Chapter 2

First Patterns: Nouns (-a) and Verbs (-āre)

Introduction

In Chapter 1, you learned the sounds of Latin, the crucial concept of inflection, and the verb

sum. Now, in Chapter 2, we build upon that foundation by exploring the first regular patterns

for nouns and verbs: the First Declension (nouns typically ending in -a) and the First

Conjugation (verbs ending in -āre). Understanding these predictable patterns is crucial to

unlocking a significant portion of the Latin vocabulary and grammar. You will learn how noun

endings signal core functions like Subject (Nominative) and Direct Object (Accusative), and

how verb endings show who acts. This chapter culminates in constructing and understanding

basic Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentences.

Chapter Goals: By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

• Identify First Declension nouns and find their stem using the Genitive case.

• Decline First Declension nouns, recognising the forms and functions of the Nominative

(Subject) and Accusative (Direct Object) cases.

• Understand verb conjugation and the role of Principal Parts.

• Identify First Conjugation verbs and find their present stem.

• Conjugate First Conjugation verbs in the Present Active Indicative tense.

• Apply the rule of subject-verb agreement.

• Form, translate, and analyse basic Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentences.

• Learn common First Declension nouns and First Conjugation verbs.

Nouns (Nom/Acc/Gen)

Lesson 2.1: Understanding Declension

Recall from Chapter 1 that Latin nouns inflect (change their endings) to show their

grammatical job or Case. A Declension is a family of nouns that follows the same specific

pattern of case endings. Latin has five main declensions. Learning these patterns allows you to

understand the function of countless nouns. We begin with the First Declension.

Lesson 2.2: The First Declension Noun Pattern (-a, -ae)

Nouns belonging to the First Declension typically share these features:

1. The Nominative Singular form (the basic dictionary form) usually ends in -a.

2. The Genitive Singular form (showing possession, like 'of the...') always ends in -ae.

This -ae ending is the key identifier for the First Declension.

3. Most first-declension nouns are feminine (gender). Common exceptions like nauta

(sailor), poēta (poet), and agricola (farmer) are masculine.

Lesson 2.3: Finding the Noun Stem

The stem is the core part of the noun to which case endings are added.

• Rule: To find the stem, remove the -ae ending from the Genitive Singular form.

• Example: lingua (language - Nom Sg), linguae (of the language - Gen Sg).

o Stem = lingu-

• Example: nauta (sailor - Nom Sg), nautae (of the sailor - Gen Sg).

o Stem = naut-
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Dictionary entries provide the Nominative Singular and Genitive Singular (e.g., porta, portae,

f.), giving you the information needed to find the stem and confirm it's First Declension.

Lesson 2.4: First Declension Endings (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive)

Let's focus on the forms for the Subject (Nominative), Direct Object (Accusative), and the

identifying Genitive case.

Table 2.1: 1st Declension - Key Case Endings (Case order: Nom, Acc, Gen)

Case Singular Ending Plural Ending Function Review

Nominative -[a] -[ae] Subject; Predicate Nom.

Accusative -[am] -[ās] Direct Object

Genitive -[ae] -[ārum] Possession ('of...')

Export to Sheets

Applying endings to the stem lingu- (language):

• Nom Sg: lingu[a]

• Acc Sg: lingu[am]

• Gen Sg: lingu[ae]

• Nom Pl: lingu[ae]

• Acc Pl: lingu[ās]

• Gen Pl: lingu[ārum]

Note the brackets [] highlighting the case endings.

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Vocabulary Focus 7.1

(Dictionary Entry: Nom. Sg., Gen. Sg., Gender - Meaning | Derivative | Example using Ch 1

Grammar)

Nouns (1st Declension)

25. aqua, aquae (f.) - water | Derivative: aquatic, aquarium | Aqua est vīta.

26. fortūna, fortūnae (f.) - fortune, luck | Derivative: fortunate | Fortūna est memoria.

27. īnsula, īnsulae (f.) - island | Derivative: insulate, peninsula | Īnsula est terra.

