PYTHON TUTORIALS: BEGINNER TO ADVANCED

Python Tutorial:
From Beginner to Advanced

-Anupam Shrivastava

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Contents
1 Beginner Python Tutorial 3
1.1 Introduction to Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Installing Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Running Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Basic Syntax and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1 If Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.2 Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6.1 Default Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6.2 Lambda Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 Lists and List Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7.1 List Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.9 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.10 Tuples and Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.11 Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.12 Basic Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Intermediate Python Tutorial 7

2.1 Modules and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Creating a Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 File Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 List Comprehensions and Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 Advanced List Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.2 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Classes and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.2 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5.1 Custom Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Working with Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.6.1 Example: Using requests for HTTP Requests . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.7 Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8 Working with Dates and Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Advanced Python Tutorial 9

3.1 Decorators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Context Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Multithreading and Multiprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1 Multithreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2 Multiprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Metaclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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3.5 Advanced Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.5.1 Collections Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 Asynchronous Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 Type Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8 Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.9 Unit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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1 Beginner Python Tutorial

1.1 Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and
versatility. It is widely used in web development, data science, automation, and more.

1.1.1 Installing Python

• Download Python from [Link]
• Install and verify by running python –version in your terminal.

1.1.2 Running Python

• Use the Python interpreter: Type python in your terminal for interactive mode.
• Run scripts: Save code in a .py file and run with python [Link].

1.2 Basic Syntax and Variables

Python uses indentation (usually 4 spaces) to define code blocks. No semicolons are
needed.

1.2.1 Variables
Variables store data and do not require explicit type declaration.
1

1.2.2 Comments
1 # Single - line comment
2 """
3 Multi - line
4 comment
5 """

1.3 Data Types

• Numeric: int (e.g., 5), float (e.g., 3.14), complex (e.g., 3+4j)
• Text: str (e.g., "hello")
• Boolean: True, False
• Sequence: list, tuple, range
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• Mapping: dict
• Set: set, frozenset
• NoneType: None
1 # Examples
2 integer = 10
3 floating = 3.14
4 text = " Hello "
5 n umbers = [1 , 2 , 3] # List
6 coordinates = (4 , 5) # Tuple
7 person = {" name ": " Bob ", " age ": 30} # Dictionar y
8 unique = {1 , 2 , 3} # Set
9 nothing = None

1.4 Operators
• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, // (floor division), %, ** (exponent)
• Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Logical: and, or, not
• Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.
• Membership: in, not in
• Identity: is, is not
1 x = 10
2 y = 3
3 print ( x + y) # 13
4 print ( x // y) # 3 ( floor d i v isi on )
5 print ( x > y) # True
6 print (" h" in " hello ") # True

1.5 Control Flow

1.5.1 If Statements
1 age = 18
2 if age >= 18:
3 print (" Adult ")
4 elif age >= 13:
5 print (" Teen ")
6 else :
7 print (" Child ")

1.5.2 Loops
• For Loop: Iterates over a sequence.

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1 for i in range (5): # 0 to 4

2 print ( i)

• While Loop: Runs until a condition is false.

1 count = 0
2 while count < 5:
3 print ( count)
4 count += 1

• Break and Continue:

1 for i in range (10):
2 if i == 5:
3 break # Exit loop
4 if i % 2 == 0:
5 continue # Skip even numbers
6 print ( i) # Prints 1 , 3

1.6 Functions
Functions are defined using def and can take parameters and return values.
1 def greet( name ):
2 return f" Hello , { name }!"
3 print ( greet(" Alice ")) # O utput : Hello , Alice !

1.6.1 Default Parameters

1 def add (a, b =5):
2 return a + b
3 print ( add (3)) # 8 ( uses def aul t b=5)
4 print ( add (3 , 2)) # 5

1.6.2 Lambda Functions

Anonymous functions for simple operations.
1 square = lamb da x: x * x
2 print ( square (4)) # 16

1.7 Lists and List Operations

Lists are mutable, ordered sequences.
1 fruits = [" apple ", " banana ", " cherry "]
2 fruits . append (" orange ") # Add i tem
3 fruits . remove (" banana ") # Remove item
4 print ( fruits [1]) # cherry ( i ndexing)
5 print ( fruits [1:3]) # [’ cherry ’, ’ orange ’] ( sli ci ng )

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1.7.1 List Comprehension

1 squares = [ x **2 for x in range (5)] # [0 , 1 , 4 , 9 , 16]

1.8 Strings
Strings are immutable sequences of characters.
1 text = " Hello , W orl d !"
2 print ( text . l o wer ()) # hello , w orld !
3 print ( text . s plit ( " ,")) # [’ Hello ’, ’ World !’]
4 print ( f" Welco me { text}") # Welco me Hello , Worl d !

