TRUE / FALSE / NOTGIVEN

The Thames Tunnel was a tunnel built under the River Thames in London. It was
the first subaqueous tunnel ever built, and many people were so amazed that
they exaggerated their description of it, calling it the Eight Wonder of the World at
the time it was opened. It was opened in 1843 to pedestrians only and people
came from far and wide to see the marvel. The day it was first opened, it
attracted five thousand people to enter the tunnel and walk its length of almost
400 metres. The Thames Tunnel was used by people from all classes. Most
working class people used it for its functional use of crossing from one side of the
river to the other as they went to work each day, while for the middle classes and
upper classes, it was a tourist experience. In the age of sail and horse-drawn
coaches, people voyaged a long way to visit the tunnel, but this was not enough
to make the tunnel a financial success. It had cost over £500,000 to complete
which in those days was a considerable amount of money. However, even
though it attracted about 2 million people each year, each person only paid a
penny to use it. The aim had been for the tunnel to be used by wheeled
vehicles to transport cargo so that it could bring in a profit. But this failed and
the tunnel eventually became nothing more than a tourist attraction selling
souvenirs and a subaqueous pathway connecting either side of the river
walkway. However, in
1865, the tunnel became part of the London Underground railway system
which continues to be its use today.

1. The Thames Tunnel was the first tunnel ever built under a river. true.

2. The Thames Tunnel was the Eighth Wonder of the World. false.

3. People were drawn from all over to see the Thames Tunnel. false.

4. The tunnel was used more by the middle and upper classes. false
5. People were able to travel by sea or land in those days. not given

6. The aim of the tunnel was to turn a profit as a tourist attraction. false

7. Statues of the tunnel could be bought as souvenirs. false

8. The tunnel is no longer used as a pedestrian walkway to cross the river. not given
 FILL IN THE BLANKS

Sleep plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. Getting
enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health,
physical health, quality of life, and safety.

The way you feel while you're awake depends in part on what happens while
you're sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain
function and maintain your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also
helps support growth and development.

The damage from sleep deficiency can occur in an instant (such as a car crash),
or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise
your risk for some chronic health problems. It also can affect how well you think,
react, work, learn, and get along with others.

QUESTIONS

Physical and mental health is at risk without sufficient 1 __________quality___

sleep. Furthermore, for adolescents, sleep promotes 2 ______growth_______
and 3
___________developement__. Lack of sleep can be the cause of 4 ___chronic
__________ health
problems which can also have an impact on important aspects of our lives.
 FILL IN THE BLANKS (Select alphabet)

Nobel Prize winner Dr. Elie Metchnikoff was one of the first scientists to
recognize the benefits of eating fermented foods. His research in the early 1900's
focused on the Bulgarians. He believed the daily ingestion of yogurt was a major
contribution to their superior health and longevity.

Bulgarians perfected the art of detoxifying and preserving milk (removing the
lactose and predigesting the proteins) and transforming it into yogurt and cheese.
For centuries, Europeans used wine as a source of clean, durable water. The
Caucasians used Kefir grains for the same purpose: detoxify milk products to
make Kefir. A range of vegetables were also fermented to preserve them from
spoilage in many countries by individual households, such as kimchi in Korea
and sauerkraut in Germany, both being predominantly made from cabbage.
However, the fermentation process was too lengthy and not uniform so for wide
scale food production manufacturers turned to pickling instead. Most of the
pickled products found on our supermarket shelves today were at one time a
fermented product, including kimchi, sauerkraut, catsup (Chinese word for
pickled fish brine) and English pickles made from either vegetables or fruit.

Complete the summary below by selecting the right word from the list (A-J)
below. Write the correct letter for your answer.

