INTRO:

tên biểu đồ + illustrates / shows / gives information about / compares +

nội dung biểu đồ + mốc thời gian (không cần đảo ngữ, viết xuôi)

The table illustrates the number of visitors to six different World Heritage
areas / regions in Australia every two years from 1996 to 2000. (S+V)

How + SV (varied = changed: thay đổi)

=> The table illustrates how (+SV phụ) the number of visitors to six
different World Heritage areas in Australia varied every two years from
1996 to 2000.

●​ NOTE: salt / sugar / milk / chocolate / water … => the amount of

milk produced / the production / output / yield of …

EX: The amount of milk produced in the Netherlands was 11262000

liters in 1990. The amount of milk produced in Australia was … =>
MEASUREMENT CHÍNH THỨC
=> MEASUREMENT THEO CONTEXT: The milk production of the
Netherlands was 11262000 liters in 1990.
❖​consumption: mức tiêu thụ = intake = ingestion
❖​production: mức sản lượng = output = yield

EX: The table illustrates how the yearly production of milk varied across
four different countries every decade / every ten years from 1990 to
2010.

EX: the amount of milk produced/the milk output of …

the amount of salt consumed/the intake/consumption of salt of …
production / consumption / participation / enrollment / salary /
intake … => bản thân là measurement

OVERVIEW:
-​ TREND: XU HƯỚNG: tăng / giảm / biến động / giữ nguyên
(starting point (96) - ending point (00) // cover toàn bộ các chủ thể)
=> CASE MỖI CHỦ THỂ CÓ 1 MỨC ĐỘ TĂNG / GIẢM RIÊNG:
V/N CHỈ XU HƯỚNG + by varying degrees / to - of varying
extents (với mức độ khác nhau)
-​ ORDER: highest (lowest => optional => body)
*Nếu không đưa lowest vào trong overview thì bắt buộc đưa vào body
=> What is most striking when looking at the data is that SV
=> Overall / In general, …
EX: Overall, visitor numbers to the Great Barrier Reef, the Blue
Mountains, the Tasmanian Wilderness, and Shark Bay rose to varying
extents over the given timeframe, whereas the Central Eastern
Rainforest Reserve and Macquarie Island experienced a modest
decline. Notably, the Great Barrier Reef consistently stood out as by far
the most visited destination and recorded the most pronounced growth
among the six sites surveyed.

Pronounced (a): rõ rệt = significant

Witness = see = experience = undergo

Over the given timeframe = Over the given period

Stood out as by far: nổi bật nhất

EXCEPTIONS: SV, except for / with the exception of / leaving aside N

(nếu có năm nào đó làm mất đi sự ưu thế)
 ★​Overall, despite sharp fluctuations, Japan and the USA saw an
increase in their banana prices over the given period, while
France and Germany experienced a decrease. Notably, the price
in Japan was consistently the highest, except for the year 2001.
★​Overall, the banana prices of all the surveyed countries fluctuated
significantly over the given period. Notably, the price in Japan was
consistently the highest, except for the year 2001, when it was
temporarily / briefly (tạm thời) surpassed by France.
BODY:
MẸO CHIA: Gộp các chủ thể có cùng/đối xu hướng (tăng-giảm) /
đặc điểm (cao-thấp)

🟦 I. Topic Sentence Structures (for the first line of each body

paragraph)

Structure Function Example

Looking first at + [main Introduce Looking first at Global

subject/group], S + V… the primary Growth, the company saw
category a significant increase.

Turning to the Introduce Turning to the remaining

remaining categories / secondary sites, different patterns
destinations, S + V… groups emerged.

With regard to + Focus by With regard to natural

[category], S + V… category or attractions, numbers
theme remained stable.

In terms of + Focus on In terms of visitor

[group/category], S + data type or numbers, the Reef was
V… subject dominant.
A closer look at Lead into A closer look at Shark
[subject] reveals that… details or Bay reveals an irregular
contrast pattern.

By contrast, [Subject Signal a By contrast, Macquarie

B] displayed a different contrasting Island remained
trend… group relatively unchanged.

🟩 II. Opening Statements for Data Trends

Structure Function Example

At the start / outset Introduce At the beginning of the

/ beginning of the initial data period, the Reef
period, S + V attracted the most
visitors.

S + recorded the State initial It recorded the highest

highest/lowest figure, rank/position figure, at 1.67 million.
at [number]

S + started at Give starting Shark Bay started at

[number] in [year] value 84,000 in 1996.

