PROBLEMS 805

FIGURE 27.14
Mathcad screen to solve for the eigenvalues of a system of ODEs.

PROBLEMS
27.1 A steady-state heat balance for a rod can be represented as Obtain a solution for boundary conditions: T(0) = 200 and
d2T T(0.5) = 100.
− 0.15T = 0 27.7 Differential equations like the one solved in Prob. 27.6 can
dx 2
often be simplified by linearizing their nonlinear terms. For example,
Obtain an analytical solution for a 10-m rod with T(0) = 240 and a first-order Taylor series expansion can be used to linearize the
T(10) = 150. quartic term in Eq. (P27.6) as
27.2 Use the shooting method to solve Prob. 27.1.
27.3 Use the finite-difference approach with x = 1 to solve
1 × 10−7 (T + 273)4 = 1 × 10−7 (Tb + 273)4 + 4
Prob. 27.1.
27.4 Use the shooting method to solve × 10−7 (Tb + 273)3 (T − Tb )
d2 y dy
7 −2 −y+x =0 where Tb is a base temperature about which the term is linearized.
dx 2 dx
Substitute this relationship into Eq. (P27.6), and then solve the re-
with the boundary conditions y(0) = 5 and y(20) = 8. sulting linear equation with the finite-difference approach. Employ
27.5 Solve Prob. 27.4 with the finite-difference approach using Tb = 150 and x = 0.01 to obtain your solution.
x = 2. 27.8 Repeat Example 27.4 but for three masses. Produce a plot like
27.6 Use the shooting method to solve Fig. 27.6 to identify the principle modes of vibration. Change all
d2T the k’s to 240.
− 1 × 10−7 (T + 273)4 + 4(150 − T ) = 0 (P27.6)
dx 2 27.9 Repeat Example 27.6, but for five interior points (h = 3/6).
cha01064_ch27.qxd 3/25/09 12:50 PM Page 806

806 BOUNDARY-VALUE AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

27.10 Use minors to expand the determinant of dz

= −bz + x y
⎡ ⎤ dt
2−λ 8 10 where σ = 10, b = 2.666667, and r = 28. Employ initial conditions
⎣ 8 4−λ 5 ⎦ of x = y = z = 5 and integrate from t = 0 to 20.
10 5 7−λ 27.23 Use finite differences to solve the boundary-value ordinary
27.11 Use the power method to determine the highest eigenvalue differential equation
and corresponding eigenvector for Prob. 27.10. d 2u du
27.12 Use the power method to determine the lowest eigenvalue +6 −u =2
dx 2 dx
and corresponding eigenvector for Prob. 27.10.
27.13 Develop a user-friendly computer program to implement the with boundary conditions u(0) = 10 and u(2) = 1. Plot the results
shooting method for a linear second-order ODE. Test the program of u versus x. Use x = 0.1.
by duplicating Example 27.1. 27.24 Solve the nondimensionalized ODE using finite difference
27.14 Use the program developed in Prob. 27.13 to solve Probs. 27.2 methods that describe the temperature distribution in a circular rod
and 27.4. with internal heat source S
27.15 Develop a user-friendly computer program to implement the
d2T 1 dT
finite-difference approach for solving a linear second-order ODE. + +S=0
Test it by duplicating Example 27.3. dr 2 r dr
27.16 Use the program developed in Prob. 27.15 to solve Probs. 27.3 over the range 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, with the boundary conditions
and 27.5. 
27.17 Develop a user-friendly program to solve for the largest eigen- dT 
T (r = 1) = 1 =0
value with the power method. Test it by duplicating Example 27.7. dr r=0
27.18 Develop a user-friendly program to solve for the smallest
eigenvalue with the power method. Test it by duplicating Exam- for S = 1, 10, and 20 K/m2. Plot the temperature versus radius.
ple 27.8. 27.25 Derive the set of differential equations for a three mass–four
27.19 Use the Excel Solver to directly solve (that is, without lin- spring system (Fig. P27.25) that describes their time motion. Write
earization) Prob. 27.6 using the finite-difference approach. Employ the three differential equations in matrix form,
x = 0.1 to obtain your solution. [Acceleration vector] + [k/m matrix][displacement vector x] = 0
27.20 Use MATLAB to integrate the following pair of ODEs from
t = 0 to 100: Note each equation has been divided by the mass. Solve for the
eigenvalues and natural frequencies for the following values of
dy1 dy2 mass and spring constants: k1 = k4 = 15 N/m, k2 = k3 = 35 N/m,
= 0.35y1 − 1.6y1 y2 = 0.04y1 y2 − 0.15y2 and m1 = m2 = m3 = 1.5 kg.
dt dt