International Uses for Fermentation

At the start of the 20th century, Dr. Elie Metchnikoff put forward his belief that
the 1..............c..... and good health of Bulgarians could be attributed to eating
fermented food each day. By 2 i............. and preserving milk, they were able
to convert it into 3.........b......... and 4.........h............. In other parts of Europe,
fermented 5 e.... was consumed as a replacement for clean water. People used

to ferment 6..............g which gave them a longer lifespan but nowadays

mass production favours pickling.
A ingesting B yogurt C Longevity D Pickled products
E wine F food G kimchi H cheese
I detoxifying J vegetables
 MCQS

The first rice may have been grown in East and South Asia as long as 15,000
years ago, when people began to settle in river deltas and domesticated wild
rice. Today it is grown practically everywhere, except Antarctica! Rice is grown
on flooded land and on dry land, in tropical rain forests of Africa and in arid
deserts of the Middle East, on coastal plains and on the Himalayan mountains.

In the year 2003, the world produced about 589 million tonnes of paddy rice.
Most of that (about 534 million tones) was grown in Asia. In 2002, it is estimated
that rice fields covered almost 1.5 million square km of land. Again, most of
those fields are in Asia - around 1.3 million square km.

Questions 1-2: Choose the correct letter (A-C) for your answer.

1. Where is rice grown?

A everywhere

B almost everywhere

C mainly on flood lands and coastal plains

2. In 2002, rice fields covered about

A 1.5 million square miles of land.

B 1.3 million square km of land in China.

C 1.5 illion square km of land in the world.

 ATP/ATL

Bed styles in ancient Egypt remained very much the same for over 2000 years.
They are among the most intriguing of furniture items because of their structure.
Many were slanted down at an incline from the headboard. A foot board ensured
that the sleeper would not slip off in the middle of the night. Furniture makers
also constructed side rails on many beds. Writes Sibal, "almost all beds featured
legs in the form of animal legs, ranging from heavy bulls legs to gazelle-like
forms with hooves, and the feline type with paw and claw, frequently identified as
lions legs." The mattress was usually made of wooden slats, plaited string, or
reeds, which then held woollen cushions or some other soft material. Sheets
were made of linen.

Roman bed-frames were pretty much the same. It would have had a mattress on
top of it, stuffed with feathers or straw, and wool blankets. But most Etruscan
and Roman beds would have been made of wood and strung with wool or linen
string. In the bedrooms, the ceilings were vaulted and lower above the bed, often
making the room appear a cramped and stuffy place. Simple beds. to which
shortly after the Homeric age a pillow for the head was added, continued to be
used by the poorer classes among the Greeks at all times. Thus the bed of the
orator Lycurgus is said to have consisted of one sheep-skin and a pillow.

In Ancient Greece, the beds of persons of high rank was covered with skins upon
which the pillows were placed, and over these linen sheets or carpets were
spread. Lastly, there was thick woollen cover or blanket for the sleeper. Poor
persons slept on skins or beds of dry herbs spread upon the ground. These
simple beds, had a cover or ticking of a mattress which was made of linen or
woollen cloth and the usual material with which it was filled with was either wool
or dried weeds. At the head part of the bed lay a round pillow to support the
head; and in some ancient pictures two other square pillows are seen, which
were intended to support the back. The covers of such pillows are striped in
several pictures on ancient vases and were therefore probably of various colours.
They were undoubtedly filled with the same materials as the beds and
mattresses.
Questions 1-4 Choose the correct letter (A-C) for your answer. Letters may
be used more than once.

A- Ancient Egyptian

B = Ancient Roman

C- Ancient Greek

1. Bedrooms did not seem spacious.

2. The beds were not flat and horizontal but rather angled downwards.

3. Pillows could be decorative.

4. Mattresses were stuffed with wool.

 FILL IN THE BLANKS (Passage 3)

Life on Earth started around 3.8 billion years ago and has since evolved and
diversified through the process of natural selection to be adapted to almost every
environment possible. There are currently an estimated 1.9 million animals,
plants, and other forms of life on Earth.

Life can be found in every nook and cranny/niche of the globe, from the extreme
environments of deep sea hydrothermal vents and the freezing conditions of the
Polar Regions to the lush habitats found at the equator.

