American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB) Facul-

ty of Engineering (EEE)

Course Name: MCS Lab Course Code: EEE 4102 Section: D

Semester: 2025-26, Fall Faculty: Abu Shufian

Task: Laboratory Experiment 04

Experiment title: Performing Mathematical Operation and Performance Analysis in MATLAB.
Group Members ID Name
1. 23-54945-3 Md. Farhan Israk
2. 23-54809-3 Mahfuz Ahmmad Mahin
Group No: 06
3. 23-54974-3 [Link] Obaidah
4. 23-53046-3 Sharon Saha Sammo
5. 23-55382-3 Taohidul Islam

Marking Rubrics for Laboratory Experiment Report (to be filled by Faculty) Report: 4
Marks
Objectives Unacceptable (0.5) Needs improvement (1) Good (1.5) Excellent (2) Secured
Marks
Use of Ap- Students Fail to identify Students identified some Students identified and utilized Students identified and
propriate and utilize appropriate software and hardware tools the closely related software and utilized the most effective
Tools software and hardware for prediction and modeling hardware tools for prediction appropriate software and
tools for prediction and but failed to use them ap- and modeling but failed to use hardware tools for
modeling of the proposed propriately. them effectively. prediction and modeling of
solution the proposed solution
Analysis of The software and/or The software and/or hard- The software and/or hardware The software and/or
Implemented hardware implementation ware implementation has implementation has been suc- hardware implementation
Model has not been addressed been partially addressed and cessfully addressed but provid- has been successfully ad-
and provided only in- provided only incomplete ed only incomplete analysis. dressed and provided an
complete analysis. analysis. in-depth analysis
Depth of The student has provided The student has provided a The student has provided a The student has provided a
Knowledge some processes for using partial process for using detailed process for using ap- detailed process for using
about the appropriate tools but appropriate tools and does propriate tools but fails to appropriate tools, which
Tools [P1] demonstrated no not demonstrate in-depth demonstrate the in-depth demonstrated the in-depth
knowledge of the utilized knowledge of the utilized knowledge of the utilized tools knowledge of the utilized
tools tools tools.
Infrequent Students have failed to Students have partially ad- Students have addressed how Students have effectively
encounter address how the Infre- dressed how the Infrequent the Infrequent encounter Issues addressed how the Infre-
Issues [P4] quent encounter Issues encounter Issues were re- were resolved but not related to quent encounter Issues
were resolved . solved but not related to used tools. were resolved using the
used tools. appropriate tools.
The models Failed to address any Addressed some outside Addressed some outside prob- Effectively addressed that
developed outside problems. problems but not encom- lems encompassed by stand- the external issues sur-
by tools passed by standards and ards and codes of practice for rounded by standards and
meet the codes of practice for pro- professional engineering regulations of practice for
applicable fessional engineering professional engineering
codes [P5]
Comments: Total Marks:

AIUB Modern Control System Lab/Section B ©2025 IEEE

 Performing Mathematical Operation and Per-
formance Analysis in MATLAB.
Md Farhan Israk Mahfuz Ahmmad Mahin Md. Abu Obaidah
Dept. of Electrical & Electronic En- Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineer-
gineering Engineering ing
American International University- American International University- American International University- Bang-
Bangladesh Bangladesh ladesh
Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
23-54945-3@[Link] 23-54809-3@[Link] 23-54974-3@[Link]

Sharon Saha Sammo Taohidul Islam

Dept. of Electrical & Electronic
Dept. of Electrical & Electronic En-
Engineering
gineering
American International University-
American International University-
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Dhaka-1229,Bangladesh
Dhaka-1229,Bangladesh 23-55382-3@[Link]
23-53064-3@[Link]

Abstract— This experiment shows to understand II. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

how to perform mathematical operations like
partial fraction expansion, simplification, pole- MATLAB Functions:
zero determination, Laplace transform, inverse
Laplace transform, state-space model generation o ROW matrix/ row vector is defined to ex-
[Link] to understand how to analyze performance press Laplace transform expressions. Vari-
of second order systems. able coefficients are defined in left to right
descending power of ‘s’ format. For ex-
Keywords— component, formatting, style, styling ample, deng=[500 0 0]
I. INTRODUCTION
o SERIES: Series is the interconnection of the two
Linear Time Invariant models.
This MATLAB allows designers to perform compli-
cated mathematical calculations in fast and efficient
manner. Partial fraction expansion, simplification,
pole-zero determination, Laplace transform, inverse
Laplace transform, state-space model generation are
some of the mathematical operation that can be very
easily performed in MATLAB. Performing Laplace
and inverse Laplace transforms are mathematical
methods. They are widely used in control systems.
After performing Laplace transforms, different
mathematical operations can be applied to them. Stu-
dents will learn to implement them using
[Link] view the step response of a particular
system for a particular transfer function, unit step SYS=SERIES(SYS1,SYS2,OUTPUTS1,INPUTS2) connects two
function is given as an input. The output is then the
step response. LTI models. SYS1 and SYS2 are in series such that the outputs of
SYS1 specified by OUTPUTS1 are connected to the inputs of SYS2
specified by INPUTS2. The vectors OUTPUTS1 and INPUTS2
contain indices into the outputs and inputs of SYS1 and SYS2, re-
spectively. The resulting LTI model SYS maps u1 to y2.
 If there are no multiple roots,
If OUTPUTS1 and INPUTS2 are omitted, SERIES con-