where y1 = 1 and y2 = 0.05 at t = 0. Develop a state-space plot

x1 x2 x3
(y1 versus y2) of your results. k1 k2 k3 k4
27.21 The following differential equation was used in Sec. 8.4 to m1 m2 m3
analyze the vibrations of an automobile shock absorber:
d2x dx
1.25 × 106 + 1 × 107 + 1.5 × 109 x = 0
dt 2 dt
Figure P27.25
Transform this equation into a pair of ODEs. (a) Use MATLAB to
solve these equations from t = 0 to 0.4 for the case where x = 0.5,
and dx/dt = 0 at t = 0. (b) Use MATLAB to determine the eigen- 27.26 Consider the mass-spring system in Fig. P27.26. The fre-
values and eigenvectors for the system. quencies for the mass vibrations can be determined by solving for
27.22 Use MATLAB or Mathcad to integrate the eigenvalues and by applying M ẍ + kx = 0, which yields
dx
= −σ x + σ y ⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
dt m1 0 0 ⎨ ẍ1 ⎬ 2k −k −k ⎨ x 1 ⎬ ⎨ 0 ⎬
dy ⎣ 0 m2 0 ⎦ ẍ2 + ⎣ −k 2k −k ⎦ x2 = 0
= rx − y − xz ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
dt 0 0 m3 ẍ3 −k −k 2k x3 0
cha01064_ch27.qxd 3/25/09 12:50 PM Page 807

PROBLEMS 807

Applying the guess x = x0 ei ωt as a solution, we get the following (b) Using the fourth-order RK method with a constant step size of
matrix: 0.03125.
⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ (c) Using the MATLAB function ODE45.
2k − m 1 ω2 −k −k ⎨ x01 ⎬ ⎨0⎬ (d) Using the MATLAB function ODE23s.
⎣ −k 2k − m 2 ω 2
−k ⎦ x02 e = 0 iωt
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ (e) Using the MATLAB function ODE23tb.
−k −k 2k − m 3 ω2 x03 0 Present your results in graphical form.
27.28 A heated rod with a uniform heat source can be modeled
Use MATLAB’s eig command to solve for the eigenvalues of the
with the Poisson equation,
k − mω2 matrix above. Then use these eigenvalues to solve for the
frequencies (ω). Let m1 = m2 = m3 = 1 kg, and k = 2 N/m. d2T
= − f(x)
dx 2

x1 x2 x3
Given a heat source f (x) = 25 and the boundary conditions,
k T(x = 0) = 40 and T(x = 10) = 200, solve for the temperature dis-
tribution with (a) the shooting method and (b) the finite-difference
m1 m2 m3 method (x = 2).
k k 27.29 Repeat Prob. 27.28, but for the following heat source: f(x) =
0.12x3 − 2.4x2 + 12x.
27.30 Suppose that the position of a falling object is governed by
the following differential equation,
Figure P27.26
d2x c dx
2
+ −g=0
dt m dt
27.27 The following nonlinear, parasitic ODE was suggested by
Hornbeck (1975): where c = a first-order drag coefficient = 12.5 kg/s, m = mass =
70 kg, and g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2. Use the
dy1
= 5(y1 − t 2 ) shooting method to solve this equation for position and velocity
dt given the boundary conditions, x(0) = 0 and x(12) = 500.
If the initial condition is y1(0) = 0.08, obtain a solution from t = 0 27.31 Repeat Example 27.3, but insulate the left end of the rod.
to 5: That is, change the boundary condition at the left end of the rod to
(a) Analytically. T (0) = 0.