Sixth Term Examination Papers 9475

MATHEMATICS 3 Morning
Thursday 21 June 2018 Time: 3 hours
 




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39

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Section A: Pure Mathematics

1 (i) The function f is given by

1 1
f(β) = β − − 2 (β = 0) .
β β
Find the stationary point of the curve y = f(β) and sketch the curve.
Sketch also the curve y = g(β) , where
3 1
g(β) = β + − (β = 0) .
β β2

(ii) Let u and v be the roots of the equation

x2 + αx + β = 0 ,
1 1 1
where β = 0 . Obtain expressions in terms of α and β for u + v + and + + uv .
uv u v

1 1 1
(iii) Given that u + v + = −1 , and that u and v are real, show that + + uv  −1 .
uv u v

1
(iv) Given instead that u + v + = 3 , and that u and v are real, find the greatest value
uv
1 1
of + + uv .
u v

2 The sequence of functions y0 , y1 , y2 , . . . is defined by y0 = 1 and, for n  1 ,

1 dn z
yn = (−1)n ,
z dxn
2
where z = e−x .
dyn
(i) Show that = 2xyn − yn+1 for n  1 .
dx

(ii) Prove by induction that, for n  1 ,

yn+1 = 2xyn − 2nyn−1 .

Deduce that, for n  1 ,

2

yn+1 − y n y n+2 = 2n yn2 − y n−1 y n+1 ) + 2yn2 .

(iii) Hence show that yn2 − y n−1 y n+1 > 0 for n  1 .

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3 Show that the second-order differential equation

x2 y  + (1 − 2p)x y  + (p2 − q 2 ) y = f(x) ,

where p and q are constants, can be written in the form

 
xa xb (xc y) = f(x) , (∗)

where a, b and c are constants.

(i) Use (∗) to derive the general solution of the equation

x2 y  + (1 − 2p)xy  + (p2 − q 2 )y = 0

in the different cases that arise according to the values of p and q.

(ii) Use (∗) to derive the general solution of the equation

x2 y  + (1 − 2p)xy  + p2 y = xn

in the different cases that arise according to the values of p and n.

4 The point P (a sec θ, b tan θ) lies on the hyperbola

x2 y 2
− 2 = 1,
a2 b
where a > b > 0 . Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at P can be
written as
bx − ay sin θ = ab cos θ .
x y x y
(i) This tangent meets the lines = and = − at S and T , respectively.
a b a b
How is the mid-point of ST related to P ?

(ii) The point Q(a sec φ, b tan φ) also lies on the hyperbola and the tangents to the hyper-
bola at P and Q are perpendicular. These two tangents intersect at (x, y).
Obtain expressions for x2 and y 2 in terms of a, θ and φ.
Hence, or otherwise, show that x2 + y 2 = a2 − b2 .

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5 The real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . are all positive. For each positive integer n, An and Gn are
defined by
a1 + a2 + · · · + an  1/n
An = and Gn = a 1 a 2 · · · a n .
n

(i) Show that, for any given positive integer k,

(k + 1)(Ak+1 − Gk+1 )  k(Ak − Gk )

if and only if
λk+1
k − (k + 1)λk + k  0 ,
  1
ak+1 k+1
where λk = .
Gk

(ii) Let
f(x) = xk+1 − (k + 1)x + k ,
where x > 0 and k is a positive integer. Show that f(x)  0 and that f(x) = 0 if and
only if x = 1 .

(iii) Deduce that:

(a) An  Gn for all n;

(b) if An = Gn for some n, then a1 = a2 = · · · = an .

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6 (i) The distinct points A, Q and C lie on a straight line in the Argand diagram, and
q−a
represent the distinct complex numbers a, q and c, respectively. Show that is
c−a
real and hence that (c − a)(q ∗ − a∗ ) = (c∗ − a∗ )(q − a) .
Given that aa∗ = cc∗ = 1, show further that

q + acq ∗ = a + c .

(ii) The distinct points A, B, C and D lie, in anticlockwise order, on the circle of unit
radius with centre at the origin (so that, for example, aa∗ = 1). The lines AC and BD
meet at Q. Show that
(ac − bd)q ∗ = (a + c) − (b + d) ,
where b and d are complex numbers represented by the points B and D respectively,
and show further that

(ac − bd)(q + q ∗ ) = (a − b)(1 + cd) + (c − d)(1 + ab) .

(iii) The lines AB and CD meet at P , which represents the complex number p. Given
that p is real, show that p(1 + ab) = a + b . Given further that ac − bd = 0 , show that

p(q + q ∗ ) = 2 .

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7 (i) Use De Moivre’s theorem to show that, if sin θ = 0 , then
(cot θ + i)2n+1 − (cot θ − i)2n+1 sin (2n + 1) θ
= ,
2i sin2n+1 θ
for any positive integer n.
Deduce that the solutions of the equation
   
2n + 1 n 2n + 1 n−1
x − x + · · · + (−1)n = 0
1 3
are  
2 mπ
x = cot
2n + 1
where m = 1, 2, . . . , n .