nects SYS1 and SYS2 in cascade and returns 𝐵(𝑠) 𝑅(1) 𝑅(1) 𝑅(𝑛)
=𝑠−𝑃+ + ⋯+ + 𝐾(𝑠)
SYS = SYS2 * SYS1 𝐴(𝑠) 𝑠 − 𝑃(2) 𝑠 − 𝑃(𝑛)

SYS = SERIES(SYS1,SYS2,'name') connects SYS1 and

Vectors B and A specify the coefficients of the numerator
SYS2 by matching I/O names. The output names of SYS1 and denominator polynomials in descending powers of s.
and input names of SYS2 should be fully specified. The residues are returned in the column vector R, the pole
locations in column vector P, and the direct terms in row
If SYS1 and SYS2 are arrays of LTI models, SERIES returns vector K. The number of poles is n = length(A)-1 =
an LTI array SYS of the same size where SYS(:,:,k) length(R) = length(P). The direct term coefficient vector is
= SERIES(SYS1(:,:,k),SYS2(:,:,k),OUTPUTS1,INPUTS2) . empty if length(B) < length(A), otherwise length(K) =
length(B)-length(A)+1.
1. PRINTSYS: Print system in pretty format
and is used to print state space systems with o TF: Creation of
labels to the right and above the system ma- transfer functions
trices or to print transfer functions as a ratio or conversion to
transfer function.
of two polynomials. Creation:
2. PRINTSYS(NUM,DEN,'s')orPRINTSYS SYS = TF(NUM,DEN) creates a continuous-time
(NUM,DEN,'z') prints the transfer function as a transfer function SYS with numerator(s) NUM and
ratio of two polynomials in the transform varia- denominator(s) DEN. The output SYS is a TF object.
ble 's' or 'z'.

o ZPK Create zero-

▪ FEEDBACK: Feedback connection of two pole-gain models or
LTI models convert to zero-
pole-gain format.
SYS = FEEDBACK(SYS1,SYS2) computes an Creation:
LTI model SYS for the closed-loop feed- SYS = ZPK(Z,P,K) creates a continuous-time zero-
pole-gain (ZPK) model SYS with zeros Z, poles P,
back system. and gains K. The output SYS is a ZPK object.

o The sym command creates symbolic variables

and expressions. For example, the commands
x = sym('x'); a = sym('alpha'); create a sym-
bolic variable x with the value x assigned to it
in the MATLAB workspace and a symbolic
Negative feedback is assumed and the resulting system variable ‘a’ with the value alpha assigned to
SYSmaps u to [Link] apply positive feedback, use the it. An alternate way to create a symbolic ob-
syntax: ject is to use the syms command:

SYS = FEEDBACK(SYS1,SYS2,+1). o pretty(X) prints symbolic output of X in a format

