was granted Bachelor’s degree in
pharmacy to its 1st six graduates who included Leon Ma. Guerrero considered was the
Father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on Medicinal Plants of the
Philippines.
• There were no school for engineering but they offered nautical four-year course for pilot
of merchant marine that includes the subject;
• Arithmetic
• Algebra
• Geometry
• Trigonometry
• Physics
• Hydrography
• Meteorology
• Navigation
• Pilotage
• Higher education was generally viewed with suspicion as encouraging rebellion among
native Filipinos and thus only few daring students were able to undertake higher studies.
• The expanded world trade and commerce in the later part of the 19th century led to the
rapid development of Manila as cosmopolitan center.
• Modern amenities such as steam tramways, waterworks, newspaper, electric lights,
banking system were introduced in 19th century.
• Jesuits promoted meteorological studies founding Manila observatory at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila in 1865.

• The Spaniards brough with them their own culture and practices.
• They established schools for boys and girls introduced the concept of subjects and
disciplines.
• It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the early inhabitants of the
archipelago had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system.
• Science was observed in the way they interpreted the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates and in organizing days into months and years.
• Scientific knowledge was observed in the way they planted their crops, in taking care of
animals, and for food production.
• They used science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient
cultures. They also discovered the medicinal used of plants.
• The country known now as School of science and technology.
• The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brough by the Spaniards using
indigenous materials.

The American Period (1901-1935)

Social Progress
A. Education
Spain
 1. Christianizing the Pagan natives was more important that giving an education
2. It was only in the closing of decade of Spanish rule that some system of public schools’
education was introduced by Spain in the Philippines.
United States
1. “To educate, to train in the science of self-government”
2. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the Filipinos.
Education

• Elementary Schools: 7-year course

• High School; 4-year course
• Those who finished high school could take up higher education in public junior college or
at the University of the Philippines which was created in 1908 by Acts No. 1870 enacted
by the Philippine Assembly and the Philippine Commission.
• Filipino Pensionados- bright young Filipino students.

Centro Escolar University (1907)

Philippine Normal School (1901) Founded by Librada Avelino and
Carmen de Luna

Silliman University (1901) Philippine Women University (1919)

Established by Francisca T. Benitez

Economic Progress

• The Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America than as the colony of Spain
• Spain could not do for the Philippines in over 300 years, the United States did in less than
50 yrs.
• However, some problems with our economic life started during this era.
American Economy Policy

• The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and natural resources of the
Philippines are for ‘the benefit of the inhabitants’
• The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934
• William H. Taft, the first American Governor- General, said that the Philippines was for
the Filipinos.
• We had to serve the national interests of the United States.
• We could not make our own policy.
Agricultural Increases

• The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture.

• The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)
• In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to import rice and
carabaos from other Asian countries.
• Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.
Free Trade with America

• Most important economic change

• A country has a trade with other counties abroad in order to develop
• We were introduced to the big American market and American products were bought by
Filipinos.
• The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th century.
• American products could enter the Philippines without paying customs tariffs.
Business Boom

• Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from, 1907-1935. Filipinos had more
money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported goods.
New Industries

• The Philippines entered the Industrial Age

• The Americans invented mass production in big factories.
• Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope and textiles
• Marikina; shoes
• Ilocos; blankets and towels
• Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol and Pangasinan; hats and mats
• Pampanga, Rizal and Bulacan; rattan and wood furniture.
• Albay, Rizal and Laguna; pottery and bricks.

Improvement in Transportation and Communication

• The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia), airplane, telephone,
wireless telegraph, radio and movies.
 • Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and
Panay
• Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia
• Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
• The telephone and telegraph systems in our country was
the best in Asia
• The best newspapers, radio stations and postal services in
Asia.

Better Budget

• The Philippines budget was balanced even during the Great World Depression in 1930s.
• In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems.
• But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus.
New Banks

• In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced

• Philippine National Bank was established in 1906
• Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in
the provinces.

International Exhibitions and Meetings

• The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its participation in
international exhibitions, conferences and meetings.
• The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden Gate Exposition,
held at San Francisco, California in 1939.
• Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.
Economic Problems

• We sold raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods from America.
• Colonial mentality became worse
• Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s.
• American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies.