28. lingua, linguae (f.) - tongue; language | Derivative: linguistic | Lingua est

philosophia.

29. littera, litterae (f..) - letter (of alphabet); Plural: letter (epistle), literature |

Derivative: literal, literature | Littera est..

30. memoria, memoriae (f..) - memory | Derivative: memorial | Memoria est vīta.

31. puella, puellae (f.) - girl | Derivative: (rare) puellarity | Puella est fēmina.

32. vīta, vītae (f.) - life | Derivative: vital | Vīta est fortūna.

Exercise 7.1: Stem Identification Find the stem for each noun from its Genitive Singular:

1. memoria, memoriae -> Stem: ______

2. īnsula, īnsulae -> Stem: ______

3. aqua, aquae -> Stem: ______

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Exercise 7.2: Declining Nouns (Nom/Acc) Provide the Nominative Singular, Accusative

Singular, Nominative Plural, and Accusative Plural for:

1. lingua, linguae (language)

2. fortūna, fortūnae (fortune)

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Day 8 (Week 2, Day 2): First Declension Nouns (Full Paradigm)

Lesson 2.5: First Declension – Dative and Ablative Cases

Now we complete the declension pattern by adding the Dative and Ablative cases. While their

detailed functions will be explored later, recognize their forms now.

• Dative Case: Often marks the Indirect Object (the person/thing indirectly affected,

often translated with 'to' or 'for').

• Ablative Case: A versatile case used with many prepositions and indicating means,

manner, place, etc. (often translated with 'by', 'with', 'from', 'in', 'on').

Lesson 2.6: The Complete First Declension Paradigm

This table shows all case endings for the First Declension. Memorize this pattern. The cases

are presented in an order grouping Subject (Nom) / Object (Acc), then Possessive (Gen), then

other functions (Dat/Abl).

Table 2.2: Full First Declension Paradigm (Example: porta, portae, f. - gate) (Stem: port-)

(Case Order: N-A-G-D-A)

Case Singular Translation (Example) Plural Translation (Example)

Nominative port[a] the gate (subj.) port[ae] the gates (subj.)

Accusative port[am] the gate (obj.) port[ās] the gates (obj.)

Genitive port[ae] of the gate port[ārum] of the gates

Dative port[ae] to/for the gate port[īs] to/for the gates

Ablative port[ā] by/with/from the gate port[īs] by/with/from the gates

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 • Pattern Recognition Notes:

o The forms for Genitive Singular, Dative Singular, and Nominative Plural (-ae)

are identical. Function depends on context.

o The forms for Dative Plural and Ablative Plural (-īs) are identical. Function

depends on context.

o The macron (long mark) distinguishes Ablative Singular (-ā) from Nominative

Singular (-a).

Vocabulary Focus 8.1

Nouns (1st Declension)

33. patria, patriae (f.) - fatherland, country | Derivative: patriot | Italia est patria.

34. pecūnia, pecūniae (f.) - money | Derivative: pecuniary | Pecūnia nōn est fortūna.

35. philosophia, philosophiae (f.) - philosophy | Derivative: philosophy | Philosophia

est vīta.

36. poena, poenae (f..) - penalty, punishment | Derivative: penal, subpoena | Poena

est.

37. porta, portae (f.) - gate | Derivative: portal, porch | Porta est.

38. terra, terrae (f.) - earth, land | Derivative: territory | Terra est īnsula.

39. via, viae (f..) - road, way | Derivative: via | Via est terra.

40. victōria, victōriae (f.) - victory | Derivative: victory, victorious | Victōria est

fortūna.

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Exercise 8.1: Full Declension Practice Decline the following nouns fully in singular and

plural, labeling each case in the N-A-G-D-A order. Use Table 2.2 as a model.