1.9 Dictionaries
Dictionaries store key-value pairs.
1 person = {" name ": " Alice ", " age ": 25}
2 print ( person [" name "]) # Ali ce
3 person [" city "] = " New York " # Add key - value
4 del person [" age"] # Remove key
5 print ( person . keys ()) # di ct _keys([’ name ’, ’ city ’])

1.10 Tuples and Sets

• Tuples: Immutable sequences.
1 point = (3 , 4)
2 print ( point [0]) # 3

• Sets: Unordered, unique elements.

1 numbers = {1 , 2 , 3 , 3} # {1 , 2 , 3}
2 nu m bers . add (4)
3 print ( n umbers ) # {1 , 2 , 3 , 4}

1.11 Input/Output
1 name = input (" Enter your name : ")
2 print ( f" Hello , { name }!")

1.12 Basic Error Handling

Use try and except to handle exceptions.
1

2 num
3 num
4

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2 Intermediate Python Tutorial

2.1 Modules and Packages
Modules are Python files you can import. Packages are directories of modules.
1 # Im port in g standard library module
2 im port math
3 print ( math . sqrt (16)) # 4.0
4 # I mport in g with alias
5 im port random as rnd
6 print ( rnd . ra nd int (1 , 10)) # Random number b etwee n 1 and 10

2.1.1 Creating a Module

Save this as [Link]:
1 def say_hello ():
2 return " Hello fr o m modu le !"

Use it:
1 import mymo dule
2 print ( m ymo du le . say_hello ()) # Hello from mod u le !

2.2 File Handling

Read and write files using open().
1 # Wri ti ng to a file
2 with open (" exam p l e . txt " , " w " ) as file :
3 file . wri te (" Hello , file !")
4 # Reading f rom a file
5 with open (" ex am p le . txt " , " r") as file :
6 content = file . read ()
7 print ( content) # Hello , file!

2.3 List Comprehensions and Generators

2.3.1 Advanced List Comprehension
1

2 num num

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2.3.2 Generators
Yield values one at a time to save memory.
1 def fibonacci( n ):
2 a, b = 0 , 1
3 for _ in range ( n):
4 yield a
5 a, b = b , a + b
6 print ( list ( fibonacci (5))) # [0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3]

2.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

2.4.1 Classes and Objects
1 class Person :
2 def __init__ ( self , name , age ) :
3 self. name = name
4 self. age = age
5 def introduce ( self):
6 return f" Hi , I ’m { self. name }, { self. age} years old ."
7 person = Person (" Alice ", 25)
8 print ( person . introduce ()) # Hi , I ’m Alice , 25 years old.

2.4.2 Inheritance
1

2.5 Exception Handling

2.5.1 Custom Exceptions
1 class Cu stom Error( Excep tion ):
2 pass
3 try :
4 age = int ( input (" Enter age : "))
5 if age < 0:
6 raise Cu stom Error(" Age cannot be negative !")
7 except C ustom Error as e:
8 print ( e)

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2.6 Working with Libraries

2.6.1 Example: Using requests for HTTP Requests
1 import requests
2 response = requ es ts . get(" https :// api . github . com ")
3 print ( response . status_code ) # 200
4 print ( response . json ()) # JSON response

2.7 Regular Expressions

Use the re module for pattern matching.
1 import re
2 text = " Contac t : al ic e@ ex amp l e . com "
3 pattern = r"\ b[\ w. -]+@[\ w . -]+\.\ w+\ b"
4 emails = re. fin dal l ( pattern , text)
5 print ( emai ls ) # [’ ali ce @ e xam pl e . com ’]

