Industrial Training Report

Industrial Training
At
“Bangladesh Power Development Board”

Submitted by
Subol Chandra Mondal
221901007

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

GREEN UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

Supervised By
Ms. Monjila Afrin Dorothi
Lecturer
Department of EEE

An industrial training report submitted to the Department of EEE for the partial
fulfilment of the degree of [Link]. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering

February 2026
 Certification
This is to certify that this industrial training report is done by the following student under
my direct supervision and this industrial training has been carried out in “Bangladesh
Power Development Board” of partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Green
University of Bangladesh. The presentation of the industrial training was held on
February, 2026.

Signature of the candidates

————————
Subol Chandra Mondal
ID: 221901007

Signature of Academic Supervisor Signature of Industrial Supervisor

————————
————————
Designation: Lecturer Designation: Sub-Divisional Engineer
Training &Career Development,
Department of EEE, Green University of BPDB,Dhaka.
Bangladesh
 Dedicated to
Our beloved parents & respected Supervisor
 Abstract

Industrial exposure plays a crucial role in transforming theoretical knowledge into

practical competence for engineering students. With this objective, I completed my
industrial training at the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), one of the
leading organizations responsible for power generation, transmission, and distribution in
Bangladesh. This visit provided me with the opportunity to observe the real-time operation
of power plants and understand how electrical energy is produced, controlled, and
delivered efficiently to consumers.
During the training period, I closely observed various equipment, control systems,
protection devices, and operational procedures used in power stations and substations. I
also learned about safety regulations, maintenance practices, and the importance of system
reliability and environmental sustainability in power generation. Interacting with
experienced engineers helped me gain practical knowledge about troubleshooting, system
management, and industry standards that cannot be fully understood through classroom
learning [Link] experience significantly enhanced my technical skills, problem-
solving ability, teamwork, and professional confidence. It allowed me to bridge the gap
between theory and practice and gave me a clearer understanding of the challenges and
responsibilities of working in the power [Link], the industrial training at BPDB
was highly informative and beneficial, preparing me to become a more competent, skilled,
and industry-ready electrical engineer.

3
 Acknowledgment
At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty for His infinite
blessings, guidance, and strength, which enabled me to successfully complete this
industrial training.

I am deeply indebted to my respected supervisor, Ms. Monjila Afrin Dorothi, Lecturer,

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, for
his invaluable guidance, continuous support, and constant encouragement throughout the
training period. His insightful suggestions, constructive feedback, and readiness to help at
every stage greatly enriched my knowledge and made this learning experience truly
rewarding.

I also extend my heartfelt appreciation to my parents for their unconditional support,

motivation, and sacrifices, which have always been the foundation of my success.
Furthermore, I am thankful to all supervisors, engineers, and fellow participants for their
cooperation and assistance, which contributed significantly to the successful completion
of this training.

4
 Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...3
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………4
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………7
List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………8

Chapter-1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………10

Chapter-2
Company Profile

2.1 Brief Overview of The Organization (BPDB)…………………………………………..11

2.2 The Role of The People………………………………………………………………....12
2.3 Justification of this Industrial Training Work…………………………………………...13

Chapter-3
Activities, Experiences, Analysis and Discussion

3.1 Training Activities………………………………………………………………………15

3.2 Transformer specification……………………………………………………………….16
3.3 Types of Transformers…………………………………………………………………..16
3.4 Transformer Oil Specifications………………………………………………………….19
3.5 Electrical Protection……………………………………………………………………..20
3.6 Mechanical Protection…………………………………………………………………...22
3.7 Sub- Station……………………………………………………………………………...23
3.8 Types of Circuit Breaker………………………………………………………………...27
3.9 Sub-Station Protection…………………………………………………………………...29
3.10 Different kinds of Relay………………………………………………………………..30
3.11 Training Experience and Discussion………………………………...…………………32
3.12 Ghorashal Power Plant……………………………………..…………………………..35
3.13 Day-1 Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd ……………………………………37
3.14 Day-2 Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd…………………………………….40

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3.15 Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS……………………………………….……41
3.16 National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC), PGCB…………………...……………..……45
3.17 Manikganj 35 MW Spectra Solar Plant…………………………….………………..… 47
3. 18 Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited(DESCO) …………………….…………… 49

Chapter 4
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………51
4.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………51
4.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….52
Reference………….……………………………………………………… . ………………..53

6
 List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Inside View of BPDB…………………………………………………… 11

Figure 3.1: Various parts and assembled Transform...……………………………… 16

Figure 3.2: Core and Conservation Tank of Transformer……………………..…… 18

Figure 3.3: Gas Receiving System in Combine cycle Power Plant……………….… 34

Figure 3.4: Field Visit to Ghorashal Power Plant……………………….. ………..... 35

Figure 3.5: Field Visit to (Day-1) Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation ……............ 37

Figure 3.6: Field Visit to (Day-2) Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation …………… 40

Figure 3.7: Field Visit to Day-1 Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS)………. 41

Figure 3.8: Field Visit to Day-2 Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS). …...… 43