1. aqua, aquae, f. (water)

2. poena, poenae, f. (penalty)

Exercise 8.2: Case Form Identification For the noun porta, portae, identify the case(s) each

form could represent in the N-A-G-D-A order:

1. portae -> ______, ______, ______

2. portam -> ______

3. portā -> ______

4. portīs -> ______, ______

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Day 9 (Week 2, Day 3): Introduction to Conjugation; 1st

Conjugation Verbs (-āre)

Lesson 2.7: Understanding Conjugation & Principal Parts

Similar to noun declensions, verbs fall into families called Conjugations, based on shared

patterns of endings. Latin has four main conjugations.

The key to conjugating (listing all the forms of) any verb lies in its Principal Parts. These are

four standard forms provided in dictionaries, from which all other verb forms are built.

• The Four Principal Parts:

1. First Person Singular, Present Active Indicative: ('I [verb]') - Example: amō

(I love). Base present form.

2. Present Active Infinitive: ('to [verb]') - Example: amāre (to love). Identifies

the Conjugation and yields the Present Stem.

3. First Person Singular, Perfect Active Indicative: ('I have [verbed]') -

Example: amāvī (I have loved). Yields the Perfect Stem (for past actions).

4. Perfect Passive Participle: ('having been [verbed]') - Example: amātus (having

been loved). Used for passive voice forms.

We begin with the First Conjugation.

Lesson 2.8: The First Conjugation (-āre Verbs)

Verbs of the First Conjugation are easily identified by:

1. The Present Active Infinitive (2nd Principal Part) ending in -āre.

2. The Present Stem ending in the vowel -ā.

The Present Stem is the base for forming the Present, Imperfect, and Future tenses (in the

Active Voice).

• Rule: Remove the -re ending from the Present Active Infinitive (2nd Principal Part).

• Example: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus - to praise

o Infinitive: laudāre. Remove -re -> Present Stem = laudā-

• Example: parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare

o Infinitive: parāre. Remove -re -> Present Stem = parā-

Lesson 2.10: First Conjugation: Present Active Indicative

This tense describes actions happening now ('I praise, you praise', etc.). Form it by adding the

Active Personal Endings to the Present Stem.

• Active Personal Endings: -[ō] or -[m] (I), -[s] (you sg), -[t] (he/she/it), -[mus]

(we), -[tis] (you pl), -[nt] (they).

Table 2.3: 1st Conjugation, Present Active Indicative (Example: parō, parāre - to prepare)

(Present Stem: parā-)

Person & Number Stem + Ending Latin Form Translation

1st Sg parā- + -ō par[ō] I prepare

2nd Sg parā- + -s parā[s] You (sg) prepare

3rd Sg parā- + -t parā[t] He/She/It prepares

1st Pl parā- + -mus parā[mus] We prepare

2nd Pl parā- + -tis parā[tis] You (pl) prepare

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3rd Pl parā- + -nt para[nt] They prepare

• Note: The stem vowel -ā- merges with the -ō ending in the 1st Person Singular (parō).

Vocabulary Focus 9.1

(Learn these verbs. Dictionary Entry: 1st Pr Pt, 2nd Pr Pt, 3rd Pr Pt, 4th Pr Pt - Meaning |

Derivative | Example)

Verbs (1st Conjugation)

41. amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus - to love | Derivative: amiable, amorous | Amō. (I

love.)

42. dō, dare, dedī, datus - to give | Derivative: donate, data | Dō. (I give.) (Note:

Present follows 1st Conj; other parts irregular)

43. laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus - to praise | Derivative: laud, applaud | Laudō.

(I praise.)

44. nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus - to sail | Derivative: navigate, navy |

Nāvigō. (I sail.)

45. occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus - to seize, capture | Derivative: occupy,

occupation | Occupō. (I seize.)

46. parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare, get ready | Derivative: prepare,

apparatus | Parō. (I prepare.)

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 47. portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus - to carry | Derivative: portable, transport |

Portō. (I carry.)

