Announcements and
Deadline
❑ Choose your advisers (Ms. Glaize and Ms.
Denisse will be the main advisers)
❑ Update the Google Sheet Tracker:
▪ Manuscript
▪ Category
▪ Status of the Study
▪ Consultant
▪ Advisers
❑ Excuse letters
▪ Signed by individual members, parents, and
consultant (1 for each member)
Announcements and
Deadline
❑ AUGUST 8 (5:00 PM)
▪ Deadline of INTRODUCTION
▪ One submission per group only
▪ To be uploaded in the Google Classroom
❑ AUGUST 14
▪ Name of consultant
▪ Manuscript
▪ Final list of adviser
▪ Google Classroom
Announcements and
Deadline
❑ AUGUST 15 (5:00 PM)
▪ Deadline of METHODOLOGY
▪ One submission per group only
▪ To be uploaded in the Google Classroom
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Quantitative Research Designs
Essential Elements of the Research
Methodology
Research Design
Respondents
Instrument
Establishing and
validating reliability
Statistical Treatment
Methodology
❑ appropriateness of the procedures
employed → quality of the research
output
❑ discuss clearly and in detail the:
✓ Research design
✓ Materials and equipment
✓ Testing procedure
✓ Data gathering procedure
✓ Analytical scheme and statistical
tool
Content of Methodology
a) Processes done
b) Materials and amount
c) Description of experimental and
control set-ups
d) Kind of data gathered
e) Number of trials and replicates done
f) Description of samples and reference
population
g) Management of sample plants/or
animals
Content of Methodology
h) Sampling technique
i) Identification and classification of
variables
j) Chemical, physical and
microbiological analysis of samples
k) Manner of data collection,
organization and processing
l) Statistical analyses
m)Limitation in the methods that have
been discovered during the study
Complete sequence of steps that need to
be followed when obtaining the needed
data during experiment
Principles of Research Design
Replication
• the repetition of the basic experiment
• to provide an estimate of variation
among observations on units treated
alike
• assessing the significance of observed
differences
Principles of Research Design
Randomization
• the assignment of the experimental
units to the treatments or vice versa
by chance
Principles of Research Design
Local Control (Blocking)
• the balancing, grouping and blocking
of experimental units that are
employed in the adopted design
EXPERIMNETAL DESIGNS
Experimental Designs
❑ concerned with cause and effect
relationships
❑ utilizes the principle “method of difference”
❑ extraneous variables are part of the study
limitations
❑ extraneous variables are labelled “threats”
to internal or external validities
METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
❑ by John Stuart Mill
❑ “If two situations are the same in all
respects except for one factor, and the
outcomes are different, then the difference
in outcomes can be attributed to that one
differing factor.”
Experimental Designs
❑ concerned with cause and effect
relationships
❑ utilizes the principle “method of difference”
❑ extraneous variables are part of the study
limitations
❑ extraneous variables are labelled “threats”
to internal or external validities
WHAT IS VALIDITY IN RESEARCH?
❑ Validity refers to the accuracy and
trustworthiness of your research findings.
❑ Does your research measure what it
claims to measure?
❑ And can your conclusions be trusted?
TWO MAIN TYPES OF VALIDITY
1) Internal Validity
❑ cause and effect relationship
❑ Are you sure that the changes in your
dependent variable were caused by the
independent variable, and not by other
factors?
TWO MAIN TYPES OF VALIDITY
2) External Validity
❑ generalizability
❑ Can your findings be applied to other
people, settings, times, or conditions
outside your study?
Experimental Designs
❑ concerned with cause and effect
relationships
❑ utilizes the principle “method of difference”
❑ extraneous variables are part of the study
limitations
❑ extraneous variables are labelled “threats”
to internal or external validities
Threats to Internal Validity
1) Selection Bias
❑ subjects or respondents of the study
are not randomly selected
2) Maturation
❑ experiment is conducted beyond a
longer period of time during which
most of the subjects undergo physical,
emotional, and/or psychological
changes
Threats to Internal Validity
3) History
❑ unusual event affects the result of an
experiment
4) Instrumentation Change
❑ instrument used in gathering data
must not be changed or replaced
during the conduct of the study
Threats to Internal Validity
5) Mortality
❑ one or more subjects die, drop out, or
transfer
6) Testing
❑ occurs when a pretest is given to
subjects who have knowledge of the
baseline data
Threats to External Validity
1) Experimenter Effect
❑ characteristics of the researcher affect
the behavior of the subjects or
respondents
Threats to External Validity
2) Hawthorne Effect
❑ occurs when the respondents or
subjects respond artificially to the
treatment because they know they are
being observed as part of the research
study
Threats to External Validity
3) Measurement Effect
❑ occurs when subjects have been
exposed to the treatment through
taking the pretest
TYPES OF EXPERIMNETAL
DESIGNS
Experimental Research Design
True Quasi-
Experimental Experimental
SUBTYPES OF TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
▪ No grouping, purely random assignment
of treatments.
