BASIC MATHEMATICS
ClagoiA coion of Numbe Factos Theoe m
Paime No.: Let p) be o poly. ond a fR Such 4hat
Natuval no- having exacthy koo divieo,ie.,p(c)=o then (x-e) 13 a factor of
one and no 49eIf Conversely, # ka) is a factor of p(*)
Twin Poime No.: the pa)+0
Pime no- having dif =2 Remaindey Theoem
Composie No. Let px) be a poly. and afR. T plx) is
Natal no having tteast 4hoee dlistot dlivided by (x-a) ,then ern ainder pa)
divilo. Dividend= Divigorx uottet + Rematnder
Co-poime No: Indices
Tuoo natural no. having HCE=4. 1> o°=,(ao)
Rationol No: 27 Cao)
The no ohih can be wiHen in he
Pl woheae P,q Z and qu+o and HCF(P,)t.
In deimod e. they ae ei ther teaminatHog (m,nfR, ato)
o* non-tesminaing but epecting.
Tsoational No.: 6> a a
No ohich cannot be nep. in pl Pom. Dedmal
non-4eminating anod non- epe otiny. Io tecd domain, Ja-s6 fob, only ohen a,b7o
Divisibility Tect Surd
>2: The ligit at unit place io divisibleby I a£R and nt+ guchYadicol
that a' ia iwtimd
osder of n
3: The sum of digit i9 diviaible by 3.
s ; The last tuwo digits 40gehes aoe Ratio and PooportHon
It anod b ae tuwo quenttes of 9ome kind
divisible by 4
the aio 1s a:b,ie,
: Unit place is S 0ro. b:a =L
6: The no. is divisible by both 2 & a:b
Double the last olígit ond swbtoact i+ Let a,b, c,d EN to Compare acb & l
rom the emaining o. a:b c: cd >be
ad be
L8: The last thee digits togethe 0e a:b<cd if aod <bo
diviai ble by8. = ad:be
Ls a: The Sum of digits Y divisi ble by a
L0: Upit place i9 0. ce
bof..
b : The ditf blw 9um of digits at c
a e = k (say), then a= bk, c=lk
eN en places, and odd places i
divisible by n'oÝ =0
HCF (GCo) andd LCM
HCF (a,b) × LCM a,b) = axb Then c= dk,
b ek dk
LOM of fracion9= LeM of numeratos
HE of denominotors
bto
HCF of foachjons = HOP of oumeMtos
LOM of denominctos hen = (Invertendo)
L Equivalent 9et:
b Tuoo Anito 9ee whose cardinal no.
then ah (-o (Oividendo) Eaual Set
Tuoo seto are equal if evey element
of one Get is element of other eet.
@+o (Componendo and 5 UniveGOl Set:
b a -b C-d Dividendo)
Aset hat contains l sets in a qiven
factoiaton And Tdenities Context.
Suboets (Get Incusion):
(a-)+4aJo veNY element of
In tuwo eets AandB. if
Lo-)'= a²- 2a0+bt AiS element of B,he Ais Bubeet of B,ie
AcB.
Pouer Set:
of all Suwbs ets oe
for a set 9, the fumils
Sis pouw e of set s.
No. of elements in pouer 9et i9 2.
Ls (a-b)= a-b-3a (a-b) |lo Proper Subee:
ACB, Aia subset of out A#B.
No. of proper subset = 2"-1
|Operaion On Sets Ui,2,,4,5,6,7,2,4,10y
-(a+b)(oa-ab+b) Union of sels:
=a-b) a+ab+ b') AvG=,2,3,4,5,7,8,9
L (o+b+): a'+bce +a(ob+be +tcol) |s Intensection of sets:
A00 ={2,3,7, 43
| Disioint Seto:
TF + 0 hen (a+b+cy' a+be' wnen A0B=
|> Dife of seto:
A-B= ,s?
=a³+b+c? +3 (u+b)(b+c) (c+a) G-A =(4,8
La+b'+c?-3abe =(a+b+)(asb'-ab- bo- ca) Symmeic dift of two sed:
AAB =(A-B)u(6-A) {4,5,83
= AUB- A0B = ¬1,4,5,85
If a+b+c 0 4hen a+bc=3abe
O L Complement o set
O I a+b+c-odo- be- ca0 hen A/A/ = 0-A
asb=c and otb+c3abe
Types of Sets (Ave)$= Ane
L> Nulleet: (ane)= Ave
`e! heving no elements . Aka void/empy segome Results To Be Remembeeo
Oenoted by Symbol os t3. > n(Avo) =n(A) +n(e)-n(A0B)
Gingteton Set 2n(Ave) = n(e)+ n(o)
Set consieting of single elemet: > A,B 0e diejoint non void sets.
a n(A-B) n()-n (A06)
A set which is Moid O elemets can be n(AAe) No. of elements in exacty fA or 8
1i16ed og counteol.
Cardinal nooder of Anite set 1s no. =n (A-8)+n(B-a)
of elemete in it Denoteod by n (A) = n(A)+nte)-an(An0)
Ls InAnite Set:
listeol)counteol
n(Avevc)= n(A)+n(e)+nc)-nAne) -n(enc)
ef uohos e elements cant be -n(Anc) +o (A0e0c)
No of elements in exac y tuoo 8ets A,o,C)Modwus
Eq: 1313
n(AnB)+n (30c) + n(coA)-3n(An60c)
one
- -X, x o
=n(A) +n(e) +ntc)- an(ane) -an(enc)- an(anc) Propesties of Modulus
+3n (An8nc)
= n (Ane)
nane)- n(Ave)'
Cartesian Pooduc +t of Sets
A= (,25
Equality holds when yD
6= fa,o.
Ax= {0,a),(.5).(0.),Ga,o) (2,b),(,e Equality holds ohen xyso
GxA= {a,), (a,a),(6.).(6.2)(¢.),c,3
n(AF2
n(e3
n(Axe) =n(A) xn(e)
TheosenS on Catesian Procducts of Sets
hee eelsA,6,c
L> Ax (eo) =(Axen(Axc)
2 fos any tree sets A,B,C
Ax (B-c) =(AxB) - (Axc)
|37 TÆ A and B oe tuwo non- empty sets, then
A IÆ ACB, then
AxA e (Axe) o(exA)
S I AcB, then
Ax& S eHc fo any setC.
Te A ce,CSDthen
AxCBXD
7 fo any sets A,0,C,D
(Axe)n (cxo) =(An)x (600)
s> for any thaee sets A, 6,0
Ax (e'o) =(Axe)o(A xe)
Ax(soc)- (Axe) u(A xc)
4 Let A ond B tuoo non- empty efements
having n lemets in ommon, then
AxB on BxA have n elemnents in conmmo
Au = A GLows of Uion
AvU=U
A0g= YLaws of Trtersecion
AOU=A