• Americans have more influence in the development of Science &Technology compared to

Spaniards
• Basic education focuses on: nature studies and science and sanitation, until became a
subject formally known as “Science.”
• American scholars introduced new knowledge and technology.
• However, World War II had destabilized the development of the country in many ways.
Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many
lives were destroyed.
• Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation had been focusing on using
its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability.
• The development of Science and Technology in the Philippines based on the brief history
is shaped by several factors. It is always shaped by.
• Human and Social Activities, Internal and External.

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Goals

• Prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven
world and;
• Capacitate the people to live in a world driven by Science and Technology
• DOST - Department of Science and Technology
 • Sought expertise to the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP)
• Meet ASEAN 2015 Goals

NATIONAL GOALS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

International Treaty
• Policies
• Programs
Legal Frameworks • Projects

Social Needs, Issues

and Problems.

4 CLUSTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES POLICIES

I. SOCIAL SCIENCE, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND

GOVERNANCE
• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum.
• Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
• Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
• Local food security
II. PHYSICS, ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, EARTH AND SPACE
SCIENCES, &MATHEMATICS
• Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
• Outright grants for peer monitoring
• Review of RA. 9184 (Government Procurement Reform Act)
• Harnessing science and technology as an independent move of development.
III. MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
• Research areas
• Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by
full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
• Creating an education council desiccated to standardization of pharmaceutical services
and care Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as
pool of information Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
• Legislating a law supporting human genome projects.
IV. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, AGRICULTURAL, AND FORESTRY.
• Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
• Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
• Promoting indigenous knowledge system and indigenous people's conservation
• Formulation of common food and safety standards.

FIELDS/ AREAS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Use alternative and safety energy
• Harnessing mineral resources
• Finding cure for various diseases and illness
• Climate change and global warning
• Increasing food production
• Preservation of natural resources
• Coping with natural disasters and calamities
• Infrastructure development.

EXISTING PROGRAMS BY GOVERNMENT THROUGH DOST

• Providing funds for basic research and patents related to Science and Technology
• providing Undergraduate and Graduate Scholarships in the fields of Science and
Technology Establishing Philippine Science High Schools system
• Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and industry. Partnerships
• Balik Scientist program
• National Science complex, National Engineering Complex within UP Diliman.
 CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMS OF PAASE, 2008 (PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING)

• Establishment of National centers of excellence and development

• Strengthen Science education at the early stage through PSHS or Phil. Sci Schools.
• STEM implementation in K to 12 curriculums.
• Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and Science
Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering
• Science and technology business center (Technopreneur ship)

ASEAN 2015 GOALS

FAMOUS PROGRAMS AND PERSONALITIES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Scientist are the people who study specific problem that may result to the betterment of our
everyday life. Filipino inventors have made an exceptional development of the country to all
respect; social; political; economical.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOY, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

(STRIDE)

Seeks to strengthen applied research activity in the country’s universities and industry to drive
innovation, and work closely with the government on initiatives to support endeavors in this area.

ANGEL C. ALCALA

• Conservation of marine protected area; amphibians and reptiles.

RAMON CABANOS BARBA

• Inventing way to induce flowering in mango tress.

 TETCHI CRUZ- CAPELLAN

• CEO of SunAsia Energy Inc.

• Founder of Philippine Solar Power Alliance

EDUARDO D. GOMEZ
• Led the world’s first national scale assessment of damage
to coral reefs.

AISA MIJENO

• Co-founded Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt)

ALFREDO MAHAR LAGMAY

• Research in natural hazards and disasters in the
Philippines.

• REINA REYES
• “The Filipina who proved “Eistein Right”

GAVINO CAJULAO TRONO JR.

• Research on tropical marine psychology with a focus on

seaweed biodiversity.

INVENTORS WITH THEIR INVENTIONS

Dra Fe del Mundo (1911-2011)

• First woman to be admitted at Harvard Medical School in 1936.

• Her studoes contributed to the invention of the incubator
• It was created to address the needs of rural areas with no electricity that
is needed to regulate newborn babies’ body temperature.

THE INCUBATOR (1941)

Medical Incubator
ABELARDO AGUILAR

• Erythromycin is a new drug was capable of treating several kinds of

infections minus the common side effects of antibiotics.
• He is a Filipino doctor who helped discovering erythromycin, but never
acknowledged his effort.

ERYTHROMYCIN (1949)

• How Effective is Erythromycin?