Figure 3.9: Field Visit to NLDC, PGCB ………………………...............…………... 45

Figure 3.10: Field Visit to Manikganj 35 MW Spectra Solar Plant….………………. 47

Figure 3.11: Field Visit to DESCO……………………………..……………………. 49

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 List of Acronyms

BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board

PGCB Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd

AN Air Natural

ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural

ONAF Oil Natural Air Forced

OFAF Oil Forced Air Forced

CT Current Transformer

PT Potential Transformer

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

HVDC High-Voltage Direct Current

OLTC On-load Tap Changers

EMF Electromotive force

MW Megawatt

KV Kilo-Volt

KVA Kilo-Volt-Amperes

GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

REF Restricted Earth Fault

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
PRV Pressure Relief Valve

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air

Conditioning

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ACB Air Circuit Breaker

MCCB Molded Case Circuit Breaker

MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker

VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride

RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker

GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

HFO Heavy Fuel Oil

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

PMG Permanent Magnet Generator

NLDC National Load Dispatch Center

CERS Central Equipment Repairing Shop

SSPL Spectra Solar Park Limited

PPA Power Purchase Agreement

IPP Independent Power Producer

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
Industrial training is an essential component of engineering education, as it establishes a
meaningful connection between theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom and its
practical application in real-world industrial environments. While academic study builds
fundamental concepts and analytical skills, true professional competence is developed
through direct exposure to field operations, modern technologies, and workplace
challenges. In this context, industrial training provides students with the opportunity to
experience the realities of engineering practice, enabling them to understand how
theoretical principles are implemented in solving practical [Link] hands-on
involvement and close observation, trainees become familiar with industrial equipment,
operational procedures, safety regulations, maintenance practices, and system
management techniques. Such exposure not only strengthens technical knowledge but also
develops essential professional qualities such as teamwork, communication, adaptability,
and decision-making skills. These attributes are crucial for engineers who must operate
efficiently in dynamic and demanding work environments. As industries increasingly seek
skilled and job-ready graduates, the role of structured and effective industrial training
programs has become more significant than ever. In the field of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, industrial training holds particular importance due to the practical nature of
power systems, machines, and control technologies. Understanding the generation,
transmission, and distribution of electrical energy requires more than theoretical study; it
demands real-time observation of power plants, substations, protection systems, and
control mechanisms. Training opportunities in organizations such as the Bangladesh
Power Development Board (BPDB) allow students to gain firsthand experience of these
large-scale operations and develop a comprehensive understanding of the country’s power
infrastructure.
Therefore, industrial training not only enhances technical expertise but also prepares
students for the transition from academic life to professional careers. By integrating
knowledge with practice, it cultivates confidence, competence, and industry readiness.
Continuous improvement in the structure and execution of such programs will further
ensure that future engineers are well equipped to meet the evolving challenges of the
electrical power sector.
 Chapter 2
Company Profile
2.1 Brief Overview of The Organization
The Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), established in 1972, is a government
entity responsible for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution across
Bangladesh. This government organization is responsible for planning and developing the
nation's power infrastructure and for operating much of its power generation facilities. The
BPDB is responsible for the major portion of generation and distribution of electricity
mainly in urban areas of the country. BPDB is responsible for generation and distribution
of a large part of country's total electricity demand. As of January 2020, BPDB had a total
installed capacity of 5613 MW at its own power plants located in different parts of the
country. The main fuel used for power generation in BPDB plants is indigenous natural
gas. BPDP operations also include projects that utilize renewable power sources including
offshore wind power generation. The maximum demand served during peak hours was
16,477 MW on 30 April 2024. The total distribution network length under BPDB is 30,051
km, including 33kV, 11kV and 0.4kV lines. BPDB, Bangladesh's largest Engineering
Locating Construction (EPC) company, shines in delivering efficient power and energy
solutions. With extensive experience in executing projects of all scales, BPDB showcases
expertise, reliability, and strict regulatory compliance. Its skilled workforce ensures
seamless operations, earning the trust and loyalty of its clients. Committed to innovation
and customer-focused service, BPDB remains a key player in Bangladesh’s evolving
electrical industry.

Figure 2.1: Inside view of BPDB

2.2 The Role of the People
The Organogram of the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) is structured to
ensure efficient management and operation of its diverse responsibilities. Below is an
overview of its organizational hierarchy:
1. Board of Directors:
Chairman: The head of BPDB, overseeing all strategic and operational activities.
Directors: Responsible for specific departments such as generation, distribution, finance,
and administration.
2. Core Departments:
Generation Department: Manages all power generation facilities, including thermal,
hydro, and renewable energy plants.
Distribution Department: Oversees electricity distribution to specific regions.
Transmission Coordination: Coordinates with the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh
(PGCB) for electricity transmission.
Project Planning & Development: Focuses on new projects and expansions, including
renewable energy initiatives.
Finance & Accounts Department: Handles financial management, budgeting, and
audits. Procurement Department: Manages procurement processes for equipment,
materials, and services.
Human Resources & Administration: Handles staffing, training, and general
administrative duties.
3. Supporting Divisions:
Legal Affairs: Manages legal and regulatory compliance.
Public Relations: Oversees communication and stakeholder engagement.
IT Department: Supports digital transformation and IT infrastructure.
4. Regional Offices:
Regional offices manage localized distribution and operations, ensuring efficient service
delivery across Bangladesh.

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2.3 Justification of this Industrial Training Work
The industrial training at the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) is an
essential component for the professional and academic development of engineering
students. It bridges the gap between theoretical learning and real-world application,
offering participants hands-on exposure to power generation, transmission, and
distribution processes. The following points highlight the rationale behind the importance
of this training:

1. Practical Application of Theoretical Knowledge:

The program provides an invaluable opportunity to translate theoretical concepts
learned in academic settings into real-world scenarios. This fusion of theory and
practice enhances the depth and practical relevance of the knowledge acquired through
formal education.

2. Acquaintance with Industrial Practices:

BPDB, being a key participant in Bangladesh's electrical industry, provides a
distinctive perspective on industry methodologies. We get knowledge and experience
in cutting-edge technologies, techniques, and industry standards, which helps us
develop a thorough grasp of how theoretical concepts are applied in real-world
situations.
3. Comprehensive Understanding of Electrical Systems:
The training covers diverse aspects of electrical systems, including Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution sectors. This comprehensive exposure ensures that
trainees grasp the intricacies of the entire electrical infrastructure, from
conceptualization and design to implementation and maintenance.
4. Exposure to Transformer and Switchgear Manufacturing:

The integrated factory at BPDB, where transformers and switchgears are

manufactured, offers trainees exposure to advanced machinery and fabrication
processes. This firsthand experience in the manufacturing realm adds a practical
dimension to their understanding of electrical components.

5. Skill Development:
The training improves technical skills, familiarizing students with advanced equipment
and industry-standard practices, ensuring they are well-prepared for future challenges.

Page | 13
6. Industry Insight:
By working in BPDB’s facilities, students gain firsthand knowledge of the operational
aspects of power plants, fostering a deeper understanding of the electrical industry.
7. Professional Growth:
The program nurtures essential professional qualities such as teamwork, problem-
solving, and adherence to safety protocols, which are critical in the engineering field.
8. Career Preparation:
Exposure to BPDB’s operations helps students transition smoothly from academic life
to professional careers, making them industry-ready.
9. Sustainability Awareness:
Training includes exposure to renewable energy projects, aligning with global trends
and promoting sustainable engineering practices.

Page | 14
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 Chapter 3
Activities, Experiences, Analysis
And Discussion
3.1 Training Activities

Date Training Activities & Learning Outcomes (Daily Basis)

Ghorashal Power Plant Unit-04. I learned about Basic Of Bangladesh's Power
12/01/2026
Sector: Generation, Transmission, and Distribution. Overview of the
Distribution Company, boiler, Steam turbine, and how CCPP.
Ghorashal Power Plant Unit-07. I learned about ac generator, a gas turbine, a
13/01/2026 governor, a control room,,how gas is received from Titas Gas Company, the
working of a power transformer,, protection system of a power plant
Field Visit to Day-1 Kanchan Purbachal Power Plant Ltd. I learned about, how
HFO based pp Work, Model of diesel engine and generator, Oil Storage tank,
14/01/2026
Buffer tank, fire safety protection system ect.

15/01/2026 Field Visit to Day-2 Kanchan Purbachal Power Plant Ltd. I learned about, WTP
HPTC, LPTC, Air compressor, Switch gear system, VCB, CT, PT, Control Room

17/01/2026 Field visit to Tongi CERS I learned about, Details practical information about
Transformer,trans ratio, Bushing, Transformer oil, Name plate reading and
ratting.
18/01/2026 Field Visit to Tongi CERS I learned about, Transformer Cooling System,
insulated copper wire, Star-Delta Conection,sc and oc test, oil test, metter testing
, complete processes of rewiring the old transformer.

19/01/2026 Field Visit to NLDC. I learned about ,transmission voltage, how all power plant
connected in NLDC, how frequency affect in power system, how control them.

20/01/2026 Field Visit to 35 MW Spectra Solar Power Plant I learned about, Solar Panel
ratting, inverter, DC to ac ratio, frequency controlling, protection system of solar
power plant.
21/01/2026 Field Visit to DESCO I learned about, Single line diagram, Color code meaning,
how data sent and received, how signal convert analog to digital, and how scada
system operate .
22/01/2026 Viva & Written Exam at BPDB
3.2 Transformer specification
Transformers are electrical devices designed to modify alternating current (AC) voltage
levels. They are classified as step-up or step-down transformers based on their function of
increasing or decreasing the voltage, respectively. In addition to voltage modification,
transformers play a crucial role in providing galvanic isolation between circuits, ensuring
electrical separation for safety and functionality. Furthermore, they are commonly
employed to interconnect different stages in signal-processing circuits, facilitating
effective signal transmission and coupling.

