LESSON 1: ELEMENTS OF THE STORY LESSON 2: ACRONYM, ABBREVIATION, FILLER, AND

CONTRACTION
A character in a story is any person, animal, or
Acronymy or acronym is forming a pronounceable word
even an imaginary creature that takes part in the
by combining or putting together the first or few letters of
action.
a word. One purpose for using an acronym is to speed up
The setting is the time and place where the story communication.
happens. Ex: DOH – Department of Health
Conflict is the central problem or struggle that the Abbreviation is a shortened form usually by cutting or
characters face. clipping the word.

The theme is the underlying message or big idea Ex: Engr. - Engineer
of a story. Filler may happen when the speaker pauses or needs a
little time to think of appropriate word to say or if he or
Point of view (POV) is the perspective from which
she has ran out of words to say.
the story is told.
Ex: uhm, so
The plot is the sequence of events in a story.
Contraction is shortened form of a word or a group of
words is used, and the letter or word cut is replaced by an
apostrophe.
Ex: I’m – I am
LESSON 2: VOCAL PROJECTION LESSON 3: SENSORY IMAGES

Voice projection covers speaking clearly and loudly without Sensory images used in a selection to paint a picture- a
having to yell or scream. picture that the writer wants his readers to see and imagine,
to feel, to taste, to hear, and to smell.
Liza Braithwaite’s Tips On Vocal Projection
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or
Relax - Make sure to do the inhale-exhale exercise a few
pronoun.
minutes before you begin to recite or speak in class.
Example:
Open Your Mouth - The way you pronounce your words is
going to be affected if you do not open your mouth well. I like old houses.

Get Your Posture Right - Stand straight and check your A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different
posture. things using the words "like" or "as."

Focus On Your Voice - Speak with strength without yelling or Example:

screaming.
Her smile was as bright as the sun.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two

unlike things without using the words "like" or "as."

Example:

The classroom was a zoo.

LESSON 1: PARTS OF THE PLOT LESSON 2: PITCH
Exposition: The beginning, where we meet Pitch is the highness or lowness of the voice. The
characters and learn the setting. pitch of the voice rises or falls during an utterance.
Rising Action: Events that build suspense and lead Why Pitch is Important?
to the climax. 1.
5. It Shows Emotions
Climax: The most exciting or turning point of the 6.
2. It Helps Us Ask Questions
story. 7.
3. It Adds Meaning and Clarity
8.
4. It Prevents Boring Speech
Falling Action: Events after the climax, leading to
the resolution.
Resolution: The ending, where conflicts are
resolved.
LESSON 4: LITERARY DEVICES Personification - giving things or animals human
Literary Devices qualities or characteristics.

Literary devices are tools used by writers in literature Example: The wind whispered through the trees.
to make their work more artistic, and to help the Apostrophe - addressing an absent person or
readers understand and appreciate their work better. something as if present.
Simile is a figure of speech that compares two Example:
different things using the words "like" or "as."
Oh, sun, why must you shine so bright today?
Example: Her smile was as bright as the sun.
Irony - the use of words that are the exact opposite
Metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares of what is meant.
two unlike things without using the words "like" or
Example: A fire station burns down.
"as."
Paradox - a statement that may seem silly but carries
Example: The classroom was a zoo
some truth upon analysis.
Hyperbole - an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of
Example: The louder you are, the less people listen.
emphasis.
Oxymoron - two opposite ideas are joined to create
Example: I am so hungry 1 can eat a horse.
an effect.
Example: A peaceful chaos.
Name: _____________________ Grade 7 – St. Monica 6. The leaves danced gracefully in the wind.
A. Apostrophe
Activity no. 6: Which Figure Speaks? B. Personification
Directions: Identify the figure of speech used in each sentence. Encircle the letter of
C. Irony
the correct answer.
D. Hyperbole