It is utilized effectively in preventing or treating various types of bacterial
infections, Erythromycin is a drug belonging to a group of drugs known as
macrolide antibiotics.

DIOSDADO BANATAO
• Technology innovator and venture capitalist in Silicon Valley.
• Diosdado Banatao developed the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

• Allows computer users to use graphics for commands and not the usual
typed commands in older computers.
• Allows data processing to be a little faster using very little space.

FRANCISCO QUISUMBING
• It was an innovative ink at that time and was further developed to work
with Parker Pens.
• Aside from being quick drying, it was also water-resistant, did not clog
the pen opening, does not blot and will not fade.

QUICK INK

AGAPITO FLORES
• Inventor of fluorescent lamp.
• The lamp was the product of a 79-years development of the lighting
method that began with the invention of the electric bulb by Thomas
Edison.
• FLOURESCENT LAMP

GREOGORIO ZARA
• Renowned physicist and engineer
• Invertor of the first videophone
• Enrolled at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in US and
graduated with a degree of BS in Mechanical Engineer.
 VIDEOPHONE

• A two-way television telephone or videophone in 1955, patented as

“photophone signal separator network.

Roberto del Rosario

• Developed a sing along system in 1975, patented in 1980’s (Minus
One)
• Del Rosario claims right for the invention Sing along system that
eventually let to the development karaoke.

KARAOKE (1975)

NARCISO P. MOSUELA
• He received Best Design award from the Food and Agricultural
Organization in 1987.
• The superkalan can be powered by any substance such as wood,
paper, dried dung, coco shells, leaves and corncobs.

SUPERKALAN

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
• Foundation of Indigenous Science
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

• Embedded in the daily life experience of young children as they grow up.
• Parents and other folks served as their first teachers.
• Their views about nature and their reflection on their experiences in daily life are evidence
in their stories, poems and songs.

EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE THAT ARE TAUGHT AND PRACTICED BY

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE;

• Predicting weather conditions

 • Using herbal medicines
• Preserving Foods (oil, salting, drying)
• Classifying plants and animals into families and group based on cultural properties.
• Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting.
• Using indigenous technology in daily lives
• Building local irrigation systems
• Classifying different types of soil planting based on cultural properties.
• Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
• Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

• Part of indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early
civilizations. It includes complex arrays of 2 knowledge, expertise, practices, and
representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the
natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and
strategies for coping with changing environments.
• Indigenous science helps the people in understanding the natural environment and in
coping with everyday life.
• It includes arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices and representations that guide human
societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural milicu; agriculture, medicine,
naming and explaining natural phenomena and strategies for coping with changing
environment.
• Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of given
culture.
• Cajete (2004) indigenous science includes everything.
• Laccarino (2003) science is part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on
the cultural practices of the people.
According to Johnson (2000) indigenous beliefs also develop desirable vales that are
relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes namely:
1. Motivating Attitudes
2. Cooperating Attitudes
3. Practical Attitudes
4. Reflective Attitudes.

• According to Pawilen (2005) indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse

structures and contents through the interplay between the society and environment.
• According to Kuhn (1962) developmental stages of the most sciences are characterized
by continual competition between a number of distinct views in nature.
• Sibisi (2004) indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food
technology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices.

Pawilen (2006)
According, indigenous science is
composed of traditional knowledge
that uses science process skills and
guided by community values and
culture.
1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying,
measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating and predicting.
2. It is guided by culture and community values such as;
(Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following;)
• The land is the source of life
• The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth”
• All things are interconnected and interdependent with each other.
• Human beings are steward and trustee of the land and other natural resources.
• Nature is a friend to human beings.
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge such as ethno-biology, ethno-
medicine, indigenous farming methods and folk astronomy.
 • UNESCO’S Declaration of Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999)
Recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and
technology.
Why do our folks say “drink lots of water to prevent sickness” when we get wet from the
rain?
ATMOSPHERE: + ion (Detrimental) +5 100
GROUND: – ion (Beneficial) -4 80
EXCESS: 20+ to human beings, animals, buildings, plants, etc.

2H2O= 2H2 + 02
H+1 0-2
The charge of Oxygen will be the subscript of Hydrogen and vice versa.
If we drink a lot of water, the negative charges of water which is more, will attract the
positive charges brought by downfall rain or pollutants. Then it will be urinated later.
600 ml- 1 hours before breakfast,
600 ml- 20 mins after meal
600 ml- in between meal.

