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Introduction To Operating System

The document discusses the evolution and functions of operating systems, highlighting key services such as process management, file system management, and networking. It also covers the transition from early systems to batch processing systems, emphasizing the efficiency gained through batch execution of jobs. Overall, it outlines the essential roles of operating systems in managing computer resources and facilitating user interactions.

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17 views18 pages

Introduction To Operating System

The document discusses the evolution and functions of operating systems, highlighting key services such as process management, file system management, and networking. It also covers the transition from early systems to batch processing systems, emphasizing the efficiency gained through batch execution of jobs. Overall, it outlines the essential roles of operating systems in managing computer resources and facilitating user interactions.

Uploaded by

kanhaiyathakurthakur755
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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OCU rd aap rane wre wa suistond opts Sua se popesul are SM oud apna BES rons pea woe setopusane ue sina osup ftp Surdeweu 0) sonny qn “xe ss 0 hata gy sates nue eon "S48 Divirad0 XN seeeeseeeeesvneeeeeaaa a [om : [ore system ter Hardware Input senses //~ Request Hardware /~ Inatetons ( OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES 1. Program Execution Output Service Response janipulation 3. File System Mt Processing Results| 1, Process Management in multiprocessing, (or process) ich manages the processes in such aw envi apptiaton( stem canbe! jnchudes user Programs swapping ete. _Aprocessisan activity thatnceds certain resour resources are CPU time, main memo tis important processes or users ttheresOUres instant of a program in execution, There are many p vram. The five major activities of an oper gee tani Net) jor activities of an operating system in n ™ 1m protection from ‘management are: cryption techniques t . of user and system processes OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES A MANAGER = 0 Resotyy » » » » Inmulliproces execution; these a means to concurrent. pro; use of CPU andl g process to keep information about the e the operating system uses the res the sch s functio sp track of what a process is d al any moment, ‘sand other director rosoft separates its yy contain subdite jon and deletion conudaty st streams of bits oF a series of laser pulses (in re} program, and usu dependent hardware interf 5, Secondary-Storage Management A computer system has several secondary storage and cache storage. But pri ory spaces 6, Networking sing svstem works asa neEWOFK FESONEEE manager when multiple ors potmbuted architecture distributed system Frowesors that do not share memory ipheral devices, ora clock 7 .e another through communication lines called. ae Ntwork design must consider routing and network iblems with network and security services provided by the operating system depends ona numiper ae developments inthis di ‘multiprogramming environment, the user visible functions of an termined by the needs and characteristics of the crating system is intended to support. For example, rogram developmentinan interactive environment calls and commands than the operating system ved for run time support of a dedicated real time application, «an operating system intended may have a different er job to access CPU time throughp state of executior Sey eT eye tsencntoaoning ma ef a IMAI ota Sa way ae etn comanen een og aust. Fee ruts They Momobik digital audio and video Meet stem hateoukdnay fouradinembededso" i cof ‘Thess how tas on nem ll presen the mee Be etn se cs myst a Iron system and ae rd psi and appears an exLENSION of Your rom eeRS saree anh sa "puter, yu cnt of 9 hers Srncweekal 4 ork Das te sarees of other computer, prone fundamental V6 the sey Foy 0p eases ty a the arecampaertd ed aunt Jal 1/0 deve e: Ite reso 7 emer har ong ase compl Fe FSOUEEES, Ome al the A esltasingoetatingsysteme ach as UND ae npn arta penton tint ther cur each EARLY SYSTEMS le-coupled 50 thita singe ‘evecuion threats, known as multi-hreading rely atoms were very Tange machines that were operates manually from the onsale Theuserso¥ erly system (generally progeammers) had to write the boot Sp pregram manually fom the consol or fom the punch cards, So during those ‘stems programmers to gotrough the complex operations evento perform sess as Hike as fo rss rite the tex data. For example, if the user wanted {ovata eramineomputersystom thon btone writingthe program the programmer Iuxlt tist lo the OS manually anal then a compiler program to execute Allee early systems were mainframe computers and there was not such as [hCormicracmpuater, The operating system during early systems was very simple ok a ora way ding in main memory (RAM), he a Tc operating sys was ess jab to another creme, the programs were writen from the beginning fo un ring Se Orit the same program was oe used ina sghy Seen mI ce pos ad to contol the CPU scheduling merony w/e on ion of programs in such environments is quite slow due to serial re ee pil sence eior program bonded fo eset the user program. The next step so Ton ad execute rear sorand to provide with thesource code ofthe user program, Farm ci ede, wer wed maple pssns9ge en sevtal Pegquire th sure code tobe reposition fr ean during each ante dette whe res mus he pts th Transfer the contol from one BATCH PROCESSING SYSTEMS ro avoid the problems of early systems the bateh processing systems were snaroduced. The problem carly systems as more setup time, So the problem cof more et UP me was esuced by processing the jobs in batches, own as tl ot esng sen is approach sina jobs were submit to he CPU for Processing and were fun together, The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep ‘exceuting the jobs ina batch, This s the important task a batch processing system Pe performed by the ‘Batch Monitor resided inthe low end of main memory ‘Thsteclnique was possible due to the invention of hard-disk drives anlar