1. The homework stared at me all night, daring me to finish it. 7. “Oh, sun, why do you hide behind the clouds today?”
A. Hyperbole A. Apostrophe
B. Personification
B. Hyperbole
C. Irony
D. Oxymoron C. Irony
D. Paradox
2. Oh, Time, why must you fly so quickly when I need more of you?
A. Apostrophe 8. I expected a boring movie, but it turned out to be amazing!
B. Paradox A. Oxymoron
C. Irony B. Irony
D. Hyperbole
C. Personification
3. She’s seriously funny when she tries to explain science topics! D. Hyperbole
A. Hyperbole
9. She described the dish as “seriously funny” in taste.
B. Oxymoron
C. Irony A. Paradox
D. Paradox B. Oxymoron
C. Irony
4. The firefighter’s house burned down while he was out saving others. D. Personification
A. Irony
B. Hyperbole 10. Her bag has thousands of books inside!
C. Personification
A. Hyperbole
D. Apostrophe
B. Irony
5. The only constant in life is change. C. Paradox
A. Oxymoron D. Oxymoron
B. Hyperbole
C. Paradox
D. Personification
 LESSON 1: Conflicts Presented in Literary Selection
p Conflict is a literary element in literature that involves
a struggle by a character in the story. Usually, the
3. Man vs. Society
two opposing sources are the protagonist (hero) and
the antagonist (villain). This is a conflict that involves a group. For example, a
protagonist wanted to be an artist, but everyone
around him kept saying he should become a doctor
TYPES OF CONFLICT instead. No one believed in his dream, so he struggled
to prove himself.
1. Man vs. Man
This is a conflict that involves two opposing sources.
It can be the main character being opposed by 4. Man vs. Nature or Environment
another character in the story-protagonist vs.
This is a conflict where the protagonist or any
antagonist.
character faces a struggle with nature, such as
2. Man vs. Himself disasters.
This is a conflict of man with himself. For example,
the protagonist is trying to decide whether to choose
good over evil.
LESSON 1: Figurative language and Literal language LESSON 1: Verbal and Non-Verbal Cues
Writers use various techniques to engage readers. Cues are signals or prompts that people use to send a
Figurative language sparks imagination by conveying message across. Cues can be verbal or non-verbal.
meanings beyond the written words, while literal
A verbal cue is a signal that is said or spoken.
language provides clarity and exactness.
Examples:
1. Saying “Hello”
Examples:
2. Saying “Thank you”
1. Literal: It was raining hard outside; therefore, we
3. Saying “I’m sorry”
cannot leave yet.
A non-verbal cue is a signal that is not spoken. It is a
Figurative: It is raining cats and dogs; therefore, we
cue which a speaker makes through gestures, body
cannot leave yet.
language, tone, and others in giving his or her
2. Literal: I need help. message.
Figurative: I need a hand. Examples:
1. Smiling
2. Nodding
3. Waving hand
 LESSON 2: Noun Phrase and Appositive Phrase
LESSON 2: Features of Poems and Short Stories
A noun phrase is a word or group of words that
Distinct Features of Short Stories
functions as a noun in a sentence.
1. A short story can be read in one sitting.
It can act as:
2. A short story has a single focus or action.
 Subject (who/what the sentence is about)
3. A short story has a few characters.
 Object (receiving the action of the verb or
4. A short story often has a surprise ending. preposition)
5. A short story usually ends at or soon after climax. Examples of Noun Phrases:
 The noisy classroom made the teacher upset.
Distinct Features of Poems  She wants a new bicycle for her birthday.
1. Poetry is written in lines or verses.  My little brother is watching TV.
2. Poetry has rhythm and may contain rhyme.  I borrowed a science book from the library.
3. Poetry uses figurative language.  The colorful flowers bloomed in the garden.
LESSON 2: Noun Phrase and Appositive Phrase

An appositive phrase is a noun with its words that

explains or gives more details about another noun.
Examples of Appositive Phrases:
 My best friend, a kind girl, helped me with
homework.
 We visited Baguio, the summer capital of the
Philippines.
 Jose Rizal, our national hero, wrote many
poems.
 That boy, the class president, is very
responsible.
 My dog, a playful puppy, loves to run around.
LESSON 1: Tone, Mood, and Purpose LESSON 1: Tone, Mood, and Purpose