MODULE 2: LESSON 1 (HUMAN FLOURISHING)

Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing

Aristotle describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by man as Eudaimonia,
literally coined the term as “good spirited. Eudaimonia has often translated into “human
flourishing. Flourishing is the highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all
actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human
activity.
Every civilization has its own focus in order to flourish.
• The Western civilization tends to be more focused on the individual; based on an
individual’s values rather than his belief that the state is greater than him.
• The east is more community-centric; community takes the highest regard that the
individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of the society. The east is more community-
centric; community takes the highest regard that the individual should sacrifice himself for
the sake of the society.
Every discovery, innovation, and success contribute to our pool of human knowledge;
human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the world by finding proofs to trace evolution;
The end goals of both science and technology and human flourishing are related; in that
the good is inherently related to the truth, are two concepts about science which ventures
its claim on truth
Science and Results
People who do not understand science are won over when the discipline is able to
produce results.
• In this particular argument, however, science is not the only discipline which is able
to produce results—religion, luck, and human randomness are some of its
contemporaries in the field.
• For some communities without access to science, they can turn to divination and
superstition and still get the same results.
• Science is not entirely foolproof, such that it is correct 100% of the time.
Science as Education
In the Philippines, a large distribution of science high schools can be found, forging
competition for aspiring students to undergo rigorous science and mathematics training
based on specialized curricula.
• As students are preconditioned that the field would later land them high-paying
jobs and a lucrative career after graduation.
• Simply mastering science and technology would be inadequate if we are to, say,
socialize with people or ruminate on our inner self.
• A true eudaimonia recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in various
dimensions, such as linguistic, kinetic, artistic, and socio-civic
Science as a Social Endeavor
• New school of thought on the proper demarcation criterion of science emerged.
• Explores the social dimension of science and effectively, technology
• The new view perpetuates a dimension which generally benefits the society.
Sciences cease to belong solely to gown wearing, bespectacled scientists at
laboratories.
Science as Method and Results
The Scientific Method:
1. Observe
2. Determine the problem
3. formulate hypothesis; reject the null hypothesis
4. Conduct experiment
5. Gather and analyze results
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation
Verification Theory
• The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science
• The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted
in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted.
• Several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot down
prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity of newer, novel
thoughts.
• This theory completely fails to weed out bogus arguments that explain things
coincidentally
Falsification Theory
• Karl Popper is the known proponent of this view.
• Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain
a phenomenon over alternative theories
• Allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by verification theory
• Encourages research in order to determine which among the theories can stand
the test of falsification

MODULE 2; LESSON 2 (TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

HUMAN FLOURISHING)

Comparing the lives of the people before and now will make anyone realize the changes
that happened in society not just in terms of culture, language, or rights but more
importantly, changes in people’s way of life due to the existence of science and
technology.
• The term “generation gap” is attributed mainly to the changes brought about
technology.
• It cannot be denied that until today, not everyone is comfortable in using the
different kinds of technologies that are too complicated to operate.
• It is a challenge for people in the field of science and technology to make these
technological advancements more accessible and less confusing for people who
are not as young anymore.
The Human Conditions Before Common Era and During Common Era
Our early ancestors primal need to survive paved way for the invention of several
developments. Gifted with brains more advanced than other creatures, humans are able
to utilize abundant materials for their own ease and comfort. Below are some notable
conditions of humans
a) before common era.
• Homo erectus has been using fire to cook, all the while without realizing the
laws of friction and heat.
• Tools from stone and flints marked the era of the Stone Age, during the advent
of our very own Homo sapiens.
• People discovered minerals and began forging metalwork.
• Fur clothing and animal skin are primarily used for comfort against harsh winds.
They begin to cover themselves up out of necessity.
• People of the time had also painstakingly wrought and hewed said figures in
honor of some deity; initial roster of primitive gods includes objects they
encounter through their day-to-day lives.
b) some notable conditions during common era.
• Driven by their primal need to survive, humans were quick to find ways to drive off
other megafaunas threatening a prospective hunting spot.
• The ongoing extinction of several species—both flora and fauna—due to human
activity They began to hunt, farm, and produce things with prospect of profit.
• When they could not sell products, they used their skills and got compensated for
it—bringing forth a specialized group of artisans.
• Physical strength was valued at most, although there appeared to be as many
intellectually gifted figures just the same
The Essence of Technology
• Modern humans are reliant on technology in their search for the good life. Humans
are reduced into the amount of productivity they are able to render during their
lifetime.
• By too much reliance on technology, humans lose track of things that matter,
reducing their surroundings to their economic value.
• Martin Heidegger argued that its essence, or purpose, and being are different from
each other.
• Technology can either be perceived as first, a means to achieve man’s end and
second, that which constitutes human activity.
• The second perspective paints technology in such a way that each period reveals
a particular character regarding man’s being.
Backtracking Human Conditions
• Technology’s initial promises proved to be true, regardless of its ramifications.
Different machineries aid in prolonging lives- assisting those with disabilities,
honing efficiency in industrial workplaces, and many more.
• Some places in the world are still battling for their daily survival-diseases, tribe
wars, lack of habitable territories, and competitions on resources.
 • A lot of people still subscribe to religion in explaining things that they do not know.
For those who have ceased to do so, they have turned their worships to reverence
of science.
• They are still trying to discover and rediscover things as to how their existence of
the world make sense, and technology does little to aid them in the pursuit of life’s
meaning.
• Technological advancements are seemingly occurring in a rapid pace that our
morality cannot quite keep up; no such consideration was given in this approach
in achieving good life.