Figure 3.1: Various parts and assembled Transformer

3.3 Types of Transformers

Based on Core Construction:
1. Core Type
2. Shell Type
3. Berry Type
Page | 16
Based on Voltage :

1. Step-Up Transformer
2. Step-Down Transformer

Based on Phase:

 Single-Phase Transformer
 Three-Phase Transformer
3. 3x1-φ (Bank Transforme)

Based on Cooling Method:

• Self-Cooled
• Air Forced Cooled
• Oil Cooled
• Forced Oil Cooled
• Air Natural (AN): For dry-type transformers
• Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN): For oil-filled transformers
• Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF): Uses cooling fans
• Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF): For high-capacity oil-filled transformers

Based on Frequency Range:

1. Power Frequency Transformers

2. Audio Frequency Transformers
3. Radio Frequency Transformers

➢ Main Components of a Transformer

1. Core: Part of the magnetic circuit and an active component.

2. Winding: Part of the electrical circuit and an active component.

3. Insulation: Active component, provides electrical insulation.

4. Oil: Serves as both insulation and a cooling medium.

5. OLTC/DTC (On Load Tap Changer/De-energized Tap Changer): Regulates output

voltage

Page | 17
 6. Tank: Encases active parts and oil.

7. Radiator: Facilitates cooling.

8. Bushing: Allows conductors to pass inward or outward.

9. Conservator: Accommodates oil expansion.

10. Breather: Regulates air exchange and moisture control.

Figure 3.2: Core and Conservation Tank of Transformer

Working Principle of a Transformer

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical power from one circuit to another at
the same frequency, without any direct metallic connection, through the induction of a
magnetic field.

Despite having no moving parts, transformers are pivotal in energy transmission. They enable
voltage adjustments to minimize transmission losses, ensure cost-effective distribution, and
guarantee safe utilization.

Page | 18
Working Principle of a Transformer

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical power from one circuit to another
at the same frequency, without any direct metallic connection, through the induction of a
magnetic field.

Despite having no moving parts, transformers are pivotal in energy transmission. They
enable voltage adjustments to minimize transmission losses, ensure cost-effective
distribution, and guarantee safe utilization.
Transformer Auxiliaries

AC power is preferred over DC due to its ease of voltage adjustment.

Why Voltage Adjustment is Necessary:

The power equation, P=VIcosθ indicates that higher transmission voltage reduces current.
This minimizes 𝐼2𝑅 losses and voltage drops (IR+jIXIR + jIXIR+jIX).

For example:

• 132 kV transmission can handle 300 MW through a double circuit.

• 230 kV can handle 600 MW.

• 475–500 kV can handle up to 2 GW.

Transformers are instrumental in stepping up generated power (typically 11–22 kV) to grid
voltages (132–1000 kV) for transmission and stepping down for local distribution (11–33
kV) and end users (0.23 kV for single-phase, 0.415 kV for three-phase).

3.4 Transformer Oil Specifications

Functions of Transformer Oil:

1. Enhances the dielectric strength of insulation.

2. Provides efficient cooling.

3. Protects the core and windings from chemical damage.

4. Prevents sludge formation.

5. Assists in arc suppression.

Page | 19
Testing Standards:

1. ASTM-D3487
2. IEC-60296
3. BS-148
4. IS-335
3.5 Electrical Protection

Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

This protection system is designed to safeguard electrical equipment by monitoring and
responding to abnormal current levels. Key features include:

• Breaker Fault Protection

• AC Time Overcurrent Relay

• Neutral Time Overcurrent Relay

• Voltage-Restrained Time Overcurrent Protection

The system focuses on preventing equipment damage caused by excessive current or

ground faults, ensuring the stability and safety of the electrical network.
Under-Impedance and Distance Relay Protection
This protection scheme is used to secure power systems against faults by measuring the
impedance between the relay’s location and the fault point. Using distance relay principles,
it:

• Prevents unnecessary tripping for faults occurring outside the designated protection
zone.

• Improves the reliability and efficiency of the power system by ensuring selective fault
clearance.

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Differential Current Protection
This mechanism employs differential relays to protect transformers, generators, and other
critical equipment. By comparing the current entering and exiting the protected device, it:

• Detects internal faults with high accuracy.

• Facilitates rapid fault isolation to minimize potential damage.

Differential protection ensures reliable operation by focusing on internal discrepancies

within the equipment.

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

This protection scheme is designed to detect earth faults within a specific zone of the power
system, such as rotor earth faults and full stator ground faults. By focusing on a restricted
area, it provides high sensitivity and rapid response, ensuring localized faults are promptly
addressed.

Three-Phase Overload Protection

This mechanism protects electrical equipment from damage due to sustained overcurrent
in all three phases. By continuously monitoring phase currents, it activates protective
measures when overload conditions arise, helping to prevent overheating and prolonging
the equipment's service life.

Over fluxing Protection

Over fluxing protection safeguards transformers and generators from excessive magnetic
flux, which can compromise insulation and structural integrity. When the magnetic flux
density exceeds safe limits, the system acts promptly to prevent potential damage, ensuring
reliable operation and equipment longevity.
Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection

This dual protection system addresses voltage abnormalities:

• Overvoltage Protection: Prevents damage caused by high voltage levels that could
harm electrical equipment.

Page | 21
• Undervoltage Protection: Avoids operational disruptions due to voltage dropping
below the required levels.

By maintaining voltage within acceptable limits, this system enhances the stability and
reliability of the power network.

3.6 Mechanical Protection

Oil Temperature Indicator

The oil temperature indicator is an essential monitoring device used in transformers and
other oil-insulated equipment. It continuously measures the temperature of the insulating
oil, which is critical for preventing overheating. By providing real-time temperature data,
this device allows operators to take corrective actions, such as enhancing cooling
measures, to ensure efficient and safe operation of the equipment.

Winding Temperature Indicator

Winding temperature indicators are specialized devices installed in transformers to

monitor the temperature of the winding coils. Excessive heat can degrade insulation
materials and reduce the lifespan of the transformer. These indicators provide precise
temperature readings, enabling operators to implement necessary precautions, such as
optimizing the cooling system or reducing the load, to maintain safe operating conditions.

Oil Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)

The Oil Pressure Relief Valve is a critical safety mechanism in oil-filled transformers. It
regulates the internal oil pressure by releasing excess pressure when it rises beyond safe
limits, typically due to overheating or internal faults. This ensures the equipment's integrity
is maintained and prevents catastrophic failures, enhancing the safety of the entire system.

Buchholz Relay for Gas Accumulation Detection

The Buchholz relay is a protective device used to detect internal transformer faults by
monitoring gas accumulation in the insulating oil. When faults such as partial discharges
or incipient failures occur, they produce gas, which the relay detects. Depending on the
severity, the relay activates an alarm or initiates a shutdown to prevent further damage,
ensuring the transformer’s reliability and safety.

Page | 22
3.7 Sub-Station
Overview of Sub-Station

A substation is an essential part of an electrical power system, acting as a junction between

high-voltage transmission systems and lower-voltage distribution networks. Its primary
functions include transforming and regulating power to ensure efficient, safe, and reliable
electricity delivery to consumers. Substations facilitate voltage level adjustments,
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) conversions, and vice versa, enabling power
distribution over extensive distances.

Additionally, substations are equipped with protective devices such as circuit breakers,
relays, and isolators, which safeguard the power grid against faults and disturbances.
Depending on their function, substations are classified into types like step-up substations,
which increase voltage for transmission, and step-down substations, which reduce voltage
for distribution. These facilities are critical for maintaining grid stability and ensuring the
smooth transmission and distribution of electrical energy across regions.

