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Review Notes Normal Distribution

The document outlines key concepts in statistics, including random variables, probability distributions, and measures of central tendency such as mean, variance, and standard deviation. It explains normal distribution characteristics and the empirical rule, which describes the distribution of data within standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, it introduces the standard normal distribution and Z-scores for determining how far a value is from the mean.

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10 views2 pages

Review Notes Normal Distribution

The document outlines key concepts in statistics, including random variables, probability distributions, and measures of central tendency such as mean, variance, and standard deviation. It explains normal distribution characteristics and the empirical rule, which describes the distribution of data within standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, it introduces the standard normal distribution and Z-scores for determining how far a value is from the mean.

Uploaded by

abalosjayann719
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Review Notes: Statistics, Probability & Normal Distribution

1. Random Variables

A random variable is a numerical value assigned to the outcome of a random


experiment.
There are two types:

 Discrete random variables – take countable values (e.g., number of heads,


number of absentees).

 Continuous random variables – take measurable values (e.g., height, weight,


time).

2. Probability Distribution

A probability distribution shows all possible values of a random variable and their
corresponding probabilities.
Important properties:

 Each probability is between 0 and 1

 The sum of all probabilities is equal to 1

3. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation

These describe the behavior of a random variable.

 Mean (Expected Value):


The average value of the distribution

μ=∑ xP(x)

 Variance:
Measures how far the values are spread from the mean
2
σ =∑ ¿

 Standard Deviation:
The square root of variance, showing spread in original units

σ =√ σ
2

4. Normal Distribution

The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is:

 Bell-shaped

 Symmetrical about the mean


 Has Mean = Median = Mode

 Total area under the curve is equal to 1

It is completely described by:

 The mean (μ)

 The standard deviation (σ)

5. Empirical Rule (68–95–99.7 Rule)

For a normal distribution:

 About 68% of data lie within 1σ of the mean

 About 95% lie within 2σ

 About 99.7% lie within 3σ

6. Standard Normal Distribution and Z-score

A standard normal distribution has:

 Mean = 0

 Standard deviation = 1

The Z-score tells how far a value is from the mean:

x −μ
Z=
σ

 Positive Z-score: value is above the mean

 Negative Z-score: value is below the mean

Z-scores are used to find probabilities and areas under the normal curve using the Z-
table.

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