Exercise 9.1: Principal Parts & Stems For the verb portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus (to

carry):

1. Identify the 1st Principal Part (1st Pers Sg Pres Act Indic).

2. Identify the 2nd Principal Part (Pres Act Infinitive).

3. Determine the Present Stem.

Exercise 9.2: Conjugation Practice Write the full Present Active Indicative conjugation for

laudō, laudāre (to praise), including translations. Use Table 2.3 as a model.

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Day 10 (Week 2, Day 4): Subject-Verb Agreement; Basic SVO

Sentences

Lesson 2.11: Subject-Verb Agreement

A core principle of sentence structure:

• Rule: The Verb must match its Subject in both Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and Number

(Singular, Plural).

• Examples:

o Ego (I - 1st Sg) requires a 1st Sg verb: Ego amō. (I love.)

o Puella (Girl - 3rd Sg subject) requires a 3rd Sg verb: Puella amat. (The girl

loves.)

o Nautae (Sailors - 3rd Pl subject) requires a 3rd Pl verb: Nautae amant. (The

sailors love.)

o Nos (We - 1st Pl) requires a 1st Pl verb: Nos amāmus. (We love.)

Always determine the Person and Number of your Subject, then choose the verb form with the

corresponding ending.

Lesson 2.12: Forming Basic SVO Sentences

We can now create sentences with a Subject (Nominative), an action Verb (1st Conjugation,

Present Active), and a Direct Object (Accusative, 1st Declension).

• Structure: Subject (Nom) + Direct Object (Acc) + Verb (Agrees with Subject)

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 o Note: While Latin word order is flexible, putting the verb last (SOV) is very

common. SVO is also frequent and often clearer for learners. We will practice

both but often use SVO initially.

• Example (SVO): Puella (Nom Sg) + rosam (Acc Sg) + amat (3rd Sg).

o Puella rosam amat. -> The girl loves the rose.

• Example (SOV): Nauta (Nom Sg) + aquam (Acc Sg) + portat (3rd Sg).

o Nauta aquam portat. -> The sailor carries water.

• Example (SVO): Fēminae (Nom Pl) + patriam (Acc Sg) + laudant (3rd Pl).

o Fēminae patriam laudant. -> The women praise the fatherland.

The case endings make the meaning clear, even if the word order changes (e.g., Patriam

fēminae laudant still means 'The women praise the fatherland').

Vocabulary Focus 10.1

Verbs (1st Conjugation)

48. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus - to fight | Derivative: pugnacious, impugn |

Pugnō. (I fight.)

49. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātus - to look at, watch | Derivative: spectator, inspect

| Spectō. (I watch.)

50. vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus - to call | Derivative: vocal, vocation | Vocō. (I call.)

• Nouns (1st Declension - Review/Context)

o Rōma, Rōmae (f.) - Rome | Poēta Rōmam amat. (The poet loves Rome.)

o poena, poenae (f.) - penalty | Rēgīna poenam parat. (The queen prepares the

penalty.)

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Exercise 10.1: Subject-Verb Agreement Choose the verb form that correctly agrees with the

subject.

1. Agricola terram ____. (parat / parant)

2. Puellae fortūnam ____. (laudat / laudant)

3. Ego vītam ____. (amō / amat)

4. Vos pecūniam ____. (dāmus / datis) (Vos = You pl.)

5. Nauta Rōmam ____. (spectās / spectat)

Exercise 10.2: Basic SVO Translation (Latin -> English) Translate these simple SVO

sentences.

1. Nauta aquam portat.

2. Puella īnsulam amat.

3. Fēminae Rōmam laudant.

4. Poēta pecūniam dat.

5. Agricolae victoriam spectant. (agricolae = Nom Pl)

Reading 2.1: Agricola et Nauta (The Farmer and the Sailor)

Read aloud and translate.

Agricola terram amat. Agricola aquam portat et terram parat. Nauta īnsulam spectat. Nauta

Rōmam amat et laudat. Fēmina pecūniam dat. Puella fortūnam laudat. Nautae pugnant? Nōn

pugnant. Nautae nāvigant.

Comprehension 2.1: Answer based on Reading 2.1.