(ii) Hence show that

n
  
2 mπ n (2n − 1)
cot = .
2n + 1 3
m=1

(iii) Given that 0 < sin θ < θ < tan θ for 0 < θ < 12 π, show that
1
cot2 θ < < 1 + cot2 θ.
θ2
Hence show that
∞
 1 π2
= .
m2 6
m=1

8 In this question, you should ignore issues of convergence.

(i) Let
 1
f(x−1 )
I= dx ,
0 1+x
where f(x) is a function for which the integral exists.
Show that
∞ 
 n+1
f(y)
I= dy
y(1 + y)
n=1 n
and deduce that, if f(x) = f(x + 1) for all x, then
 1
f(x)
I= dx .
0 1 +x

(ii) The fractional part, {x}, of a real number x is defined to be x − x where x is the
largest integer less than or equal to x. For example {3.2} = 0.2 and {3} = 0 .
Use the result of part (i) to evaluate
 1  1
{x−1 } {2x−1 }
dx and dx .
0 1+x 0 1+x

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Section B: Mechanics

9 A particle P of mass m is projected with speed u0 along a smooth horizontal floor directly
towards a wall. It collides with a particle Q of mass km which is moving directly away from
the wall with speed v0 . In the subsequent motion, Q collides alternately with the wall and
with P . The coefficient of restitution between Q and P is e, and the coefficient of restitution
between Q and the wall is 1.
Let un and vn be the velocities of P and Q, respectively, towards the wall after the nth
collision between P and Q.

(i) Show that, for n  2,

(1 + k)un − (1 − k)(1 + e)un−1 + e(1 + k)un−2 = 0 . (∗)

1 1
(ii) You are now given that e = 2and k = 34 , and that the solution of (∗) is of the form
 7 n  n
un = A 10 + B 57 (n  0) ,

where A and B are independent of n. Find expressions for A and B in terms of u0

and v0 .
Show that, if 0 < 6u0 < v0 , then un will be negative for large n.

10 A uniform disc with centre O and radius a is suspended from a point A on its circumference,
so that it can swing freely about a horizontal axis L through A. The plane of the disc is
perpendicular to L. A particle P is attached to a point on the circumference of the disc.
The mass of the disc is M and the mass of the particle is m.
In equilibrium, the disc hangs with OP horizontal, and the angle between AO and the
downward vertical through A is β. Find sin β in terms of M and m and show that

AP 2M
= .
a M +m

The disc is rotated about L and then released. At later time t, the angle between OP and
the horizontal is θ; when P is higher than O, θ is positive and when P is lower than O, θ is
negative. Show that
2
1
2 I θ̇ + (1 − sin β)ma2 θ̇2 + (m + M )ga cos β (1 − cos θ)

is constant during the motion, where I is the moment of inertia of the disc about L.
Given that m = 23 M and that I = 32 M a2 , show that the period of small oscillations is

3a
3π .
5g

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11 A particle is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length b. The other end of
the string is attached to a fixed point O. Initially the particle hangs vertically below O. The
particle then receives a horizontal impulse.
The particle moves in a circular arc with the string taut until the acute angle between the
string and the upward vertical is α, at which time it becomes slack. Express V , the speed of
the particle when the string becomes slack, in terms of b, g and α.
Show that the string becomes taut again a time T later, where

gT = 4V sin α ,

and that just before this time the trajectory of the particle makes an angle β with the
horizontal where tan β = 3 tan α .
When the string becomes taut, the momentum of the particle in the direction of the string
is destroyed. Show that the particle comes instantaneously to rest at this time if and only if
√
2 1+ 3
sin α = .
4

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Section C: Probability and Statistics

12 A random process generates, independently, n numbers each of which is drawn from a uniform
(rectangular) distribution on the interval 0 to 1. The random variable Yk is defined to be
the kth smallest number (so there are k − 1 smaller numbers).

(i) Show that, for 0  y  1 ,

n  

 n m
P Yk  y) = y (1 − y)n−m . (∗)
m
m=k

(ii) Show that    

n n−1
m =n
m m−1
 
n
and obtain a similar expression for (n − m) .
m
Starting from (∗), show that the probability density function of Yk is
 
n − 1 k−1
n y (1 − y)n−k .
k−1
 1
Deduce an expression for y k−1 (1 − y)n−k dy .
0

(iii) Find E(Yk ) in terms of n and k.

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13 The random variable X takes only non-negative integer values and has probability generating
function G(t). Show that
1 
P(X = 0 or 2 or 4 or 6 . . .) = G (1) + G (−1) .
2

You are now given that X has a Poisson distribution with mean λ. Show that

G(t) = e−λ(1−t) .

(i) The random variable Y is defined by

⎧
⎨kP(X = r) if r = 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . ,
P(Y = r) =
⎩0 otherwise,

where k is an appropriate constant.

cosh λt
Show that the probability generating function of Y is .
cosh λ
Deduce that E(Y ) < λ for λ > 0 .

(ii) The random variable Z is defined by

⎧
⎨cP(X = r) if r = 0, 4, 8, 12, . . . ,
P(Z = r) =
⎩0 otherwise,

where c is an appropriate constant.

Is E(Z) < λ for all positive values of λ ?

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