reader. Now the jobs could be stored on the disk to create the pool of jobs for i ‘recution as a batch, First the pooled jabs are ead and executed by the bat ‘monitor, and then these jobs are grouped; placing the identical js (jobs with th Similar needs) inthe same batch, So, in the batch processing system, the batche js were executed automatically one ater another saving its tine by pertormin theactvities ike loading of compiler) only for once. Rests in improved ste lblization due to reduced turn around time ert » Motherboard Support: A motherboard capable of handling, multiple processors This means additional sockets or slots forthe extra chips and @ chipset capable of handling the multiprocessing rangement, : | Fig. 1.8 Multiprocessing System vy Processor Suppert processors those ace capable of being Used in 3 multiprocessing system she whole task of multiprocessing is managed by the operating system, pichaloates different asks tobe performed by the various processors in th system Applications designe forthe use in multiprocessing are said tobe threaded which means that they are broken into smaller routines that can be ru vadependently. Thisallows the operating system to let these threads runton mor than one processor simultaneously, which is multiprocessing that results i improved performance. Multiprocessor system supports the processes to fun in parallel, Paral processing is the ability ofthe CPU to simultaneously process incoming bs. Th ‘becomes most important in computer system, asthe CPU divides and congue inks. Generally the parallel processing s used inthe fields like artifical intelligen and expert system, image processing, weather forecasting etc : coma sang ritboateneck Tee tet Pr utiproessor OFS Th. multprosescr syste the {9 aultiprogessor sate the 38 ‘anus prosensrsmay ease there sures cmt tha ean Be four dockins nae pvesteacesothe SOU ACL i ehing temo pte hse The Pion ects ore oriented oor mle Pos USNS tse yee era te parlomance fm Thy {Entrcind wot a uingacingteeavcNG ME cry formset eke agtno weve! PON sharing altogether Shared dats: The proceso (with ne oF oherence protocol: Even in mo “nifcantimpston the syste Pt nr ecenteees Tals sharing: This formof contention arises when unrelated data ems ws ty deren procersorsare located next teach offer inthe memory and therefor, aaeeegelecahe ne. The fst of false sharing the sume as tat of ela SRN bouncing ofthe cache fine among several processors, Fortunately, once darn ale sharing can be easily eliminated by setting the memory yout ‘of non-shared data “Apart fom liming botlenecksin thesystm a multproessor operating, ys tes lope shoul provide support or efeeny ranning user applications se Ntnuproseaur Some ofthe aspects of such support incase mechaniss fo Ek peer ond migration ars procesors phys memory placement insuring race ike memory pages used by an application ar located in the focal memory, nd sealable multiprocessor synchronization primitives PARALLEL SYSTEMS Parle pocesing systems are designed tospeed up the execution of rograns by alvin the program ino multiple Fragments an processing these Fragments ‘such systems ate alti all systems eal wit hes parca include a single computer with multiple procs a number ste ea by a retvork form a parallel pressing Lister compan 28 elon fel npg we eps ese ts Tam copa Se sr aetssstems are more ficult program tan computer sith axing Pa he crf parmesan coring ts ple CPUs moat corn and sachet tal ca ng provera memory ode ach poy es poping mode hc madlax ll compuen lessees poses Sty nyshroous procnoycach with fe mn memo a Se Wh cst among pean Sack one te ‘model ams, THES are snl instruction st single data stream (SISD), AF single instruction steam, multiple data steam (SIMD) dy Mulkple instruction stream, single data steam (MISD) ji Malle instruction steam, muliple data stream (MIMD), ‘theabove classification of parallel computing system is Focused in terms of 0 independent factors: the number of data streams that can be simultaneously Fosse andthe rumber finan seams lan be sian proces Foe intrction steamy’ see mean an algorithm that instructs the computer what foo whereas ‘data steam’ ((e. input to an algorithm) we mean the data that are ‘ring operated upon. Even though Fly has classified the comput systems into four types based on paalelisy but only to of them are relevant to parallel computers These ar SIMD and MIMD computers. epee > froma ental sto a Ment stoops sto cpu eer WSK wt shown below * t Fig. 15M Computer TIRID computers are consisting of processing units ach with it Oy ean struction and each processing unit operate on unt OPEEtES On, rae data MIMD is the most powerful computer syster that cove, ferent piece The block diagram of MIMD computer he range of mullprocessor system shown below (a ST Ree er ] | een eg | ee creat | HY | | an Mt a —— | Fig, 40 MIMD Computer “The SIMD systems are easier to program because it deals with single thre bfexecution. On the hand, the MIMD machines are more efficient because you can ttlze the full machine power, ‘parallel computer rag parallel OPES cul erat ee eainly For computation ream aaate Sastre a to exec bth Sata rere apg pe ai ee apleations nie andes AMMEN applications arise and demand yyy Tey the most used on paral rns are the most wed on paral cmpute appt should Beale to proces arg amet 4 snart jpclude graphics, vptcations i fs, virtual real hee SP eine diagnosisand soon, Wecan say sth doubt hat commercial rll define future paalel computers anhet . era ss en rw rane fecmesafuden eens an w to be able to use a variable num een na le mumter ot prem we 8 bat sient APSE nen mie peter cops a ae ladistributed system is a set of indepen aise um tolinependen computa Fe Sepa octet the ieinividual computers tothe users. MIMD crnptes and worktte seme a parallel system usesasel of processing unis tosoea single preble Tetmbuted system is used by many users together ee <2) Review Questions 1. Deine Operating Systom, How a user can interact wit operating stan? 2. Expain ferent types of services provided by operating system, | Datne operating system. What are the various components olan OS? Oscus in the series provided by each component.

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