Overhead Sub-Station

An overhead substation is a type of electrical substation where high-voltage electricity is

received, transformed, and distributed through overhead lines and associated structures. It
typically serves as a hub for long-distance transmission lines, stepping down voltage levels
via transformers to prepare electricity for further distribution.

Key components such as circuit breakers, disconnect switches, and lightning arrestors
ensure safe and efficient grid operation. Overhead substations feature steel structures, often
referred to as towers or gantries, which support the overhead lines connecting the
substation to the broader electrical network. Strategically located, these substations
manage the flow of electricity effectively, ensuring reliable energy delivery to industrial,
commercial, and residential areas while maintaining the overall integrity of the power grid.

Sub-Station Outdoor Equipment

Outdoor equipment in substations is vital for the reliable and efficient operation of
electrical power systems. Designed to endure varying environmental conditions, these
components ensure the safe transmission and distribution of electricity. Common types of
outdoor equipment include:

Page | 23
Transformers:

• Transformers in outdoor substations step down high-voltage electricity for local

distribution.
• They are mounted on concrete pads and housed in protective enclosures to shield
them from weather elements.

Circuit Breakers:

• Essential for interrupting the flow of electric current during faults, outdoor circuit
breakers are housed in weather-resistant enclosures to ensure reliable performance in
diverse conditions.

Disconnect Switches:

• These switches allow isolation of specific substation sections for maintenance or

emergencies.
• Outdoor disconnect switches are built to operate under various weather conditions.

Lightning Arresters:

• Installed to protect substations from lightning strikes and voltage surges, these devices
divert excess current safely to the ground, preventing damage to other equipment.

Steel Structures/Gantries:

• Supporting insulators, conductors, and lightning arresters, these structures provide

elevation for overhead lines and contribute to substation stability and functionality.

Busbars:

• Outdoor busbars distribute electrical power within the substation.

• They are mounted on support structures and are robust enough to withstand outdoor
exposure.

Insulators:

• These components prevent unintended electrical contact and maintain system integrity.
• Made from durable materials, insulators are designed to resist environmental wear and
tear.

Page | 24
Control Cabinets:

• These cabinets house monitoring and control equipment, including SCADA systems,
to facilitate supervision and efficient operation of the substation.

The arrangement and design of outdoor substation equipment are meticulously planned to
adhere to safety standards, accommodate environmental factors, and meet the specific
demands of the electrical network it serves.

Sub-Station Indoor Equipment

Indoor equipment in substations is housed within controlled environments to protect vital

electrical components from external weather conditions and ensure consistent operational
reliability. Key indoor equipment includes:

Switchgear:

• Central to the control, isolation, and protection of electrical systems, switchgear is

kept indoors to safeguard it from environmental factors.
• It consists of devices like circuit breakers, disconnect switches, and protective
relays.

Transformers:

• While larger transformers are typically located outdoors, smaller distribution

transformers are often housed indoors to shield them from environmental exposure and
facilitate maintenance access.

Control Room:

• Acting as the substation's nerve center, the control room is equipped with control
panels, SCADA systems, and communication devices to monitor and manage the
substation’s operations in real time.

Protection and Relay Panels:

• These panels house protective devices such as relays, meters, and sensors that monitor
system parameters and detect faults to ensure safe operation and quick fault isolation.

Page | 25
Battery Rooms:

• Dedicated rooms store backup batteries that power essential systems during outages,
ensuring the uninterrupted operation of control and protection equipment.

Control Panels:

• Installed to manage equipment operations, such as transformers, circuit breakers, and

switches, these panels allow manual or automated control of substation activities.

Communication Systems:

• Indoor substations host advanced communication equipment to support remote

monitoring and control, ensuring seamless integration with the broader power grid and
enhancing operational efficiency.

HVAC Systems:

• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems maintain optimal temperature and
humidity levels to protect sensitive indoor equipment and ensure its long-term
reliability.

Emergency Shutdown Systems:

• For safety, indoor substations include emergency shutdown mechanisms that enable
operators to quickly disconnect power and isolate equipment during critical situations.

Fire Suppression Systems:

• To mitigate fire risks, indoor substations incorporate fire suppression solutions like
sprinkler systems or gas-based extinguishers to quickly control fire incidents and
protect equipment.

The layout and design of indoor substation equipment are carefully planned to maximize
space utilization, enhance safety, and simplify maintenance, ensuring the smooth and
reliable operation of the power distribution network.

Page | 26
3.8 Types of Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are essential for safeguarding electrical systems by interrupting the flow
of current during faults like overloads and short circuits. Various types of circuit breakers
are used depending on their application and operational characteristics:

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB):

• Utilizes air as the arc-extinguishing medium during interruptions.

• Commonly deployed in low-voltage systems with high breaking capacity
requirements.

Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB):

• Features a molded insulating case for compact design and durability.

• Widely used in low-voltage distribution networks with adjustable trip settings for
added flexibility.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):

• Small, lightweight circuit breakers designed for residential and commercial

applications.
• Ideal for low current protection in smaller circuits.

Oil Circuit Breaker:

• Employs oil to insulate and extinguish arcs during fault interruptions.

• Traditionally used in high-voltage systems but less common now due to
environmental concerns.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB):

• Operates using a vacuum to quench arcs, offering fast operation and low
maintenance.
• Typically used in medium- and high-voltage systems.

SF6 Circuit Breaker:

• Uses sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating and arc-quenching medium.

• Known for excellent performance in high-voltage applications.

Page | 27
Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB):

• Detects ground faults and disconnects the circuit to prevent electric shocks and fire
hazards.
• Commonly installed in residential and commercial setups.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI):

• Similar to RCCBs, these devices protect against ground faults, particularly in wet
areas.
• Often used in bathrooms and kitchens.

High-Voltage Circuit Breakers:

• Specifically designed for transmission and distribution systems at high voltage

levels.
• Includes variants like oil, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers.

Circuit Switcher:

• While not a traditional breaker, it serves for load switching and fault isolation in
power systems.

Busbars

A busbar is a conductive metallic strip or bar used to distribute electrical power within a
system. It serves as a centralized connection point for incoming and outgoing circuits.
Busbars are common in substations, switchgear, and distribution panels.

• Efficient Power Distribution: Ensures seamless current flow across multiple

circuits.

• Applications: Found in substations, industrial plants, and commercial distribution

systems.

• Durability: Designed to handle high currents and environmental conditions,

ensuring reliability.

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Insulators prevent the unwanted flow of electricity, maintaining system safety and
efficiency. They are classified by their functions and designs:

Types of Insulators:

1. Pin Insulators: Mounted on poles for supporting power lines.

2. Suspension Insulators: Hang from towers, ideal for high-voltage lines.
3. Post Insulators: Used in substations to support busbars and other equipment.
4. Line Insulators: Protect overhead conductors from grounding.

Key Properties:

• Dielectric Strength: Ability to withstand high electric fields without breakdown.

• Creepage Distance: The surface path electricity must travel; crucial in polluted
environments.
• Flashover Resistance: Prevents unintended discharge across the insulator surface.

Advanced Features:

• Insulator Strings: Series-connected insulators in high-voltage lines to distribute voltage

evenly.
• Insulation Coordination: Ensures compatibility with voltage levels and environmental
conditions.