1. What does the farmer love?

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2. What does the farmer carry?

3. What does the sailor watch?

4. Do the sailors fight?

5. What action do the sailors perform instead of fighting?

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Day 11 (Week 2, Day 5): Translation Practice (SVO); Parsing

Lesson 2.13: Practising SVO Translation

Translate actively between Latin and English to solidify your grasp of forms and structure.

When translating to Latin, remember to choose the correct case endings (Nom for Subject, Acc

for Direct Object) and the correct verb ending for agreement.

Lesson 2.14: Introduction to Parsing

Parsing means analysing each word in a sentence grammatically. This proves you understand

its form and function. Use this standard format:

• Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives: Give Declension (e.g., 1st), Case (e.g., Nom), Number

(e.g., Sg), Gender (e.g., Fem). State function (e.g., Subject).

• Verbs: Give Conjugation (e.g., 1st), Person (e.g., 3rd), Number (e.g., Sg), Tense

(e.g., Pres), Voice (e.g., Act), Mood (e.g., Indic).

• Example: Nauta puellam amat.

o Nauta: 1st Decl Noun, Nom, Sg, Masc (Subject)

o puellam: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Fem (Direct Object)

o amat: 1st Conj Verb, 3rd Pers, Sg, Pres, Act, Indic

(Currently, known elements are: 1st Decl; Nom/Acc Case; Sg/Pl Number; Fem/Masc Gender;

1st Conj; 1st/2nd/3rd Person; Pres Tense; Act Voice; Indic Mood.)

Vocabulary Focus 11.1

Nouns (1st Declension)

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 51. poena, poenae (f.) - penalty, punishment | Derivative: penal | Poenam parō. (I

prepare the penalty.)

52. porta, portae (f.) - gate | Derivative: portal | Portam spectō. (I watch the gate.)

53. prōvincia, prōvinciae (f.) - province | Derivative: province, provincial |

Prōvinciam amāmus. (We love the province.)

54. pugna, pugnae (f.) - fight, battle | Derivative: pugnacious | Pugnam parant. (They

prepare for battle.)

55. Rōma, Rōmae (f.) - Rome | Derivative: Romance | Rōmam laudō. (I praise Rome.)

56. sententia, sententiae (f..) - opinion, feeling, motto | Derivative: sentence, sentient

| Sententiam dat. (He/She gives an opinion.)

57. schola, scholae (f..) - school | Derivative: scholar | Scholam spectāmus. (We watch

the school.)

58. Silva, silvae (f.) - forest, woods | Derivative: sylvan | Silvam amātis. (You [pl] love

the forest.)

Exercise 11.1: Translation Practice (English -> Latin) Use vocabulary from Weeks 1 & 2.

Construct SVO sentences.

1. The poet praises Rome.

2. We carry the money.

3. They watch the girls. (puellās = Acc Pl)

4. You (sg) love the fatherland.

5. I prepare the penalty.

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Exercise 11.2: Parsing Practice Parse each word fully using the format from Lesson 2.14.

1. Agricola portam occupat. (occupat = 3rd Sg Pres Act Indic of occupō)

2. Nautae prōvinciam amant. (Nautae = Nom Pl)

Reading 2.2: In Prōvinciā (In the Province)

Read aloud and translate.

Rōmam amāmus et laudāmus. Rōma est patria. Spectāmus prōvinciam. Agricola prōvinciam

amat et parat. Fēminae aquam portant; puellae silvam spectant. Nauta pecūniam dat. Poēta

sententiam vocat. (vocat = calls out) Schola est vīta. Pugnam paramus? Nōn pugnam parāmus;

victōriam parāmus.

Comprehension 2.2: Answer based on Reading 2.2.

1. Do "we" love and praise Rome?

2. What does the farmer love and prepare?

3. What do the women carry? What do the girls watch?

4. What does the poet call out?

5. Are "we" preparing for battle or victory?

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Day 12 (Week 2, Day 6): Review & Consolidation

Review Checklist & Self-Assessment:

• Can you confidently identify the stem of a 1st Declension noun from its dictionary

entry?

