ASSIGNMENT OF ANATOMY
Topics:
Anatomical Position, Planes and Movements
Submitted To:
Dr. Muhammad Hussain
Submitted By:
Muzamil
BSMT-1st semester
(Anesthesia and critical care sciences)
Definition of Anatomy
Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of structures
of the body and the relationship between its parts.
Anatomical Position:
Anatomical position is the standard, reference posture for the human
body used in anatomy to describe the location body parts.
Key points of the anatomical position:
Standing erect (upright)
Head and eyes facing straight ahead
Arms at the sides
Palms facing forward
Lower limbs (legs) are parallel straight
Feet flat on the ground and pointing forward.
Directional terms:
Anterior: refers to the structure being in the front of the body.
Posterior: refers to the structure being in the back of the body.
Ventral: refers to the structure that is in the front of the body.
Dorsal: refers to the structure that is in the back of the body.
Medial: refers to the structure that is closer to the midline or
medial plane of the body.
Lateral: refers to the structure that is away from the midline or
medial plane of the body.
Proximal: refers to the structure that is close to the origin.
Distal: refers to the structure that is farther away from the origin.
Superficial: refers to the structure that is close to the surface of
the body.
Deep: refers to the structure that is farther away from the surface
of the body.
Prone: when the body is lying flat and the face is downward.
Supine: when the body is lying flat and the face is upward.
Unilateral: refers to the structure present on only one side of the
body.
Bilateral: refers to the structure present on both sides of the
body.
Body Planes (Sections) in Anatomy
Body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide body into parts.
They help in describing locations and movements.
1. Sagittal Plane:
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
TYPES:
1. Midsagittal plane: divides the body into two equal halves.
2. Parasagittal plane: divides the body into two unequal halves.
2. Frontal (Corornal) Plane:
A vertical plane that divides the body into two anterior (front) and
posterior (back) halves.
3. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane:
A horizontal plane that divides the body into two superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) halves.
ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
Anatomical movements are changes in the position of body parts relative
to each other.
Movements occur at joints and usually happen in specific body planes.
1. Flexion:
Decreasing the angle between two body parts or bending the joint.
2. Extension:
Increasing the angle between two body parts or straightening the joint.
3. Adduction:
Moving the body part towards the midline.
4. Abduction:
Moving the body part away from the midline.