Insulators are critical for maintaining the integrity and safety of electrical systems,
reducing risks of faults and improving the reliability of power transmission and
distribution.

3.9 Sub-Station Protection

Working principle of a current transformer:
A Current Transformer (CT) operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It
consists of a primary winding that carries the current to be measured, producing a magnetic
field around the core. The secondary winding, which has a greater number of turns, is
linked to this magnetic field and induces a proportional current in its circuit. This reduced
current is then used safely for measurement, monitoring, and protection purposes. The
turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings determines the level of current
transformation, ensuring accurate scaling of high primary current to a lower, manageable
secondary current

Page | 29
means to represent high currents in power circuits with lower currents suitable for
instruments and relays. Importantly, CTs offer electrical isolation between the high-
voltage primary circuit and the low-voltage secondary circuit, ensuring the safety of
measurement and protection devices while accurately reflecting the current conditions in
the power system.
Working principle of a power transformer:
A Power Transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction to facilitate
the efficient transmission of electrical energy across varying voltage levels. It consists of
two separate coils, the primary and secondary, wound around a common iron core. When
an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it produces a changing
magnetic field in the iron core. This varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the
secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. The ratio of the number of turns in
the primary and secondary windings determines the transformation ratio, allowing the
transformer to step up or down the voltage as needed for transmission and distribution.
The iron core serves to enhance the magnetic coupling between the windings, optimizing
the efficiency of energy transfer

3.10 Different Kinds of Relay (overcurrent, differential,

directional, under/over voltage, earth fault):
Overcurrent Relay
An overcurrent relay monitors the current flowing through a power system and operates
when the current exceeds a predetermined pickup value. Such excessive current may result
from overloads or short circuits. When detected, the relay sends a trip signal to the circuit
breaker to disconnect the faulty section. It is simple, economical, and widely used in
feeders and distribution systems. The pickup current and time-delay settings can be
adjusted to ensure proper coordination with other protective devices.
Differential Relay
A differential relay protects specific equipment or zones by comparing the currents
entering and leaving the protected area. Under normal conditions, these currents are equal,
but during an internal fault, an imbalance occurs. The relay quickly detects this difference
and trips the circuit breaker to isolate the fault. Due to its high sensitivity and fast operation,
it is commonly used for transformers, generators, and busbars.
equipment from damage caused by voltage fluctuations and help maintain system stability
and reliability.

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Directional Relay
A directional relay operates based on both the magnitude and direction of current flow. It
ensures that protection is provided only for faults occurring in a particular direction,
preventing unnecessary tripping of healthy sections. This type of relay is especially important
in interconnected networks, ring systems, and parallel feeders where power can flow in
multiple directions.
Under/Over Voltage Relay
Under-voltage and over-voltage relays continuously monitor system voltage levels. The
under-voltage relay operates when the voltage drops below a safe limit, while the over-voltage
relay operates when the voltage rises above the permissible value. These relays protect
electrical equipment from damage caused by voltage fluctuations and help maintain system
stability and reliability.
Earth Fault Relay
An earth fault relay detects leakage or fault current flowing from the phase conductor to the
ground due to insulation failure or accidental contact. When such a fault occurs, the relay
quickly isolates the affected section to prevent equipment damage, fire hazards, and electric
shock risks. Earth fault protection is particularly important in transformers, cables, and
distribution systems.
Discussion on DCS & PLC
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are
fundamental technologies used in modern industrial automation for monitoring, controlling,
and optimizing industrial processes. A DCS is primarily designed for large-scale and
continuous process industries, where control functions are distributed across multiple
subsystems but managed through a centralized supervisory system. This architecture ensures
high reliability, scalability, and real-time monitoring of complex operations. DCS is widely
applied in industries such as power plants, oil refineries, chemical processing, and water
treatment facilities, where continuous and coordinated control of numerous variables is
required.
In contrast, a PLC is mainly intended for discrete and sequential control tasks. It operates as
a compact, programmable device that controls machinery and equipment based on logic
instructions. PLCs are highly flexible, cost-effective, and easy to program, making them ideal
for manufacturing plants, assembly lines, and automation of individual machines. While DCS
focuses on process control and large integrated systems, PLCs are commonly used for
localized control applications requiring fast switching and precise logic operations.
Overall, both DCS and PLC play crucial roles in industrial automation, and their selection
depends on the scale, complexity, and nature of the control application. Page | 31
3.11 Training Experience and Discussion
Exposure to real-world power plants and operational environments greatly enriched my
understanding of electrical power systems beyond theoretical study. As part of my
industrial training, I had the opportunity to visit several types of power generation
facilities, including steam turbine, gas turbine, combined cycle, and solar power plants.
These visits enabled me to observe the practical implementation of engineering concepts
and develop a comprehensive understanding of how electrical energy is generated,
managed, and [Link] steam turbine power plant visit was particularly
enlightening. I observed the complete process of converting thermal energy into electrical
energy, where water is heated in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam that drives the
turbine blades. The rotating turbine then operates a generator to produce electricity. I also
learned about the significance of supporting systems such as condensers, cooling systems,
feedwater circulation, and control valves, which ensure efficient performance and safe
operation of the [Link] gas turbine power plant provided further insight into
combustion-based power generation. In this system, compressed air is mixed with fuel and
ignited to produce high-temperature, high-pressure gases that rotate the turbine. This
mechanical energy is subsequently converted into electrical energy by the generator.
Observing the compressors, combustion chambers, and turbine units helped me understand
the complete working mechanism. Additionally, the heat recovery system demonstrated
how exhaust heat is reused to improve overall efficiency and reduce energy losses.

Overall, these practical experiences significantly enhanced my technical knowledge,

strengthened my problem-solving abilities, and helped me bridge the gap between
theoretical concepts and real industrial applications.

Page | 32
Combined Cycle Power Plant:
The combined cycle power plant visit was particularly informative as it combines the
benefits of both steam and gas turbines. In this setup, the gas turbine generates electricity
as described earlier, but the waste heat from the gas turbine’s exhaust is used to produce
steam, which then powers a steam turbine. This combination improves the overall
efficiency of the plant because it makes use of the heat that would otherwise be wasted in
a traditional gas-only plant.
I observed the integration of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which converts
the exhaust heat from the gas turbine into steam for the steam turbine. The plant’s ability
to achieve higher efficiency through this combined process was truly impressive, and I
saw firsthand how these plants are capable of generating large amounts of power while
minimizing fuel consumption and emissions.
Solar Power Plant:
Finally, I visited a solar power plant, where I gained insight into renewable energy
production. The plant used photovoltaic (PV) panels to convert sunlight directly into
electricity. I learned how sunlight strikes the solar cells, causing a flow of electrons and
generating direct current (DC) electricity. This DC power is then converted into alternating
current (AC) using inverters, making it suitable for use in the electrical grid.
What struck me most was the design of the solar array, which was optimized for maximum
sun exposure, and the use of tracking systems that adjust the orientation of the panels to
follow the sun throughout the day. The visit also included discussions on battery storage
systems used in solar plants, which store excess energy produced during the day for use at
night or during cloudy periods, making solar energy a more reliable power source.