🟨 III. Describing Trends (Increase / Decrease / Stability /

Fluctuation)

Structure Function Example

S + rose / increased / Describe The figure rose to 2.9
climbed / surged to upward trend million.
[value]

S + fell / dropped / Describe It fell to 770,000.

declined / decreased to downward
[value] trend

S + peaked at / reached Describe the It peaked at 102,000.

a peak of [value] highest point

S + bottomed at / hit a Describe the Visitor numbers

low of [value] lowest point bottomed at 40,000.

S + fluctuated between Describe It fluctuated

[A] and [B] variation between 120,000 and
150,000.

S + remained relatively Describe It remained relatively

stable at [value] stability stable at around 330.

S + hovered steadily Indicate slight The figure hovered

around [value] fluctuations steadily around 330.

🟧 IV. Time Linking & Sequence Structures

Structure Function Example

After that / Thereafter / Move the Afterwards,

In the following years / timeline numbers rose
Afterwards, S + V… forward sharply.
…before + V-ing / after Sequence of …before dropping
which + S + V actions back to its original
level.

…followed by / prior to + Express order …followed by a

noun modest fall.

…representing / marking / Show change …marking a 15%

reflecting a [magnitude] relative to decrease from the
increase/decrease previous value initial figure.

🟥 V. Comparison & Contrast Structures

Structure Function Example

Meanwhile / In contrast, Compare with In contrast, Shark Bay

[S2 and S3] also previous showed irregular
experienced… subject movement.

Unlike [S1], [S2] showed Highlight Unlike the Reef,

/ followed… opposite Macquarie Island
trend remained flat.

Their respective figures Describe data Their respective

rose from [A] to [B] across figures rose from
subjects 100,000 to 150,000.

🟫 VI. Ranking & Positioning

Structure Function Example
 S + maintained / retained / Rank It retained its
preserved its position as the consistency position as the
most/second most [adj] second most popular
site.

S + recorded by far the Emphasize It recorded by far

highest/lowest number of extremes the lowest number
[N] of visitors.

S + consistently drew the Describe It consistently drew

most/fewest [N] pattern the fewest visitors.
across time

✅ BONUS – Sample Template for a Full Paragraph:

Looking first at [main group], the number started at [value]
and increased to [peak], before declining to [final figure] by
the end of the period, marking a total rise of [change].​
In contrast, [Group B] fluctuated, peaking at [value] in [year]
before returning to its original level.​
Meanwhile, [Group C] remained relatively stable, hovering
around [value] throughout.

HÌNH THÀNH CÂU NỐI (linking sentences - 1-2 câu)

Case 1: A tăng B tăng C giảm D giảm

+​ body 1: A và B tăng (cùng xu hướng tăng)
A increased from … to … A (mạo từ) similar upward trend was
witnessed in B. B rose … (nối mượt hơn CC, có yếu tố so sánh TA)
+​ body 2: C và D giảm (cùng xu hướng giảm)
 C … Likewise, D also saw a decreasing trend. D …

Case 2: A tăng B tăng C tăng D giảm

+​ body 1: A tăng mạnh B tăng nhẹ (cùng xu hướng / khác mức độ)
A … B also experienced an upward trend, albeit to a lesser extent /
but at a slower pace/speed. B …
+​ body 2: C tăng D giảm (đối xu hướng)
C … D exhibited an opposite/reverse trend, decreasing from … to
…
=> Connectors among groups:
-​ A similar trend >< an opposite trend/a reverse trend was
witnessed in …

Subject + exhibited/registered/saw/witnessed/experienced (chứng kiến)

a similar trend >< an opposite trend/reverse trend

SỬ DỤNG TỪ NỐI (LINKING WORDS)

-​ Conversely/In contrast/By contrast, >< Similarly/Likewise,

An increase ... Conversely / In contrast / By contrast, B decreased from

… to …

An increase .... Similarly / Likewise, B increased from … to …

-​ Meanwhile / On the other hand => 2 vấn đề khác nhau

-​ In contrast => 2 vấn đề đối nhau (tăng - giảm / biến động - chủ

động)

-​ The change in/of … mirrored/contrasted with that in/of …

●​ A tăng mạnh B tăng mạnh (cùng xu hướng, cùng mức độ)

 => A tăng như thế nào. The change of B mirrored (v: sao chép) that of

A.