MODULE 2: LESSON 3 (THE GOOD LIFE)

Aristotle and How We All Aspire for a Good Life

Plato and Aristotle embarked on a different approach in figuring out reality. Plato thought
that things in this world are not real and are only copies of the real in the world of forms.
Change is so perplexing that it can only make sense if there are two realities: the world
of forms and the world of matter:
• In the world of matter, things are changing and impermanent;
• In the world of forms, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and
the forms are the only real entities.
Aristotle forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses can
perceive, claiming that this world is all there is to it and that this world is the only reality
we can all access.
• Declares that even human beings are potentialities who aspire for their actuality
• Every action that emanates from a human person is a function of the purpose
(telos) that the person has.
• Every human person, according to Aristotle, aspires for an end. This end is
happiness or human flourishing.
• Claims that happiness is the be all and end all of everything that we do
• Human flourishing, a kind of contentment in knowing that one is getting the best
out of life.
Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life
Materialism
- The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece.
- Democritus and Leucippus belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled
by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds.
- For Democritus and his disciples, the world, including human beings, is made up
of matter.
- Only material entities matter. In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes
us attain happiness
Hedonism
- The hedonists, for their part, see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure.
- Life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited.
- The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink, and be merry for
tomorrow we die.”
Stoicism
- The idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be
apathetic.
- For the stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.
Theism
 - The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God.
- The world where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to
maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of God.
Humanism
- The freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free
from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls.
- Humanists see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as
individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outside them.

MODULE 2: LESSON 4 (WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS)

