Scientist Discovery / Year Classification Key Specifics for SSC MTS
Theory
John Dalton Atomic Theory 1808 Atomic Atoms are indivisible and
Structure indestructible particles.
J.J. Electron / Plum 1897 Atomic Discovered the first subatomic
Thomson Pudding Model Structure particle (electron) using
cathode rays.
Ernest Nucleus / 1911 Atomic Gold foil experiment; found that
Rutherford Planetary Model Structure most of an atom's mass is in a
tiny nucleus.
Niels Bohr Bohr Model 1913 Atomic Electrons revolve in fixed
Structure 'stationary' orbits or energy
levels.
James Neutron 1932 Atomic Discovered the neutral
Chadwick Structure subatomic particle located in
the nucleus.
Antoine Law of 1789 Chemical Laws Known as the 'Father of Modern
Lavoisier Conservation of Chemistry'; mass is constant in
Mass chemical reactions.
Joseph Law of Definite 1799 Chemical Laws Elements in a compound are
Proust Proportions always present in definite
proportions by mass.
Johann Law of Triads 1829 Periodic Table Grouped elements in threes; the
Döbereiner middle element's mass is the
average of the other two.
John Law of Octaves 1864 Periodic Table Arranged elements by atomic
Newlands mass; every 8th element had
similar properties.
Dmitri First Periodic 1869 Periodic Table Arranged elements by atomic
Mendeleev Table mass; left gaps for
undiscovered elements.
Henry Modern Periodic 1913 Periodic Table Arranged the table by atomic
Moseley Law number; basis for the Modern
Periodic Table.
Robert Boyle Boyle’s Law 1662 Gas Laws Pressure (P) is inversely
proportional to Volume (V) at
constant temperature.
Jacques Charles’s Law 1787 Gas Laws Volume (V) is directly
Charles proportional to Temperature (T)
at constant pressure.
Amedeo Avogadro’s Law 1811 Gas Laws Equal volumes of gases contain
Avogadro an equal number of molecules
(6.022×10^23).
Svante Arrhenius Theory 1884 Acids & Bases Acids give H+ ions; Bases give
Arrhenius OH- ions when dissolved in
water.
S.P.L. pH Scale 1909 Acids & Bases Introduced the scale to measure
Sørensen the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution.
Michael Laws of 1833 Electrochemistry Defined the relationship
Faraday Electrolysis between electricity and the
amount of substance liberated.
Linus Nature of 1931 Bonding
Pauling Chemical Bond Explained electronegativity and
how atoms share/exchange
electrons to form bonds.
1. Common Chemicals: Names, Formulas & Uses
Common Name Chemical Name Formula Key Use
Baking Soda Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO ) Cooking, antacid, fire
extinguishers
Washing Soda Sodium Carbonate (Na CO ·10H O)Removing water hardness
Bleaching Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl ) Disinfectant, bleaching
Powder clothes
Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulphate (CaSO ·1/2H O) Bone casts, making statues
Hemihydrate
Gypsum Calcium Sulphate (CaSO ·2H O) Used to make cement
Dihydrate
Dry Ice Solid Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Refrigerant, food
preservation
Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide (N O) Anaesthetic
Quicklime Calcium Oxide (CaO) Manufacture of cement and
glass
Slaked Lime Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) White-washing, sewage
treatment
2. Metals, Non-Metals & Alloys Reactivity Series: Understanding which
metals are highly reactive (like Sodium, stored in kerosene) and which
are noble (like Gold and Platinum).Properties: Specific terms like
Ductility (drawing into wires) and Malleability (beating into sheets). Gold
is the most ductile [Link]: Important mixtures like Brass (Copper
+ Zinc), Bronze (Copper + Tin), and Stainless Steel (Iron + Carbon +
Chromium).Corrosion Prevention: Galvanization (coating iron with Zinc)
is a common exam topic.
3. Acids, Bases & Indicators Natural Acids: Citric acid (Lemons),
Tartaric acid (Tamarind), Formic acid (Ant stings), and Ethanoic acid
(Vinegar).pH Scale: Range 0-14; pH < 7 is acidic, pH > 7 is basic, and
pH = 7 is neutral (pure water).Indicators: Litmus paper (Blue turns Red
in acid; Red turns Blue in base), Phenolphthalein, and Methyl Orange.
4. Chemistry in Everyday Life Fuels: Composition of LPG (Butane and
Propane), Biogas (primarily Methane), and CNG (Methane).Cleansing
Agents: Difference between Soaps (Sodium/Potassium salts of fatty
acids) and Detergents. Saponification is the process of making
[Link]: Basics of Natural Rubber, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride),
and Teflon (used in non-stick cookware).Environment: Causes of Acid
Rain (\(SO_{2}\) and \(NO_{x}\)) and the impact of Greenhouse Gases
(\(CO_{2}\), Methane).
5. Important Chemical Processes Haber’s Process: Industrial
synthesis of [Link]: Heating natural rubber with
Sulphur to make it [Link] & Reduction: Loss and gain of
electrons (redox reactions).States of Matter: Concepts of Sublimation
(solid to gas directly, e.g., Camphor/Naphthalene) and Diffusion.
Creating a public link...
Quick Tips for SSC MTS 2025: Father of Chemistry: Antoine
[Link] Particles: Remember the order of discovery
(Electron \(\rightarrow \) Proton \(\rightarrow \) Neutron).Periodic Table
Basis: Mendeleev used Mass, but the Modern Table (Moseley) uses
Atomic [Link] Values: Pure water = 7, Acid < 7, Base > 7.
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