Key Take-out:

• Energy Conversion Techniques: I now have a deeper understanding of how different

power plants convert various forms of energy (thermal, gas, and solar) into electrical
power. Each type of plant has unique operational challenges, but they all share the
common goal of providing a reliable and efficient supply of electricity.
• Efficiency Improvements: I learned how different power plants strive for efficiency
through combined cycles in thermal plants and heat recovery systems in gas

Page | 33
 turbines. The integration of solar energy also plays a critical role in reducing carbon
footprints and achieving sustainable power generation.
• Technology and Innovation: The technologies used in these plants, from turbines and
generators to solar inverters and storage systems, are complex but essential to meeting
modern energy demands. I was amazed at how far energy technology has come in terms
of efficiency, automation, and environmental sustainability.
• Maintenance and Operation: Visiting these power plants also gave me a glimpse of the
routine maintenance schedules, operational checks, and safety protocols followed to
ensure continuous, safe, and efficient power generation.

In conclusion, my training, combined with the visits to the power plants, allowed me to
see the intricate workings of the energy industry. These experiences have broadened my
knowledge of both conventional and renewable energy generation, providing me with a
well-rounded perspective on how different power plants operate, contribute to the grid,
and work towards sustainability and energy efficiency

Figure 3.3: Gas Receiving System in Combine cycle Power Plant

Page | 34
3.12 Ghorashal Power Plant:

Figure 3.4: Field visit to Ghorashal Power Plant

The Ghorashal Power Plant, located in Ghorashal, near Narsingdi in Bangladesh, is one of
the largest and most significant thermal power stations in the country. It plays a vital role
in meeting the electricity demands of Bangladesh. Below are some essential details about
the plant:
Location
• The Ghorashal Power Plant is situated on the banks of the Shitalakshya River,
approximately 67 kilometers northeast of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, in the
Narsingdi district.

Installed Capacity
• The plant consists of multiple units with a total installed capacity of approximately 910

MW, comprising both gas and oil-fired units. Presently, Units 3 and 4 are Repowering,
Ratting 210 MW and 55 MW, respectively. Unit 7 is 365 MW

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Commissioning and Expansion

• The plant was commissioned in phases, beginning with Unit 1 in 1974. Over the years,
additional units have been added to meet the increasing demand for electricity,
ensuring a steady supply to the national grid.

Unit Types and Fuel Sources

• The Ghorashal Power Plant operates a combination of gas-fired and oil-fired units,
which use natural gas and oil as primary fuel sources for electricity generation.

Significance

• The plant is a cornerstone of Bangladesh's power infrastructure, playing a key role in

the nation’s electricity generation. It is crucial in supporting economic growth by
providing a stable and reliable supply of electricity to various sectors.

Challenges

• Despite its importance, the plant faces several challenges, including the aging of
infrastructure, outdated equipment, and the need for continuous maintenance and
modernization. These issues have impacted the plant's operational efficiency and
reliability.

Modernization Efforts

• To address these challenges, significant efforts are underway to modernize and

upgrade the Ghorashal Power Plant. These upgrades are essential to enhance the plant's
efficiency, meet the growing demand for electricity, and ensure that the plant remains
a competitive player in the evolving energy sector.

Environmental Impact

• As a thermal power station, Ghorashal generates greenhouse gas emissions and other
pollutants. In response to growing environmental concerns, the plant is exploring
cleaner technologies and implementing measures to reduce its environmental footprint,
including emission control systems.

Government Initiatives

• The government of Bangladesh has been actively involved in enhancing the country’s
energy generation capacity. This includes not only investments in new

Page | 36
 power plants but also modernization efforts at existing facilities like Ghorashal.
These initiatives aim to improve energy production, ensure long-term
sustainability, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Conclusion

The Ghorashal Power Plant continues to be a critical component of Bangladesh's energy

infrastructure. Its modernization efforts, combined with governmental support, are vital
for ensuring that it remains an efficient and reliable power generation facility capable of
supporting the nation’s development goals.

It is important to note that information about the Ghorashal Power Plant may evolve over
time, and for the most up-to-date details, referring to official sources or recent reports from
relevant authorities in Bangladesh is recommended.

3.13 Day-1 Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd

Figure 3.5: Field Visit to Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd

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 HFO Power Plant Overview – Rupgonj, Narayanganj, Bangladesh

Location: Rupgonj, Narayanganj, Bangladesh

Engine Type: MAN 18V48/60TS
Capacity: 3 × 18.9 MW
Introduction to HFO Power Plants

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) power plants are facilities used to generate electricity by burning
heavy fuel oil. Below are the critical aspects of these power plants:

Fuel Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is a dense, viscous petroleum product refined from crude oil.
It is widely utilized in power generation due to its high energy density and availability,
making it a cost-effective option for many power plants.

Power Generation Process

Combustion of HFO: The fuel is burned in a combustion chamber to generate significant
heat.

Heat Conversion: This heat is then used to convert water into steam, which drives turbines
connected to generators, ultimately producing electricity.

Key Components of HFO Power Plants

• Fuel Storage and Handling Systems: These systems manage and store HFO to
ensure an uninterrupted fuel supply.
• Boilers or Combustors: These devices burn HFO to produce the heat necessary for
steam generation.

• Turbines and Generators: These components convert the thermal energy from
steam into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy.
• Cooling Systems: These are used to regulate and manage the temperature of the plant's
equipment, preventing overheating and maintaining operational efficiency.
• Efficiency and Environmental Impact
• Efficiency: HFO power plants are known for their high efficiency in converting heavy
fuel oil into electrical power, making them reliable and cost-effective.
• Environmental Considerations: To reduce emissions, modern HFO plants incorporate
technologies such as scrubbers and filters, which help minimize the release of harmful
pollutants into the atmosphere.

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Regular Maintenance: To ensure the safe and efficient operation of HFO power plants,
regular maintenance activities, such as inspection, cleaning, and repair of components, are
essential.

Challenges

• Fuel Price Volatility: Fluctuations in the price of heavy fuel oil can impact operational
costs.
• Environmental Compliance: Meeting environmental regulations regarding emissions
remains a critical challenge.
• Operational Efficiency: Continuous improvements in plant efficiency and technology
adoption are necessary to address the challenges of aging infrastructure and to maintain
long-term sustainability.

Conclusion

HFO power plants, such as the one located in Rupgonj, Narayanganj, provide an efficient
means of electricity generation. While they face challenges related to fuel pricing,
environmental impact, and operational efficiency, advancements in technology and regular
maintenance help mitigate these issues, ensuring that the plant continues to operate reliably
and contributes to the power needs of the region.

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3.14 Day-2 Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd

Figure 3.6: Field Visit to Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd (Day-2)

On the second day of our visit to Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd., we had the
opportunity to explore several critical components of the plant, gaining valuable insights
into its operations and infrastructure. Key areas we observed included:

• Water Treatment Plant: Ensures that the water used in the plant is treated to meet
operational requirements, helping in steam generation and cooling processes.

• Coolers: These are essential for maintaining the temperature of various plant
components, ensuring efficient operation and preventing overheating.

• Different Types of Fuel Tanks: The plant uses multiple tanks to store the heavy fuel
oil (HFO), ensuring a steady and reliable fuel supply.

• Lube Oil Separator: This system helps maintain the quality of the lubricating oil used
in the engines, improving their performance and longevity.

• HFO Separator: A key component that separates impurities from the heavy fuel oil,
ensuring that only clean fuel is used in the power generation process.

• Sub-station: A critical part of the power distribution system, converting and

regulating electrical voltages for further transmission

Page | 40
 • Fuel Injector: This component is responsible for injecting the heavy fuel oil into the
combustion chamber, ensuring efficient burning and power generation.