Tone Purpose
The feeling or the attitude of the speaker toward a It is the objective of the speaker relaying the message
speaker. Some adjectives to describe a tone are joyful, to the listeners. The usual objectives include to
amusing, angry, serious and similar others. inform, to entertain, to convince, and to actuate.
Other examples of tone: uneasy, emotional, loving,
sincere, undecided, angry, amused, funny, amused,
To inform – The speaker gives facts, details, or
unhappy, understanding, playful, factual, cruel.
explanations to help the audience understand
something.
Mood To entertain – The speaker aims to amuse, make the
It is the feeling or emotion that the reader feels while audience laugh, or provide enjoyment.
reading or listening to the text. To convince – The speaker tries to change the
Other examples of mood: hopeless, stressed, audience’s beliefs or make them agree with an idea.
peaceful, festive, lonely, restless, reflective, frustrated, To actuate – The speaker encourages the audience to
calm, frightening, sentimental, romantic. take action or do something specific.
LESSON 2: Types of Sentences LESSON 2: Types of Sentences
Simple Sentence Complex Sentence
A simple sentence has one subject (who or what the A complex sentence has one main idea and one
sentence is about) and one predicate (what the dependent idea (a clause that cannot stand alone).
subject does). It expresses one complete idea. Examples:
Examples:
 I went home because I was tired.
 The dog barked loudly.
 When the bell rang, the students ran outside.
 Anna reads every night.

Compound-Complex Sentence
Compound Sentence
A compound-complex sentence has two or more main
A compound sentence has two simple sentences ideas and at least one dependent idea.
joined by FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Examples:
Examples:
 I cleaned my room because it was messy, and I
 I wanted to play, but it started to rain. listened to music.
 She studied hard, and she passed the test.  She cooked dinner while I set the table, and we
ate together afterward.
LESSON 3: Collocations LESSON 3: Collocations

is a group or combination of words that go together.

They sound right when used together in English.
For example, the phrase, make your bed, is not to be
changed to do your bed. We are also used to saying
and hearing phrase, set the table and make the table
and not make or do the table. In collocation, the
nouns are routinely combined with a particular noun
or verb.
Examples of Collocations:
 transact a business
 give a ring
 take a risk
 feel free
 open an account
 take an exam
 close a deal
 a quick shower
 burst into tears
 keep the change
LESSON 1: PAST TENSE LESSON 1: PAST TENSE

Past tense is used to express an action that already Regular Verbs

happened in the past. Regular verbs form their past tense by adding –d or –
Time signals for past tense ed.

 yesterday
 last night
 this morning
 last week
 last month
 last year

Example Sentences: Sample Sentences

I studied last night.  I walked to school yesterday.

 She studied for the quiz last night.
She cooked yesterday.
 They cried during the movie.
LESSON 1: PAST TENSE LESSON 2: WRITING A PERSONAL LETTER

Irregular Verbs Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs DO NOT follow the –d or –ed rule. You Irregular verbs DO NOT follow the –d or –ed rule. You
must memorize their past forms. must memorize their past forms.

Sample Sentences Sample Sentences

 I ate two servings of dessert.  I ate two servings of dessert.

 He ran fast during the game.  He ran fast during the game.

 The teacher taught a new lesson this morning.  The teacher taught a new lesson this morning.
LESSON 4: Logical Connectors LESSON 4: Logical Connectors
Words or phrases used to connect two ideas are
called logical connectors.
Importance of Using Logical Connectors
Logical connectors are similar to transitional devices.
1. Shows Clear Relationships: Logical connectors help
Sequential connectors introduce order or sequence, link ideas.
both logically and chronologically.
2. Improves Coherence: They make writing or
Sequential connectors are usually placed at the speaking flow smoothly, so readers or listeners can
beginning of a sentence to introduce order. However, easily follow your ideas.
they can also be positioned to continue a thought or
3. Organizes Information: Connectors help structure
at the end to conclude an idea.
your sentences and paragraphs in a logical order.
4. Enhances Understanding: They make your message
clearer, helping others understand the steps, reasons,
or comparisons you are presenting.
5. Makes Writing More Professional: Using
connectors demonstrates good writing skills and
attention to detail.