Technology keeps on progressing due to the changing times and environment and also
to the ever –progressing mind of mankind. It would not be possible for all these
technological advancements to exist if it were not for the brilliance, creativeness and
power of the mind. However, it is also important to note that anything too much, is bad.
The same problem is faced by technology. Although it has been very helpful to people, it
is still not immune to criticisms and backlash. Various ethical dilemmas’ have been
identified throughout time involving the use of different technological devices and the
effects to humanity. Usually, different problems arise when either the technological device
available is misused or if it was invented to produce bad results. People who are aware
of the possible dangers of the use and misuse of technology are not keeping still. They
lay these dilemmas to the public to see and realized what they are in for.
When technology and humanity cross, it is a slam bang. There is a clash between the
two. Then ask yourself: Which side are you on. Am I ready to face the future or am I not
ready for the future. Technology cutting across the path of humanity is a last-minute wake
up call for us to take part in the most important conversation humanity may ever have.
Are we going to benefit due to the clash technology or are we going to suffer the
consequences of patronizing it or are we going to be enslaved by technology? Now is the
time to dissect the effects of human crossing technology.
Gerd Leonhard provides the prologue for this great debate. He even investigated how
humans preserve their world that is slowly beginning to resemble a science-fiction movie.
We might as well start discussing the moral framework required to steer the evolution of
digital life and to finally articulate the difference between our unique humanity and the
rapidly evolving robotic versions. George Orwell, author of Nineteen Eighty– Four, warned
us of a world dominated by technology and those who own and control it.
How will humanity prevail if it clashes with technology? Humanity will change the world in
the next two decades than 30 decades ago. Technology has changed all aspects of our
lives, even ancient fields of study of mankind. But what is humanity? Humanity is defined
as the quality or condition of being human, the human nature. Human nature is the
concept that there is a set of inherent distinguishing characteristics, including ways of
thinking, feeling and acting, which all humans have. This is who we are then we ask again
this question: Is humanity influencing technology or is technology influencing humanity?
The question of what finally influences human behavior and how the causations work,
and whether technology is the influence or is humanity the influence over technology are
important questions for all of the society. Is it good or bad?
We are now in a world controlled by social technology. Social technology passes through
everything in our lives.
Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers and Humanity
A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most
accessible place for anyone. It can easily be inferred that these technological devices are
some of the most popular and commonly used types of devices across all age groups.
Almost all households, if not all, own these types of devices across all age groups. To be
more specific, these celebrities in the field of technology are television sets, mobile
phones, and computers. People all over the world use these technologies every day to
accomplish different purposes.
First, according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television audience
measurement providers in the Philippines, 92% of the urban homes and 70% of rural
homes own at least one television set. It is for this reason why television remains to be
the ultimate medium for advertisement placements (Manila times 2014). This survey
simply shows that almost all Filipinos use this particular type of device. In fact, Filipinos
are believed to have this big fascination for television. Most of the time, they watch
television during their free time or any time of the day when they have nothing important
to do.
In addition to this, Kantar media also reported that in the Philippines, the current count of
households with television sets already reached 15,135 million (NODA 2012). This
signifies something, that is, television plays a great role in the lives of the people or in this
case, Filipinos.
The television is a product of different experiments by various people. Paul Gottlieb
Nipkow, a German student in the late 1800s, was successful in his attempt to send images
through wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk. This invention was to send the electric
telescope that had 18 lines of resolution. After sometime in 1907, two inventors, Alan
Archibald Campbell-Swinton, who was an English scientist, and Boris Rosing, who was
a Russian scientist, had their experiment that gave rise to two types of television systems,
namely, mechanical and electronic television.
Second, Filipinos love to use their mobile phones anywhere, anytime. They use it for
different purposes other than for communication. More than half of the Filipinos own at
least one mobile phone regardless of type. In 2010, global research agency Synovate
conducted a survey and declared 67 percent product ownership in the country. In fact, it
was also claimed that mobile phones are considered a must-have among young Filipinos
(ABS CBN News 2010).
To prove that Filipinos really love to use their mobile phones, the IPos Media Atlas
Philippines Nationwide Urban 2011-2012 survey results showed that one in every
Filipinos cannot live without a mobile phone. Not only this, there are some Filipinos who
even own more than one mobile phone.
Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On April 3 1973, Martin Cooper,
a senior engineer at Motorola, made the world’s first mobile phone call. He called their
rival telecommunications company and properly informed them that he was making a call
from a mobile phone. The mobile phone used by Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms and
measured 228.6X 127X 44.4 mm. This kind of device was capable of a 30-minute talk
time. However, it took 10 hours to charge. In 1983, Motorola made their first commercial
mobile phone available to the public. It was known as Motorola Dyna Tac (Goodwin 2016).
Lastly, computers and laptops have become part of many Filipino households. There are
some Filipino families who own more than one computer or laptop while some own at
least one computer or laptop. However, the number of computers or laptop sold per year
may not be as high as the number of mobile phones and television sets. This is because
of the relatively higher cost of computers and laptops. While it is true that almost all
Filipino families own at least one television set and mobile phone, it is not possible for all