Conclusion

The Kanchan-Purbachal Power Generation Ltd. is in the process of constructing a 55 MW

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) power plant in Rupgonj, Narayanganj, Bangladesh. The plant is
equipped with MAN 18V48/60TS engines, with a total installed capacity of 3 × 18.9 MW.
The visit provided an in-depth understanding of the critical systems and infrastructure
involved in electricity generation at this plant.

For a safe and informative visit, it is essential to adhere to safety guidelines and follow the
instructions provided by the plant staff. This ensures not only the safety of visitors but also
an enhanced learning experience about the power plant’s operation

3.15 Visit to Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS):

Day-01

Figure 3.7: Field Visit to Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS)day-1

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The Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS), a division of the Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB), plays a crucial role in maintaining and repairing essential
electrical equipment, including transformers and billing meters. CERS ensures the
continuous and reliable operation of the power system by providing expert repair services
and regular maintenance for transformers, which helps prevent potential power

disruptions. Additionally, it is responsible for verifying and calibrating billing meters to

ensure the accuracy of electricity consumption readings, thereby supporting transparent

and fair billing processes.

On the first day of our visit to CERS, we had the opportunity to observe various tests
conducted to assess the condition and functionality of electrical equipment. Some of the
key tests we witnessed included:
• CT-PT Testing: Testing of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers
(PT) to verify their performance and accuracy.
• Transformer Oil Test: Ensuring the quality and insulation properties of transformer
oil.
• Oil Breakdown Testing: Assessing the breakdown voltage of transformer oil to
determine its dielectric strength.
• Moisture Test: Measuring the moisture content in transformer oil, which can affect
the transformer’s performance.
• Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Test: Identifying gases dissolved in transformer oil,
which can indicate potential faults or issues within the transformer.
• Resistivity Test: Measuring the resistance of materials used in electrical equipment
to assess their quality and durability.
Through these tests, CERS ensures that critical electrical equipment remains in optimal
condition, helping to maintain a stable and efficient electricity supply for Bangladesh.

Page | 42
and fair billing processes.

On the first day of our visit to CERS, we had the opportunity to observe various tests
conducted to assess the condition and functionality of electrical equipment. Some of the
key tests we witnessed included:

• CT-PT Testing: Testing of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformers

(PT) to verify their performance and accuracy.

• Transformer Oil Test: Ensuring the quality and insulation properties of transformer oil.

• Oil Breakdown Testing: Assessing the breakdown voltage of transformer oil to

determine its dielectric strength.

• Moisture Test: Measuring the moisture content in transformer oil, which can affect
the transformer’s performance.

• Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Test: Identifying gases dissolved in transformer oil,
which can indicate potential faults or issues within the transformer.

• Resistivity Test: Measuring the resistance of materials used in electrical equipment to

assess their quality and durability.

Through these tests, CERS ensures that critical electrical equipment remains in optimal
condition, helping to maintain a stable and efficient electricity supply for Bangladesh.

Day-02

Figure 3.8: Field Visit to Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS)day-2

On the second day of our visit to the Central Equipment Repairing Shop (CERS), we had
the opportunity to observe various processes involved in the repair and maintenance of

Page | 43
transformers. The activities included detailed insights into the transformer repairing
process, as well as various testing methods used to ensure the transformers' performance

Key observations included:

• Transformer Repairing Process: We witnessed the steps involved in transformer repair,

including the inspection, disassembly, and reassembly of the equipment. Specialized
techniques were used to restore the transformer's functionality, including the winding
and core repairs.

• Wye and Delta Connection Configurations: We learned how transformers are

connected in Wye (star) and Delta configurations, which are crucial for different
voltage levels and power distribution setups. The connection types were explained in
terms of their impact on voltage regulation and phase shift.

• Building Transformer Coils: We observed the process of coil construction for

transformers. This involved the winding of wire around the core and ensuring that

• the coils are properly insulated and positioned to handle the high voltages they will be
subjected to during operation.

• Transformer Rating and Measurements: The procedure for measuring the transformer's
rating (such as voltage and current capacity) was explained. These measurements are
critical in determining the operational limits and ensuring the transformer meets
specific requirements for electrical distribution.

• Transformer Testing: Various tests were conducted on the transformers to assess their
performance, including:

1. Short Circuit Test: This test is performed to evaluate the impedance and the
transformer's ability to handle fault conditions.
2. Open Circuit Test: Used to measure the transformer's core loss and no-load losses,
providing insights into its efficiency under no-load conditions.
3. Oil Test: This test determines the quality of the insulating oil used in transformers.
It checks for moisture, contaminants, and other factors that may affect the
transformer's operation and lifespan.

These activities demonstrated the importance of detailed inspection, testing, and repair
procedures in maintaining the reliability and efficiency of transformers, which are critical

Page | 44
3.16 National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC), PGCB

Fig 3.9: Field visit to NLDC

The National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC), managed by the Power Grid Company of
Bangladesh (PGCB), is a pivotal government office located in Demra, Ward 09, DCC
(Kotwali), Dhaka Division, along PGCB Road. It is situated near the PGCB Bhaban
government office.

Key Functions of the National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC):

1. Grid Management:

The NLDC is responsible for overseeing and controlling the power grid in real-
time. It coordinates the operation of power generation plants, transmission lines,

and distribution systems to ensure a stable and reliable supply of electricity

2. 5Load Dispatching:

A primary role of the NLDC is to balance electricity generation with consumption

demand. It allocates power from various generating units to meet fluctuating
demand, ensuring there is neither a surplus nor deficit of electricity in the grid.

3. Frequency Control:

The NLDC continuously monitors the grid's frequency, taking corrective actions
to keep it within the desired range. Proper frequency control is essential for the
efficient functioning of electrical devices and systems connected to the grid.

4. Integration of Renewable Energy:

As renewable energy sources like solar and wind are increasingly integrated into
the grid, the NLDC plays a critical role in managing their variability. Through
Page | 45
 forecasting and scheduling, the NLDC ensures efficient and stable integration of
renewable energy into the national grid.

5. Communication and Control Systems:

The NLDC utilizes advanced communication and control technologies to exchange

real-time data with power plants, substations, and other grid components. This
enables quick decision-making and a prompt response to changing conditions in
the grid.

6. Emergency Response:

In times of emergencies or unexpected disruptions, such as equipment

malfunctions or sudden load changes, the NLDC takes immediate steps to maintain
grid stability and prevent large-scale power outages.

Conclusion:

The NLDC plays a vital role in managing the electricity grid, ensuring that the energy
supply is reliable, efficient, and stable. Its functions are critical for the smooth operation
of the country’s power system, and as renewable energy sources become more prevalent,
the NLDC’s role in grid management will continue to evolve. For the most accurate and

up-to-date information, it is recommended to consult relevant power system regulatory

authorities or organizations in the region.

Page | 46
3.17 Manikganj 35 MW Spectra Solar Plant

Figure 3.10: Field Visit to Manikganj 35 MW Spectra Solar Plant

Spectra Solar Park Limited (SSPL) was established with the aim of strengthening energy
security and promoting renewable energy in Bangladesh. This initiative supports the
country's objective of increasing renewable energy use to 10% of the total power
generation capacity by 2021.

Location:

The SSPL is situated in Paturia, within the Shibalaya Upazila of Manikganj District,
Bangladesh (Coordinates: 23.78044, 89.8250).

Power Plant Type:

The plant is a 35 MW solar power facility that feeds electricity into the national grid.
Capacity:
• The plant consists of 44 MW of direct current (DC) ground-mounted solar
photovoltaic panels.