• Can you write out the full declension of a 1st Declension noun using the N-A-G-D-A

order?

• Can you identify the Nominative and Accusative forms and state their primary

functions?

• Can you list the 4 Principal Parts of a verb? What information does the 2nd Principal

Part provide?

• Can you derive the Present Stem of a 1st Conjugation verb?

• Can you conjugate any 1st Conjugation verb in the Present Active Indicative?

• Can you explain Subject-Verb agreement and apply it?

• Can you translate simple SVO sentences between Latin and English?

• Can you parse nouns and verbs according to the learned categories?

Exercise 12.1: Mixed Review Drill

1. Decline patria, patriae in the Plural (all cases, N-A-G-D-A order).

2. Give the 1st Person Plural, Present Active Indicative form of parō, parāre.

3. Give the 3rd Person Singular, Present Active Indicative form of amō, amāre.

4. Translate to Latin: "The poets seize the gates." (portās = Acc Pl)

5. Parse the word nautam in: Puella nautam vocat. (nautam = Acc Sg)

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Activity 12.1: Create Summary Charts Solidify your knowledge by creating personal, clear

charts for:

1. First Declension Paradigm (NAGDA Order): Show all endings clearly.

2. First Conjugation (Pres Act Indic): Include stem finding and all forms. Review these

alongside your Chapter 1 charts.

Reading 2.3: Vīta et Pugna (Life and Battle)

Read aloud, translate, and parse as instructed.

Amāmus vītam. Vīta est patria et philosophia. Agricola terram parat. Nauta portat aquam et

pecūniam. Puella laudat Rōmam, sed (but) poēta laudat prōvinciam. Spectāmus pugnam.

Pugnam nōn amāmus. Vocāmus victōriam. Fortūna victōriam dat? Fortūna est caeca. (caeca

= blind) Dea (goddess) victōriam parat.

Comprehension & Parsing 2.3:

1. Do "we" love life?

2. What does the sailor carry?

3. Who praises Rome? Who praises the province?

4. Do "we" love the battle? What do "we" call for?

5. Does fortune give victory according to the text? Who does prepare victory?

6. Parse fully: Agricola terram parat.

7. Parse fully: Vocāmus victōriam.

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Conclusion of Chapter 2

You have now successfully learned the essential patterns of the First Declension and the

Present Active Indicative of the First Conjugation. You are equipped to handle many common

nouns and verbs, identify subjects and direct objects by their case endings, ensure verbs agree

with subjects, and translate basic SVO sentences. This analytical skill is central to Latin study.

In Chapter 3, we will introduce the Second Declension, expanding your noun vocabulary

significantly, and delve deeper into the functions of the Genitive, Dative, and Ablative cases.

Keep up the excellent, methodical work!

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Chapter 2 Exercise Answers

Exercise 7.1: Stem Identification

1. memori-

2. īnsul-

3. aqu-

Exercise 7.2: Declining Nouns (Nom/Acc)

1. lingua: Nom Sg: lingua, Acc Sg: linguam, Nom Pl: linguae, Acc Pl: linguās

2. fortūna: Nom Sg: fortūna, Acc Sg: fortūnam, Nom Pl: fortūnae, Acc Pl: fortūnās

Exercise 8.1: Full Declension Practice

1. aqua, aquae, f. (NAGDA Order)

| Case | Singular | Plural

Nom | aqua | aquae

Acc | aquam | aquās

Gen | aquae | aquārum

Dat | aquae | aquīs

Abl | aquā | aquīs

2. poena, poenae, f. (NAGDA Order)

| Case | Singular | Plural | |

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 Nom | poena | poenae | |

Acc | poenam | poenās | |

Gen | poenae | poenārum | |

Dat | poenae | poenīs | |

Abl | poenā | poenīs |

Exercise 8.2: Case Form Identification

1. portae -> Nominative Plural, Genitive Singular, Dative Singular

2. portam -> Accusative Singular

3. portā -> Ablative Singular

4. portīs -> Dative Plural, Ablative Plural

Exercise 9.1: Principal Parts & Stems

1. portō

2. portāre

3. portā-

Exercise 9.2: Conjugation Practice (laudō, laudāre)