▪ All experimental units (subjects) are
similar.
▪ Example: 9 identical plants get 3
different extracts, randomly assigned.
▪ Analogy: Like rolling a die to decide
what snack each student gets.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
“What is the effect of different types of
fertilizer on plant growth?”
▪ Design: You have 15 identical potted plants
and 3 types of fertilizer (A, B, and C).
▪ Purpose: Simple comparison when all plants
are assumed to be the same.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Plant / Pot Number Fertilizer Assigned
Pot 1 Fertilizer B
Pot 2 Fertilizer A
Pot 3 Fertilizer C
Pot 4 Fertilizer C
Pot 5 Fertilizer A
Pot 6 Fertilizer B
Pot 7 Fertilizer B
Pot 8 Fertilizer C
Pot 9 Fertilizer A
Pot 10 Fertilizer B
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD)
▪ Grouping (blocking) first, then random
assignment within blocks.
▪ Experimental units vary in one specific
way (like soil type).
▪ Example: You separate plants into “sandy
soil” and “loamy soil” groups. In each
group, you test all extracts.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD
“What is the effect of different types of
fertilizer on plant growth?”
▪ Design: You suspect sunlight exposure may
affect plant growth.
▪ Purpose: To control for sunlight as a
variable.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Block Plant / Pot Fertilizer
(sunlight) Number Assigned
Full Sun Pot 1 Fertilizer B
Pot 2 Fertilizer A
Pot 3 Fertilizer C
Partial Sun Pot 4 Fertilizer C
Pot 5 Fertilizer A
Pot 6 Fertilizer B
Shade Pot 7 Fertilizer B
Pot 8 Fertilizer C
Pot 9 Fertilizer A
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Factorial Design
▪ Tests two or more independent variables
at once to see interactions.
▪ You suspect multiple factors affect the
outcome, and you want to know if they
interact.
▪ Example: Extract type (A or B) and
watering level (low or high) = 4
treatment combinations.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Factorial Design
“What is the effect of different types of fertilizer
on plant growth?”
▪ Design: You test two independent variables:
▪ Fertilizer (A, B)
▪ Watering Level (Low, High).
▪ Purpose: To see both individual and interaction
effects of fertilizer and water
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Factorial Design
Title: Effect of Feed Type and Feeding
Frequency on Broiler Chicken Weight Gain
• IV1: Feed Type
• Soy-based
• Fishmeal-based
• IV2: Feeding Frequency
• Once a day
• Twice a day
• Design: 2 × 2 factorial = 4 treatment groups
• DV: Average weight gain after 30 days
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Latin Square Design
▪ Controls two unwanted sources of
variability (rows and columns).
▪ When two external factors might
influence the outcome.
▪ Example: To test extract on plant
growth, you control both plant position
and light direction.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Latin Square Design
“What is the effect of different types of
fertilizer on plant growth?”
▪ Design: You want to control for two
external variables: row location (sunlight)
and column location (wind exposure).
▪ Purpose: Controls two nuisance factors at
once.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Latin Square Design
“What is the effect of different types of fertilizer
on plant growth?”
▪ IV: Types of Fertilizer (A, B, C, D)
▪ Two (2) blocking variables:
▪ Sunlight exposure (full, partial, low,
shade)
▪ Soil type (loam, sand, clay, silt)
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design
▪ Two groups: one receives treatment, the
other doesn't. You measure before and
after.
▪ You want to see change over time and
compare it to a control.
▪ Example: Group A uses a learning app;
Group B doesn’t. Both take a pretest and
a posttest.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design
“What is the effect of different types of
fertilizer on plant growth?”
▪ You have two plant groups. Before applying
fertilizers, you measure their initial height.
▪ Group 1 gets Fertilizer A; Group 2 gets no
fertilizer (control).
▪ After 3 weeks, measure plant height again and
compare growth.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Posttest Only Control Group Design
▪ Same as before, but no pretest.
▪ Pretesting may affect the subject’s
behavior or performance (testing effect).
▪ Example: Two classes are taught
differently. Afterward, both take the same
exam, but no pretest was given.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Posttest Only Control Group Design
“What is the effect of different types of
fertilizer on plant growth?”
▪ Same as above, but you don’t measure before
applying the fertilizer.
▪ Group 1 gets Fertilizer A; Group 2 gets nothing.
▪ After 3 weeks, measure plant height.
▪ Used when the pretest might influence results or
isn't possible.
Types of Experimental Research Designs
Crossover Design
▪ All participants receive multiple
treatments, just in different orders.
▪ To reduce variability, since each
person/participants experiences all
treatments.
▪ Example: Pot 1 tries extract A then B.
Pot 2 tries B then A.