Relational Database
Management System
ORACLE
Course Structure
Lesson Lesson Description
Lesson 1 Introduction to Database Management Systems
Lesson 2 Data Models
Lesson 3 Object based Logical Model – The ER Model
Lesson 4 Record based Logical Model – The Relational Model
Lesson 5 Best Practices of Logical DB Design
Lesson 6 Normalization
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Introduction to
Database Management
Systems
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Objectives
In this session, you will learn :
▪ Fundamentals of data processing.
▪ Data Processing Models
▪ Traditional Method of Data Storage
▪ Problems associated with Traditional Approach
▪ Database Management Systems
▪ Types of Databases
▪ Detailed System Architecture of a database
▪ Users of a DBMS
▪ Advantages of a DBMS
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Data Processing
▪ Data Processing in an enterprise would consists of activities like:
➢ Data Collection
➢ Recording
➢ Sorting
➢ Classifying
➢ Calculating
➢ Retrieving
➢ Summarizing
➢ Communicating
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Data Processing Models
▪ Batch processing:
Transactions are collected in a group & processed together
▪ On-line (interactive) processing:
Transactions are processed as & when they appear
▪ Real-time processing:
It is a parallel time relationship with on-going activity & the information
produced is useful in controlling the current or dynamic activity
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Traditional Method of
Data Storage
Loan_Processing Fixed_Deposit_Processing Transaction_Processing
(Application Program) (Application Program) (Application Program)
File System
Customer_Details.dat Customer_Transaction.dat
Customer_Loan.dat
Customer_Fixed_Deposit.dat
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Ways of Storing data in files
customer data
4176 Aniruddha Sarkar SBU1
4181 Manoj Saha SBU1
4183 Moushumi Dharchoudhury SBU1
4203 Suryanarayana D.V.S.S. SBU1
4204 Vivek Rai SBU1
Predefined length
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Problems:
Traditional Approach
▪ Data Redundancy
▪ Data Inconsistency
▪ Difficulty in Accessing data
▪ Data Isolation
▪ Data Integrity
▪ Atomicity Problem
▪ Concurrent Access anomalies
▪ Security Problems
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Database
Management Systems
▪ A database is a collection of logically related data
▪ Data means known facts, which are meaningful and can be recorded
▪ For example:
Address
Book
Hard Disk
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Database
Management Systems
▪ Database Management Systems (DBMS) is the software required to
perform the task of maintaining databases
▪ Management of data involves:
➢ Defining structures for data storage
➢ Providing methods for data manipulation, such as adding, editing,
and deleting data
➢ Providing data security against unauthorized access
▪ The main objectives of any DBMS are to:
➢ Provide an efficient and easy way to store, update, and retrieve
data from a database
➢ Manage information about users who interact with the DBMS, and
the tasks that these users can perform on the data
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Database
Management Systems
▪ Working of DBMS
User system to
extract information
from the database
Request for Retrieved data
data returned as a result
DBMS
Database
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Where does the DBMS fit in?
▪ Position of DBMS
Loan_Processing Fixed_Deposit_Processing Transaction_Processing
(Application Program) (Application Program) (Application Program)
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SERVICE (DBMS)
File System
Customer_Loan
Customer_Details Customer_Transaction
Customer_Fixed_Deposit
Bank Database
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Difference Between File
and DBMS Operations
File system Interface DBMS Interface
End User End User
Application Program Application Program
Interface through Query (SQL)
Interface through high level language SELECT * FROM Customer_Details
READ CUSTOMER_DETAILS-FILE
AT END STOP RUN
DBMS
Operating System Operating System
(Disk Manager, File Manager) (Disk Manager, File Manager)
Customer_Details file Customer_Details table
Customer_Loan file Customer_Loan table
File System (Disk Storage) Database(Disk Storage)
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Types of Databases
Telecom Line, LAN Tokyo
Or
Direct Line
Workstation
ATM
Database server
ATM Network
Chicago
Server
Database Server
Database Server Database Server
Melbourne
ATM
Workstation
Workstation
ATM Distributed Database
Centralized Database
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Three-layer Architecture
External View / Level External External External
(Individual User View) Schema A Schema B Schema C
Conceptual View / Level Conceptual Schema
(Common User View)
Internal View / Level
(Storage View) Internal Schema
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Detailed System Architecture
Mike Graham Jack Justin External View B
External View A
(User) (User) (User) (User)
External External View B
External View A
Schemas
Schemas & mappings
built & maintained by
External / conceptual mapping
the DBA
DBMS
Conceptual view
Conceptual Schema Conceptual view
Conceptual / Internal mapping
Database Administrator
(DBA) Storage
Structure
Definition
(Internal
Schema)
Database ( Internal view)
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Users of a DBMS
▪ Database Administrator (DBA)
➢ Managing information contents
➢ Liaison with users
➢ Enforcing security and integrity rules
➢ Strategizing backup & recovery
➢ Monitoring performance
▪ Database designers
▪ Application programmers
▪ End users
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Advantages of a DBMS
▪ Data independence
▪ Reduction in data redundancy
▪ Better security
▪ Better flexibility
▪ Effective data sharing
▪ Enforces integrity constraints
▪ Enables backup and recovery
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