●​ A tăng B giảm => The change of B contrasted (v) with that of A

-​ Cặp từ the former - the latter (refer lại danh từ đằng trước)

EX: Regarding the population of the Philippines and China, the

former (ám chỉ Philippines) …, while the latter (ám chỉ China) …

-​ the figure for (statistics / data): MEASUREMENT thay thế (không

dùng intro / overview / câu mở đoạn của mỗi body)
EX: The number of A increased to … Similarly, the figure for B
rose to … (sau khi đã nêu measurement chính thức)
-​ tăng điểm CC: this / that / these / those / it / which / its / their / it /
they both / latter / former (substitution / tính từ sở hữu / mđqh)
=> A and B witnessed an increase in their number of visitors … (sau
nhìn lại trước, sau reflect trước)
=> reach a peak (n) of => reach its peak of …

ĐỘNG TỪ MIÊU TẢ XU HƯỚNG

-​ V + adv / adj + N (increase (v) significantly (adv) / a significant

(a) increase (n))
Tăng đơn thuần: increase/rise/grow/climb
Giảm đơn thuần: decrease/decline/fall
-​ rất mạnh: sharply/rapidly/steeply/ considerably/substantially/
dramatically/significantly / precipitously (mạnh + nhanh) /
drastically (giảm mạnh)
-​ dần dần: steadily/moderately/gradually
-​ nhẹ: slightly/ marginally/ negligibly (không đáng kể) /mildly/
modestly (khiêm tốn)
 ●​ Increase significantly => tăng mạnh:
escalate/skyrocket/surge/soar
●​ Decrease sharply => giảm mạnh: plunge/plummet
-​ giữ nguyên: remain (relatively) steady/stable // stabilize (v) at (ổn
định) / level off at / plateau at/ remained relatively stable
-​ dao động: vary/ fluctuate (v) => variation/ fluctuation (n)/ volatility
-​ đỉnh: achieve its highest point of/reach a peak of/peak at/reach a
high of (đạt 1 điểm cao, không cần phải là đỉnh cao nhất)
-​ đáy: hit a trough of/hit the lowest point of/hit a low of (đạt 1 điểm
thấp, không cần phải là điểm thấp nhất)
❖​Phân biệt to/by/of => report số liệu, 3 LOAI GIỚI TỪ
-​ increase to / decrease to: tăng tới / giảm tới (climb, grow, …)
-​ A increased from 5 to 9 => tăng lên khoảng 4 (9-5=4)
-​ (tăng khoảng) increase (v) by => (A increased (v) by 4)
-​ (tăng khoảng) increase (n) of => A saw an increase (n) of 4
* Connectors for contrast: (A tăng trong khi B giảm / A dao động
trong khi B giữ nguyên)
While SV1, SV2 => SV1, while SV2
SV1, whereas SV2
SV1. Meanwhile, SV2

Trends Vocabulary Table

Trend Nouns Verbs

Increase An increase Increase(d)

A rise Rise / Rose / Risen
A climb Climb(ed)
A growth Grow / Grew / Grown
An upward trend Go up / Went up / Gone up
 Reach the Highest Point (Reach) a peak Peak(ed)
(Attain) its highest point

Decrease A decrease Decrease(d)

A drop Drop(ped)
A decline Decline(d)
A fall Fall / Fell / Fallen
A downward trend Go down / Went down / Gone down

Reach the Lowest Point (Hit) a trough Trough(ed)

(Hit) a bottom Bottom(ed)
(Arrive at) its lowest point

Fluctuate Fluctuation Fluctuate(d)

A period of erratic behavior (between…and/ around)

Remain Stable Stability Remain(ed) constant / stable / unchanged at

A stable period Stay(ed) constant / stable / unchanged at
Stabilize(d) at

🔹 Vocabulary by Degree of Change

Degree Adjectives Adverbs

Strong Dramatic, Sharp, Significant, Considerable, Dramatically, Sharply, Significantly, Considerably, Remarkably, Rapidly
Remarkable, Rapid

Moderate Moderate, Steady Moderately, Steadily

Mild Slight, Marginal, Modest Slightly, Marginally, Modestly

Gradual / Slow Gradual, Slow Gradually, Slowly

 ●​ NORTH OF (trên mức) / SOUTH OF (dưới mức) + number (1-2
LẦN, tượng hình)
to south of = to under = to shy of (bỏ mạo từ): dưới mức (không có mạo
từ)

to north of = to over (at north of / at south of): trên mức

●​ trajectory: quỹ đạo => From January to August, the temperature

of Dubai experienced/followed an upward trend/trajectory. => line
graph / bar chart (nhiều mốc thời gian)

●​ Khi viết xong mỗi body, xét:

HIỆU QUẢ TA: List + summarize / change / compare

HIỆU QUẢ CC: các câu link với nhau chưa / câu sau có reflect
câu trước không / có rời rạc nhau không / còn kẽ hở nào không / có ý
thức nối câu / dùng referencing / substitution không?