Filipino families to own at least one computer or lap top. In fact, most of the profits gained
by the computer and laptop manufacturers come from offices, businesses, or schools
where such devices have become part of their necessities.
Just like television sets and mobile phones, computers and laptops also have a long
background history of trial and error. It was Charles Babbage, a 19th century English
Mathematician professor, who designed the analytical engine which was used as the
basic framework of the computers even until the present time. Generally, computers can
be classified into three generations. Each generation of the computer was used for certain
period of time and each gave people a new and improved version of the previous one
(Steitz).
Laptops have been available to the public for even less time than personal computers.
Before, the first design of computer was so big that it could occupy whole floors of the
buildings. It was not long before people started dreaming that they could bring their
devices to any place they wished. They hoped that someday it would be possible for these
devices to be portable. It was believed that the transition from a personal computer to a
laptop was only a matter of design and improvement and a little deviation from the
standard design of a personal computer. The first true portable was released in April 1981.
It was called the Osborne 1 (Orfano 2011). From that moment on, the evolution of laptops
continued until the present time where various designs and models are already available.
A typical household owns at least four of the following devices: a mobile phone (89%),
smart phone (53%), tablet (14%), desktop (39%), laptop or net books (37%) and a smart
TV (4%) (PhilStar 2013). These data proved the deep-seated fascination of Filipinos to
different technological devices.
Roles Played by These Technological Advancements
Televisions sets, mobile phones and computers or laptops all have different functions and
roles played in the lives of the people, although some may have a little similarity. These
roles have become so essential that people, more specifically Filipinos, have developed
a strong inclination toward technology and its products. For instance, television is mainly
used as a platform for advertisements and information dissemination. In fact, television
remains to be the most used venue by different advertising companies not only in the
Philippines but also all over the world.
Various advertising companies trust that television is still one of the most used
technological devices up until today. However, it is important to note that these are just
some of the roles played by television. Aside from the ones mentioned above, it also
serves as a recreational activity and good stress reliever to most families specifically to
Filipino families. Television also is a good platform for different propagandas and
advocacies. Lastly it can also be a good way to bond one’s family members.
Mobile phones, on the other hand, also have their own roles in the lives of the people.
They are primarily used for communication. Mobile phones offer services like texting and
calling. In the past, these were the only functions of the mobile phones but as technology
progressed, there have been many additional features included on mobile phones. For
example, in the present, people used their mobile phones to surf the internet and to take
pictures more than to text or call people. This is the reason why more and more people
all over the world prefer to buy smart phones over the old models where such features
are not available. Other applications include music player, calendar, radio, and television
and photo editor, among others. These are just some of the additional features for mobile
phones in the present. These make the particular technological devices very appealing
to the masses. It is like an all-in-one device. In addition, it is very portable and convenient
because it can fit in any space, maybe inside the pocket or bag.
Robotics and Humanity
Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is robot. Robots are now
widely used. The international Federation of Robotics (IFR) and the UNITED NATIONS
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) made it their task to formulate working
definitions for service robots. A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is (IFR, 2012)
• A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a
degree of autonomy, moving within its environment, to perform intended tasks.
Autonomy in this context means the ability to perform intended tasks based on the
current state and sensing human intervention.
• A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment
excluding industrial automation application.
 • A personal service robot or a service robot for personal use is a service robot used
for noncommercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant
robots, automated wheel chair, personal mobility assist robot and pet exercising
robot.
• A professional service robot or a service robot for professional use is a service
robot used for a commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator.
Roles Played by Robots
Just like people living in society, robots also have their own set of rules and characteristics
that define what a good a robot is. These laws were formulated by Isaac Asimov in the
1940s, when he was thinking of the ethical consequences of robots. These are the
following laws:
Law One: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.
Law Two: A robot must obey the orders given by human beings except where such orders
would conflict with the First Law.
Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.
Ethical Dilemma(s) Faced by Robotics
One of the ethical dilemmas faced by the robots is safety. Who would be held accountable
if someone’s safety is compromised by a robot? Who should be blamed, the robot, the
agent using the robot or the maker/inventor of the robot? Another ethical dilemma faced
by robots is the emotional component. This may be a little absurd as of the moment but
looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays; it is not completely impossible for
robots to develop emotions (Evans 2007).
If the problems arise when the robot deviates from the laws specified, then the maker or
the inventor of the machine should be blameworthy.
It just means that the robot was not programmed very well because it violated the laws.
Other problems may arise when the machine develops the ability to think for itself. In this
case, the one that should be blamed can be the maker or the inventor and the robot itself.
This is because, in the first place, the maker gave the robot the capacity to think for itself.
This is so he should be very much aware of its possible consequences. In addition, since
the robot thinks for itself, whatever the decision it makes and whether consequences it
may bring, the robot itself should be held responsible