• It includes the necessary electrical infrastructure and a 33 kV double-circuit

transmission line to connect the plant to the grid.

Ownership and Development:

• Developers: SSPL is a joint venture between Spectra Group, a Bangladeshi

company, and Shunfeng Investments Limited (SIL), a Chinese company.

• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV): The plant is managed by an SPV owned by Spectra
Page | 47
• Engineers Limited (SEL) and Shunfeng Investments Limited.

• Funding: The development of SSPL was supported by a financial contribution of

$15 million from the Asian Development Bank (ADB)Technology and Operations:

• Technology: The plant utilizes state-of-the-art solar photovoltaic technology, with

ground-mounted panels and advanced electrical systems designed for efficient power
generation.

• Operations: The operations of SSPL are managed by an independent power producer

(IPP) under a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB).

Contribution to the National Grid:

Spectra Solar Park Limited (SSPL) makes a significant contribution to Bangladesh’s

national grid by supplying clean, reliable, and renewable electricity through its 35 MW
grid-connected solar power plant. The electricity generated from the 44 MW DC ground-
mounted photovoltaic array is converted into AC power using inverters and transmitted
efficiently through a 33 kV double-circuit transmission line, ensuring smooth integration
with the national power system. Under a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), the
Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) purchases electricity from SSPL at a
fixed tariff of Tk 11.12 per kWh, which guarantees a stable and continuous supply of
solar energy while providing financial sustainability for the project. By delivering power
primarily during daytime peak hours, the plant helps reduce pressure on conventional
fossil fuel–based generation, enhances grid stability, and minimizes the risk of load
shedding. Furthermore, SSPL decreases dependence on imported fuels such as diesel and
furnace oil, thereby strengthening national energy security and reducing generation costs.
As a renewable energy source, the project operates without greenhouse gas emissions,
contributing to environmental protection, carbon emission reduction, and Bangladesh’s
commitment to sustainable development goals.

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3.18 Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO)

Figure 3.11: Field Visit to DESCO

Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) is a government-owned power

distribution company responsible for supplying electricity to several key areas of Dhaka
city and its surrounding regions. Operating under the supervision of the Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB), DESCO plays a vital role in ensuring the reliable, safe, and
efficient distribution of electrical energy from the national grid to residential, commercial,
and industrial consumers.

DESCO was established in 1996 as part of the government’s power sector reform program
with the aim of improving operational efficiency, reducing system losses, and enhancing
customer service. Since then, it has been responsible for managing and maintaining the
distribution network in areas such as Mirpur, Uttara, Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Pallabi,
Tongi, and nearby locations.

The core activities of DESCO include the operation and maintenance of substations,
distribution transformers, feeders, overhead and underground lines, and consumer
metering systems. The company ensures continuous monitoring of load demand, voltage

Page | 49
regulation, fault detection, and quick restoration of supply during outages. Regular
inspection and preventive maintenance are carried out to maintain system reliability and
minimize technical losses.

One of the key technological features of DESCO’s operations is the implementation of

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. Through SCADA, DESCO
can remotely monitor and control substations, feeders, circuit breakers, and other
distribution equipment in real time. This system helps operators quickly detect faults,
isolate affected sections, and restore power efficiently, thereby reducing downtime and
improving service quality. SCADA also assists in load management, data collection, and
system analysis, which support better decision-making and operational planning.

In addition, DESCO has introduced modern technologies such as prepaid and smart
meters, automated billing systems, online customer service platforms, and digital
monitoring tools. These innovations help reduce non-technical losses, improve revenue
collection, and enhance consumer convenience. The company also follows strict safety
standards and protection schemes, including relays, circuit breakers, and grounding
systems, to ensure safe and secure power distribution.

Through continuous modernization and efficient management, DESCO contributes

significantly to meeting the growing electricity demand of Dhaka city and supports the
overall development of Bangladesh’s power infrastructure.

In summary, DESCO acts as a crucial link between power generation and consumers,
combining advanced technologies like SCADA with effective distribution practices to
deliver reliable and uninterrupted electricity. Its role is essential in maintaining a stable
and sustainable power supply for the nation’s capital.

Page | 50
 Chapter 4
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Discussion
The industrial training program organized by the Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB), along with visits to six different power plants, provided me with a valuable and
practical learning experience. This training helped me bridge the gap between my
classroom knowledge and real-world industrial practices, allowing me to better understand
how the power sector actually [Link] these plant visits, I gained firsthand
exposure to the processes of power generation, transmission, and distribution. Observing
the equipment, control systems, and operational procedures directly gave me a clearer
understanding of modern technologies and industry practices. I also learned about the
importance of safety measures, maintenance routines, and efficient system management,
which are essential for smooth and reliable power plant operation. By connecting theory
with practical experience, the program strengthened both my technical knowledge and
problem-solving skills. It helped me develop confidence, adaptability, and a better sense
of professional responsibility as a future electrical engineer. Moreover, interacting with
engineers, supervisors, and fellow trainees created opportunities for collaboration and
knowledge sharing. These interactions not only enhanced my learning but also allowed me
to build professional relationships and gain insights from experienced personnel in the
field.

Overall, the BPDB industrial training and power plant visits played a significant role in
my academic and professional development, preparing me to face real-world challenges
and contribute effectively to the growing energy sector of Bangladesh.

4.2 Conclusion
In conclusion, the industrial training program organized by the Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB), along with the visits to six power plants, proved to be an
extremely valuable and enriching experience for me. It allowed me to bridge the gap
between theoretical knowledge and practical application and gave me a clear
understanding of how the power industry operates in real-life [Link] these
visits, I gained detailed insight into plant operations, maintenance practices, safety

Page | 51
measures, and modern technologies used in power generation. Observing these activities
firsthand helped me understand the challenges, responsibilities, and innovations involved
in ensuring a reliable and efficient power supply.
Overall, this training not only strengthened my technical knowledge but also enhanced my
confidence, problem-solving ability, and professional skills. I believe the experience has
prepared me well for a future career in the power sector and has motivated me to contribute
meaningfully to the development and sustainability of Bangladesh’s energy infrastructure.

4.3 Recommendation
The internship at the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) has played a
transformative role in shaping my academic growth and future career trajectory as an Electrical
and Electronics Engineering (EEE) student. This valuable opportunity provided me with
essential hands-on experience, practical exposure, and real-world insights into the power
generation, transmission, and distribution sectors of Bangladesh. It allowed me to step beyond
theoretical learning and directly engage with the operational environment of the electrical power
industry, which significantly enhanced both my technical competence and professional
confidence.

Throughout the internship period, I gained a deeper understanding of how large-scale power
systems operate in practice. Concepts that I had previously studied in textbooks—such as power
generation processes, substation operations, protection systems, load management, and grid
synchronization—became much clearer when observed in real-life scenarios. By witnessing the
functioning of transformers, circuit breakers, protection relays, SCADA systems, and control
panels, I was able to connect theoretical knowledge with practical implementation. This bridge
between academic theory and industry application greatly strengthened my analytical thinking
and problem-solving abilities.

Moreover, the internship provided me with opportunities to actively participate in various

engineering activities, including system design support, installation supervision, equipment
testing, commissioning procedures, troubleshooting, and maintenance operations. Through these
tasks, I developed important technical skills such as interpreting electrical diagrams,
understanding single-line diagrams (SLDs), performing load calculations, monitoring system
performance, and following safety standards. Exposure to preventive and corrective
maintenance practices also helped me understand the importance of reliability, efficiency .

Page | 52
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