2.8 Working with Dates and Times

Use the datetime module.
1 from dateti me i mport datetime , ti me delt a
2 now = d at et ime . now ()
3 print ( now ) # Current date and time
4 yesterday = now - ti m edelta ( days =1)
5 print ( yesterday ) # Yesterday ’s date

3 Advanced Python Tutorial

3.1 Decorators
Decorators modify the behavior of functions or methods.
1 def log _ dec ora tor ( func ):
2 def wrapper (* args , ** kwargs ):
3 print ( f" Cal lin g { func . __name__ } with { args } , { k war g s }" )
4 result = func (* args , ** kwargs )
5 print ( f"{ fun c . __name__ } returned { result } ")
6 return result
7 return wrapper
8 @ l og_ dec o ra t o r
9 def add (a, b):
10 return a + b
11 print ( add (2 , 3))

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3.2 Context Managers

Manage resources like files or connections.
1 from contextlib import c o nt ext man ag er
2 @ c on t ex t manager
3 def temp _ file ():
4 print (" Creating temp file ")
5 try :
6 yield " temp . txt"
7 finally :
8 print (" Cl ea n i n g up temp file ")
9 with temp _fil e () as filen ame :
10 print ( f" Using file : { fil en ame }")

3.3 Multithreading and Multiprocessing

3.3.1 Multithreading
For I/O-bound tasks.
1 i mp ort threading
2 import time
3 def pr i nt _ nu mb er s ():
4 for i in range (5):
5 print ( f" Nu mber : { i}")
6 time . slee p (1)
7 thread = threa din g . Thread ( target= pr in t _n um bers )
8 thread . start ()
9 thread . join ()

3.3.2 Multiprocessing
For CPU-bound tasks.
1 from mu l t ipro cess i n g imp ort Process
2 def co mpu te_sq uare ( n):
3 print ( f" Square of { n }: { n * n}")
4 processes = [ Process( target= compu te_ square , args =( i,)) for i in
range (5)]
5 for p in processes :
6 p. start ()
7 for p in processes :
8 p. join ()

3.4 Metaclasses
Control class creation.
1

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10

11

12

3.5 Advanced Data Structures

3.5.1 Collections Module
1 from collect ions import Co u nter , defaultdict , namedtuple
2 # Counter
3 counts = C ou nt er ( " mississippi ")
4 print ( counts) # Co unter ({ ’ i’: 4 , ’s’: 4 , ’p ’: 2 , ’m ’: 1})
5 # Def aul tdi ct
6 d = d efaul tdic t ( int )
7 d[" a"] += 1
8 print ( d) # defaultd ict ( <class ’ int ’ >, {’ a’: 1})
9 # Namedtuple
10 Point = n am edtuple (" Point " , [" x" , " y"])
11 p = Point (3 , 4)
12 print ( p.x , p. y) # 3 4

3.6 Asynchronous Programming

Use asyncio for concurrent tasks.
1 i mp ort asyncio
2 async def say_hello ():
3 print (" Hello ")
4 await asyncio . slee p (1)
5 print (" World ")
6 async def main ():
7 await asyncio . gather( say_hello (), say_hello ())
8 asyncio . run ( main ())

3.7 Type Hints

Improve code readability and catch errors.
1 from typing im p ort List , Dict
2 def greet_all( names : List [ str ]) -> Dict [ str , str ]:
3 return { name : f" Hell o , { name }!" for name in names }
4 print ( greet_all ([" Al ice ", " Bob "]))

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3.8 Memory Management

Use weakref for weak references.
1 import weakref
2 class Object :
3 pass
4 obj = Object ()
5 ref = w eak ref . ref( obj )
6 print ( ref()) # < Object object at ... >
7 del obj
8 print ( ref()) # None

3.9 Unit Testing

Use unittest for testing.
1 im port unitt e st
2 def add (a, b):
3 return a + b
4 class T estM at h Op e rati o ns ( unitt est . TestCase ):
5 def test_add ( self):
6 self. asse rtEqual( add (2 , 3), 5)
7 self. asser tEq ua l( add (-1 , 1), 0)
8 if __name__ == " __m ain__ ":
9 unit test . main ()

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