that resembles typeset mathematics.
o STEP: Step response of LTI models
[Y,T] = STEP(SYS) returns the output response Y and o laplace(f) computes the Laplace transform of f.
the time vector T used for simulation. No plot is
drawn on the screen. o ilaplace(F) computes the Inverse Laplace
transform of F.
If SYS has NY outputs and NU inputs, and LT =
length(T), Y is an array of size [LT NY NU] where
Y(:,:,j) gives the step response of the j-th input channel. o SIMPLIFY Simplify representation of Uncertain
objects.
[Y,T,X] = STEP(SYS) also returns, for a state-space
model SYS, the state trajectory X, a LT-by-NX-by- B = SIMPLIFY(A) performs model-reduction-like tech-
NU array if SYS has NX states. niques to detect and eliminate redundant copies of uncer-
tain elements. Depending on the result, the CLASS of B
o RESIDUE: Partial-fraction expansion (res- may be lower than A. The AutoSimplify property of each
uncertain element in A determines what reduction meth-
idues).[R,P,K] = RESIDUE(B,A) finds the res- ods are used. After reduction, any uncertain element
idues, poles and direct term of a partial which does not actually affect the result is deleted from the
fraction expansion of the ratio of two representation.
polynomialsB(s)/A(s).
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS FORPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN
MATLAB:
Solve the following problems in MATLAB:
6. Define a symbolic variable 's' and then define Laplace
1. WRITE DOWN TWO TRANSFER FUNCTIONS(AS IF AF-
transformed functions 'F1' and ‘F2’ using 's' for the fol-
TER PERFORMING LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON THEM)
lowing equations. After that, apply inverse Laplace
THAT ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
transform to 'F1' and ‘F2’ using the MATLAB function
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑔 1 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑐 𝑠+1
= and = “ilaplace”. Show all the equations in standard
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑔 500𝑠^2 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝑠+2
mathematical format using the MATLAB function “prett
Then use the MATLAB function “series” and apply a nega-
tive feedback. Both expressions should be viewed using the
MATLAB function “printsys”.
7. Define symbolic variable 't' and then define an inverse
2. Write down the following transfer function (after
Laplace transform function 'f'. After that, apply Laplace
performing Laplace transform on it):
transform to 'f' using the MATLAB function “laplace”.
Show all the equations in standard mathematical format
using the MATLAB function “pretty” and do further
Now using the MATLAB function “step” a unit step function simplification using the MATLAB function "simplify".
is given as an input for the wheel velocity versus time response
and the output response is seen for certain time limit defined
as “t”.

8. Define a transfer function (as if after performing

Laplace transform on it) as two separate row vectors for
numerator and denominator. Then convert the transfer
function to its equivalent state space representation using
the MATLAB function “tf2ss”.
Program segment 8 output in the MATLAB command
window: a = x1 x2 x3 x1 -8.00000 -18.00000 -6.00000
x2 1.00000 0 0 x3 0 1.00000 0
b = u1 x1 1.00000 x2 0 x3 0
c = x1 x2 x3 y1 2.00000 8.00000 6.00000
3. Using the MATLAB function “poly”, convert ‘deny’ d = u1 y1 0
to polynomial from the roots value given in the 9. From exercise # 8, several state space
program. Then using the MATLAB function “resi- representation variables are defined.
due”, do partial fraction expansion to the function Convert them to transfer function using mathematical equa-
defined by ‘numy’ and ‘deny’. tion.
Program segment 3 output in the MATLAB command 10. Perform step responses of the second order system
window: deny = 1 12 32 0 r = 1 -2 1 p = -8 -4 0 k = [] for different values of zeta (ζ). (The same problem will be
4. Write down the following transfer function (as if after done with SIMULINK later).
performing Laplace transform on it) first as row vector. The general form of second order equation:

Consider, ωn=1 and vary the value of ζ.

Then using the MATLAB function “tf”, show an actual
Program segment 10 output in the MATLAB command win-
mathematical expression of the transfer function in the
dow:
output.
5. Define the transfer function (as if after performing
Laplace transform on it) as two separate row vectors for
numerator and denominator. Define the gain "k" as a
variable. Then using the MATLAB function “zpk”,
convert the transfer function to zero pole gain format.
 III. APPARATUS

i. Enclosure/Power Supply
ii. Connections Leads and Accessories
iii. Potentiometer
iv. Power Amplifier/Phase Shifter
v. DC Motor/Generator

vi. Error Detector

VI.. DISCUSSION
In this experiment, various mathematical operations
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE and control system analyses were performed using
a. Run the MATLAB code and identify the outputs. MATLAB. Students learned how to model systems
using transfer functions (tf), convert them into state-
b. Step responses should be checked and compared by
zooming over the overshoot portion and the time it space (tf2ss), and analyze their behavior through
takes to reach the steady state value. step responses (step) and partial fraction expansions
(residue). The experiment also introduced symbol-
[Link] AND MEASUREMENT ic computation and Laplace transforms for solving
equations [Link] these
tasks,students gained practical experience in using
MATLAB for simulating and analyzing the perfor-
mance of linear Time Invariant (LTI) system.
 VII.. CONCLUSION

The experiment successfully demonstrated how

MATLAB can be used as a powerful tool for
performing mathematical Students were able to
apply theoretical knowledge in a simulated envi-
ronment, enhancing their understanding of sys-
tem behavior, stability, and response analysis
operations and analyzing control system per-
formance.

References
1. [Link] c-
[Link] [accessed at 14-
10-17]
2. Norman S. Nise,”Control System Engineer-
ing”,available Edition John Wiley & Sons
Inc.