Person & Number Latin Form Translation

1st Sg laudō I praise

2nd Sg laudās You (sg) praise

3rd Sg laudat He/She/It praises

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1st Pl laudāmus We praise

2nd Pl laudātis You (pl) praise

3rd Pl laudant They praise

Exercise 10.1: Subject-Verb Agreement

1. parat (Subject Agricola is 3rd Sg)

2. laudant (Subject Puellae is 3rd Pl)

3. amō (Subject Ego is 1st Sg)

4. datis (Subject Vos is 2nd Pl)

5. spectat (Subject Nauta is 3rd Sg)

Exercise 10.2: Basic SVO Translation (Latin -> English)

1. The sailor carries water.

2. The girl loves the island.

3. The women praise Rome.

4. The poet gives money.

5. The farmers watch the victory.

Comprehension 2.1:

1. The farmer loves the land (terram).

2. The farmer carries water (aquam).

3. The sailor watches the island (īnsulam).

4. No. (Nōn pugnant.)

5. They sail (nāvigant).

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Exercise 11.1: Translation Practice (English -> Latin)

1. Poēta Rōmam laudat. (or Rōmam poēta laudat.)

2. Pecūniam portāmus. (Nos optional)

3. Puellās spectant. (Ei/Illi optional)

4. Patriam amās. (Tu optional)

5. Poenam parō. (Ego optional)

Exercise 11.2: Parsing Practice

1. Agricola portam occupat.

o Agricola: 1st Decl Noun, Nom, Sg, Masc (Subject)

o portam: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Fem (Direct Object)

o occupat: 1st Conj Verb, 3rd Pers, Sg, Pres, Act, Indic

2. Nautae prōvinciam amant.

o Nautae: 1st Decl Noun, Nom, Pl, Masc (Subject)

o prōvinciam: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Fem (Direct Object)

o amant: 1st Conj Verb, 3rd Pers, Pl, Pres, Act, Indic

Comprehension 2.2:

1. Yes. (Rōmam amāmus et laudāmus.)

2. The farmer loves and prepares the province (prōvinciam).

3. The women carry water (aquam). The girls watch the forest (silvam).

4. The poet calls out an opinion/motto (sententiam).

5. They are preparing for victory (victōriam parāmus).

Exercise 12.1: Mixed Review Drill

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 1. patria, patriae, Plural (NAGDA): Nom: patriae, Acc: patriās, Gen: patriārum, Dat:

patriīs, Abl: patriīs.

2. parāmus

3. amat

4. Poētae portās occupant. (or Portās poētae occupant. etc.)

5. nautam: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Masc (Direct Object)

Activity 12.1: Create Summary Charts (Self-directed activity for student consolidation.)

Comprehension & Parsing 2.3:

1. Yes. (Amāmus vītam.)

2. Water and money. (portat aquam et pecūniam.)

3. The girl praises Rome (Puella laudat Rōmam); the poet praises the province (poēta

laudat prōvinciam).

4. No (Pugnam nōn amāmus); they call for victory (Vocāmus victōriam).

5. No, fortune is blind (Fortūna victōriam dat? Fortūna est caeca.); a goddess prepares

victory (Dea victōriam parat.).

6. Agricola terram parat.

o Agricola: 1st Decl Noun, Nom, Sg, Masc (Subject)

o terram: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Fem (Direct Object)

o parat: 1st Conj Verb, 3rd Pers, Sg, Pres, Act, Indic

7. Vocāmus victōriam.

o Vocāmus: 1st Conj Verb, 1st Pers, Pl, Pres, Act, Indic

o victōriam: 1st Decl Noun, Acc, Sg, Fem (Direct Object)

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