Structure

INTRODUCTION: The diagram/picture illustrates/details the cyclical/linear

process of producing / recycling …

OVERVIEW: (1) Overall, the cyclical/linear process comprises/encompasses

(bao gồm) ... steps, commencing/starting with … (N_phrase/Ving) and ending
with … (N_phrase/Ving) (and: parallel structure - cấu trúc song song)

=> Overall, the cyclical process encompasses nine steps, commencing with the
collection (N) of used bottles and ending with the reuse step (N).

=> Overall, the linear process encompasses nine steps, commencing with
harvesting (Ving) strawberries and ending with producing (Ving) jams. Notably,
almost all steps / the majority of steps are done manually.

(2) Câu thứ 2: any special features (điểm gì đặc biệt)
-​ Thủ công: Notably, almost all steps are done / carried out manually. (=by
hand)
-​ Máy móc: Notably, almost all steps / the majority of steps are automated.
-​ Thủ công + hỗ trợ từ máy móc: Notably, almost all steps are done / carried
out manually, with the support / aid / assistance of some machines / some
traditional tools.

Almost all N_plural => almost all people

1. Mở bài (giới thiệu quy trình)

●​ The diagram illustrates the process by which … is/are produced.

●​ The chart demonstrates the various stages involved in …
●​ The process consists of … main stages, beginning with … and
culminating in …
●​ Overall, it can be seen that the process is linear/cyclic, with …

🔹 2. Miêu tả từng bước (động từ học thuật Band 8+)

👉 Tránh lặp lại “goes / happens”, thay bằng:
●​ is initiated / commences with … (bắt đầu với)
●​ undergoes / goes through / passes through … (trải qua)
●​ is transformed into … / is converted into … (chuyển đổi thành)
●​ is collected / gathered / extracted from …
●​ is delivered / transported / conveyed to …
●​ is stored / deposited / placed in …
●​ is assembled / put together / constructed …
●​ is filtered / purified / refined …
●​ is released / emitted / discharged …

🔹 3. Liên kết các bước (cohesive devices nâng band)

●​ Subsequently / Afterwards / Following this, …
●​ Once this stage is completed, …
●​ At the next stage, … / In the subsequent step, …
●​ This is followed by … / This is succeeded by …
●​ The final stage involves … / The process culminates in …

🔹 4. Mô tả quan hệ song song / đồng thời

●​ While X is being done, Y simultaneously occurs.
●​ At the same time, …
●​ Concurrently, …
●​ During this stage, both X and Y are carried out.​

🔹 5. Tổng quan (Overview nâng band)

●​ Overall, the process is linear/cyclic, beginning with … and ending with
…
●​ It is notable that the raw material is progressively transformed into
the final product.
●​ What stands out is that the process requires X stages, with the
most significant being …

🔹 6. Cấu trúc nâng cấp (Band 8+ Academic)

●​ Passive voice chủ đạo: “The mixture is then heated …”
●​ Nominalization: “The production of X involves the extraction of Y,
followed by the refinement of …”
●​ Complex clause: “Once the material has been collected, it is subsequently
processed in …”
●​ Relative clause: “The stage in which water is filtered through sand …”

1. Cấu trúc mô tả trình tự

●​ The process commences with… and culminates in…​

→ Quá trình bắt đầu với … và kết thúc ở …
●​ Initially, …, after which … takes place.​
→ Ban đầu …, sau đó … diễn ra.
●​ At the subsequent stage, …​
→ Ở giai đoạn tiếp theo, …
●​ Following this, … is carried out before …​
→ Sau đó, … được tiến hành trước khi …
●​ The procedure unfolds in X distinct stages, beginning with … and ending
with …​
→ Quy trình diễn ra trong X giai đoạn riêng biệt, bắt đầu với … và kết thúc
bằng …

🔹 2. Cấu trúc mô tả sự biến đổi / chuyển hóa

●​ Raw materials are subjected to … before being transformed into …​
→ Nguyên liệu thô được trải qua … trước khi được biến đổi thành …​

●​ A series of chemical/physical/mechanical transformations occur, leading

to …​
→ Một loạt các sự biến đổi … diễn ra, dẫn đến …​

●​ … undergoes a process of refinement / purification / filtration before …​

→ … trải qua quá trình tinh chế / lọc / làm sạch trước khi …​

●​ … is converted into … through the application of …​

→ … được chuyển đổi thành … thông qua việc áp dụng …

🔹 3. Cấu trúc bị động nâng cao (academic tone)

●​ The mixture is subsequently heated until …
●​ The liquid is filtered so that … can be obtained.
●​ The outcome is then stored / packaged / transported for further use.