❖​Khi chủ ngữ là tên riêng, là năm → sử dụng diễn đạt "chứng
kiến" sự tăng / sự giảm​
→ Example:
●​ Country C witnessed an increase in its rice production
●​ The Netherlands saw a decrease in its milk output
●​ The year 2010 experienced an increase in the performance of ...
❖​Khi chủ ngữ là số liệu / measurement, có thể diễn đạt trực tiếp
tăng / giảm thoải mái​
→ Example:
●​ The amount of rice produced by this country increased /
decreased to ...
●​ The percentage of participants in this game rose to ...
●​ The production of this country increased / fell to ...
●​ The number of female workers rose / decreased to ... / reached
...

1. Mô tả xu hướng tăng/giảm
●​ X witnessed/experienced/underwent + (adj) + rise/fall in + số
liệu​

●​ There was a(n) + adj + increase/decrease in X​

●​ X rose/climbed/grew/surged to + số liệu​

●​ X declined/dropped/plummeted to + số liệu​

●​ X peaked at / reached a high of + số liệu​

●​ X bottomed out at / reached a low of + số liệu​

🔹 2. Nhấn mạnh tốc độ và mức độ

●​ X increased/decreased marginally / steadily / moderately /
significantly / dramatically​

●​ X saw a gradual/marked/sharp/fluctuating trend over the

period​

●​ X remained relatively stable / leveled off / plateaued at + số

liệu​

🔹 3. So sánh xu hướng
●​ X outpaced/outstripped/surpassed Y over the period​

●​ X followed an upward/downward trajectory, whereas Y

showed the opposite pattern​
●​ While X rose sharply, Y stayed constant / remained
unchanged​

●​ X consistently stayed above/below Y throughout the

timeframe​

🔹 4. Liên kết thời gian (chuyển đoạn mượt)

●​ In the early years of the period, …​

●​ Over the first half of the timeframe, …​

●​ From year X onwards, …​

●​ During the latter years / towards the end of the period, …​

●​ Throughout the given span / across the entire timeframe, …​

🔹 5. Cấu trúc Band 9 đặc biệt (formal hơn)

●​ X maintained momentum, whereas Y lost ground after …​

●​ X sustained growth until … before declining sharply in …​

●​ X exhibited a consistent upward trend, in contrast to Y, which

fluctuated widely.​

●​ The period was characterized by a gradual escalation in X,

followed by stabilization.​

●​ X overtook Y in year Z, becoming the leading contributor

thereafter.​
6. So sánh mức độ hơn bao nhiêu đơn vị

●​ X was higher than Y by + số đơn vị​

(Ví dụ: The figure for A was higher than B by 15 units.)​

●​ X exceeded Y by + số​

●​ X outnumbered Y by + số​

●​ X was + số + units more/less than Y​

●​ There was a gap/difference of + số between X and Y​

🔹 7. So sánh gấp mấy lần

●​ X was + số + times as high/large as Y​
(e.g. Sales of A were three times as high as those of B.)​

●​ X was + số + times greater than Y​

●​ X was + số + times the figure for Y​

●​ The value of X was + số + fold that of Y​

●​ X was multiplied by + số compared to Y (ít dùng nhưng rất

academic)​

🔹 8. So sánh xu hướng theo thời gian (kết hợp units & times)
●​ By year Z, X had grown to be nearly twice the level of Y.​

●​ X surpassed Y by a margin of + số units in year Z.​

 ●​ X almost doubled/trebled, whereas Y remained unchanged.​

●​ The gap between X and Y widened/narrowed to + số units

over the period.​

●​ In year Z, X overtook Y, becoming roughly + số times larger.

Từ vựng & cấu trúc “Band 9” cho dynamic chart

1. Động từ thay cho increase/decrease

●​ soared, surged, rocketed, jumped, escalated (tăng mạnh)​

●​ plummeted, plunged, dipped, dropped, shrank (giảm mạnh)​

●​ stabilized, leveled off, plateaued, remained constant (ổn định)​

●​ fluctuated, oscillated, vacillated, varied (dao động)

2. Danh từ hóa (formal hơn)

●​ an upward/downward trend​

●​ a sharp/marked/moderate/slight increase/decrease​

●​ a period of stability / a leveling off​

●​ a peak / a trough​

3. Collocations mạnh

●​ witnessed / experienced / underwent a dramatic rise​

●​ reached a historic peak of …​

●​ bottomed out at …​
 ●​ sustained growth / consistent decline​

●​ maintained momentum / lost ground​

●​ outpaced / outstripped / overtook / surpassed / exceeded​

4. Cụm thời gian “Band 9”

●​ in the initial years of the period / in the early stages​

●​ towards the close of the period / by the end of the timeframe​

●​ over the span of two decades / throughout the given interval​

●​ from year X onwards / commencing in …