Looking back through time, by means of the fossil and phylogenetic record, we
can see that the Earth has been home to many more species than are alive
today. Taking a historical perspective shows that life is constantly evolving, with
the success and dominance of different groups waxing and waning over time.

The diversity of life is truly amazing, but all living organisms do share certain
similarities. All living organisms can replicate, and the replicator molecule is DNA.
As well, all living organisms contain some means of converting the information
stored in DNA into products used to build cellular machinery from fats, proteins,
and carbohydrates.

Questions 1-4

Complete the sentences. Choose no more than three words and/or a number
from the passage for each answer.

1. The world has been developed and changed by _____natural selection___

for over 3.8 billion years.

2. The past history of the species that used to exist on earth can be
found through the ______fossil, phylogenetic__ record.

3. The coming and going of specific groups and species can illustrate to us that
life is forever ________evolving__

4. Without __DNA______ life forms would not be able to replicate.

 Short Questions

Easter eggs, aka Paschal eggs in some parts of the world, are special eggs that are
often given to celebrate Easter or springtime. The practice of decorating eggshell
dates back thousands of years. Ostrich eggs with engraved decoration that are 60,000
years old have been found in Africa. As far as historians know, the act of egg
decoration did
not have any religious origin and was just decorative. In Persian culture, eggs were
sometimes painted by the whole family as they sat together preparing for the arrival of
Spring and their New Year. And even today, people enjoy painting eggs without being
at all religious.

Eventually, eggs which often symbolised Spring become connected to the celebration of
Easter. In Europe, it was traditional to use dyed and painted chicken eggs at Easter, but
a modem custom is to substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic eggs filled with
confectionery such as jelly beans. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life
in Bulgaria,
Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and other Central European countries where they
are concealed in the garden for children to find. The British Queen, Queen Victoria,
was also known to enjoy egg hunts, organising them for her children inside Kensington
Palace in London which brought the tradition to the UK. Eggs, in general, were a
traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth. Some magic rituals, these days, often use
eggs to promote fertility and restore virility (of the body and mind); and to foresee the
future.
The Easter Bunny is another symbol associated with Easter but the origin is unclear.
Some people believe that the Easter Bunny came about because both eggs and
rabbits are often seen as symbols of fertility. Others believe the Easter Bunny
originated in
Germany were it was a judge of how well behaved children had been by the start of
the season. The naughty or nice theme for children can be seen again in the tradition
of
Santa Clause at Christmas. Nowadays, in many countries, the Easter bunny
is responsible for bringing the children their Easter eggs.

Questions 1-6 Short Answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose no more than two words from the
passage for each answer.

1. What is another name for an Easter Egg?

PASCHAL EGGS.
2. What type of egg was used for decoration in the ancient world? OSTRICH EGGS.
3. What type of sweets were artificial eggs sometimes filled with? JOLLY BEANS.

4. Where are egg hunts often conducted as part of a hide and seek game in some
countries? EASTER EGGS
.
5. By and large, what two things did eggs represent?
FERTILITY, REBIRTH
6. What determined if children had been naughty or nice at the beginning of spring.
SANTA
CLAUS.
 ASSIGN THE TITLE

Coffee is one of the most popular hot drinks in the world. Almost a third of the world's
population drinks coffee. People often meet at cafes or coffee shops for a coffee
break during the middle of the morning or stop work in the afternoon to drink coffee.

About 7 million tons of coffee is produced every year. Brazil is, by far, the world's largest
coffee producer. About a third of the world's production comes from this South American
country. Other coffee producing countries include Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia.

The United States is the biggest coffee consumer in the world. About 1.2 billion
kilograms of coffee are consumed there every year. Drinking coffee is extremely
popular in European countries, like Italy, France and Germany, as well as in Brazil.

Question: Which is the best title for the passage above?

Choose the correct letter A - C

A. Coffee - a popular hot drink

B. Coffee the main consumers

C. Coffee - the main producers