🔹 4. Cấu trúc mô tả song song / đồng thời

●​ Simultaneously, … takes place while … is in progress.​
→ Đồng thời, … diễn ra trong khi … đang tiến hành.​
●​ At this stage, two parallel procedures occur: … and …​
→ Ở giai đoạn này, hai quy trình song song diễn ra: … và …​

🔹 5. Cấu trúc nhấn mạnh tính tuần hoàn / liên tục

●​ The cycle is repeated on a daily/seasonal basis, ensuring that …​
→ Chu trình này được lặp lại hàng ngày/hàng mùa, đảm bảo rằng …​

●​ This is a cyclical process, in which … eventually returns to …​

→ Đây là một quá trình tuần hoàn, trong đó … cuối cùng trở lại …​

🔹 6. Cấu trúc band 9 thêm độ tinh tế

●​ It is worth noting that …​
→ Đáng chú ý là …
●​ One striking feature of the process is that …​
→ Một đặc điểm nổi bật của quá trình là …
●​ A closer inspection reveals that …​
→ Quan sát kỹ hơn cho thấy …
●​ What differentiates this stage from the others is that …​
→ Điều làm giai đoạn này khác biệt so với các giai đoạn khác là …

🔹 7. Từ vựng Band 9 hữu ích

●​ commence / culminate = begin / end
●​ undergo / be subjected to = trải qua
●​ yield / generate / give rise to = tạo ra
●​ refinement / purification / transformation = quá trình tinh chế / chuyển
hóa
●​ subsequent / prior to / concurrent = tiếp theo / trước / đồng thời
●​ end product / final outcome / by-product = sản phẩm cuối cùng / sản
phẩm phụ​

Band 8+ / 9 Sentence Structures for

Process
1. Passive voice dominance

●​ The raw materials are initially collected and subsequently

processed…
●​ Water is purified through several filtration stages before
being stored in tanks.

2. Sequencing with cohesion

●​ At the outset, …
●​ This is followed by…
●​ Subsequently / Thereafter, …
●​ The next stage involves…
●​ Ultimately, the cycle culminates in…

3. Complex subordination

●​ Once the mixture has been heated to the desired

temperature, it is poured into molds.
 ●​ As soon as the cooling process finishes, the product is
packaged.
●​ Provided that the liquid reaches 100°C, it is transferred to
the evaporation chamber.

4. Causative & result structures

●​ The application of pressure causes the liquid to be forced

through narrow pipes.
●​ This results in the separation of impurities from the main
substance.
●​ Excess heat leads to condensation, which is then collected
for reuse.

5. Comparative process structures

●​ Unlike the previous stage, which focuses on heating, this

stage emphasizes cooling.
●​ In contrast to manual inspection, mechanical filtering
ensures higher efficiency.
●​ Whereas the earlier stage relies on natural energy, the
final stage uses artificial methods.

6. Relative clauses for precision

●​ The filtered liquid, which is free from contaminants, is

stored in a cooling chamber.
●​ The container, where the substance solidifies, is
subsequently sealed.

7. Nominalization for formality

●​ The evaporation of liquid is followed by condensation.

 ●​ Filtration is a prerequisite for the purification process.
●​ Automation ensures consistency in production.

8. Advanced cause–effect & purpose clauses

●​ In order to ensure efficiency, the mixture is stirred

continuously.
●​ So that contamination is avoided, the chamber is kept
sealed.
●​ As a consequence of heating, water vapor is produced.

🔹 Collocations & Phrases (Band 8/9)

●​ Stages & sequence:
○​ initial stage / subsequent stage / intermediate step /
final phase
○​ step-by-step procedure / chronological sequence /
linear process / cyclical process
●​ Verbs for process description:
○​ commence, proceed, undergo, culminate in, trigger,
generate, yield, facilitate, regulate, expel, channel,
accumulate, discharge, recycle
●​ Nouns for formal tone:
○​ transformation, extraction, purification,
condensation, evaporation, solidification,
fermentation, conversion, integration, circulation,
storage, distribution
●​ Linking emphasis:
 ○​ It is worth noting that…
○​ Of particular significance is…
○​ What is striking is…
●​ Cause & effect:
○​ give rise to, bring about, contribute to, lead to, result
in

🔹 High-level Vocabulary (Band 8/9)

●​ Adjectives:
○​ mechanical, automated, systematic, sequential,
gradual, simultaneous, sophisticated, intricate,
consistent, uniform, regulated
●​ Adverbs:
○​ systematically, consecutively, progressively,
simultaneously, consistently, meticulously,
subsequently
●​ Comparative/quantitative:
○​ twice as much as, threefold, marginally higher,
considerably greater, markedly lower, approximately
equivalent to