LECTURE NO (2) Dr: Asim A.
Osman- PhD
Assistant Professor of Human Physiology
Body fluids
Faculty Of Medicine- [Link] Physiology
Composition of Human Body
An adult male 70 Kg:
Water 60%.
Protein 18%.
Fat 15%.
Minerals 7 %
Importance of body water content
Water is the origin of life, vital functions of water include:
1. All biological reactions in the body must be performed
in water containing media.
2. Ionization of dissolved salts.
3. It regulates body temperature via both heat loss and
heat gain balance.
4. It gives the blood its fluidity to reach all cells and to
maintain arterial blood pressure.
Total body water
Total body water (in a
70kg adult male) is 60%
of total body weight
which equal 42L
The % of TBW is affected
by:
(1) Age :
It decrease by
increasing age.
(2) The percent of fats in the body:
Increased fats in the body is associated with less
water.
Because fatty tissues contain less water than other
tissues.
This explain the higher % of TBW in :
Adult male compared to equivalent female
Thin tall subject when compared to obese-short
subject.
WATER CONTENT IN VARIOUS TISSUES
TISSUE
100%
WATER
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Body fluid compartments
The body fluid is distributed
into 2 compartments: (TBW
=42L for 70kg man)
1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) = 28 L.
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) =14L.
The ECF is divided into:-
Interstitial fluid =10.5 L
Intravascular (plasma) =3.5 L
Body Fluid
Compartments
60% of body weight
ECF ICF
1/3 of the TBW 2/3 of TBW
Interstitial
Plasma
fluid
25% OF ECF
75% OF ECF
Differences between ECF and ICF
Differences ECF ICF
Volume 14L 28L
Na+ 142mmol/L 10mmol/L
K+ 4mmol/L 140mmol/L
Ca2+ 2.5mmol/L negligible
Mg2+ o.8 mmol/L 11 mmol/L
CL- 105mmol/L 4mmol\L
HCO3 26mmol/L 10mmol\L
1.1mmol/L 31 mmol\L
PO4- 1.2mmol/L 4mmol/L
Protein
PH 7.4 7.2
Osmolarity 280 - 300mOsm/L 280 - 300mOsm/L
Osmoalrity
Is the number of osmoles of solute per one liter of
solution.
Used to describe the concentration of osmotically active
particles in a solution.
If a solute dissociate into ions to form an ideal solution,
each liberated ion is an osmotically active particle.
E.g. dissociation of 1mole of (NaCL) gives 1 osmole of
Na+ & 1 osmole of CL (i.e 2osmoles)
Organic substances such as glucose are non-ionizable ,
so 1 mole of glucose in solution will give 1 osmole
Osmolality
Number of osmoles per one kilogram of solvent
More accurate than osmolarity because it depends
on mass (Kg) which is constant rather than volume
(liter) which affected by change in temperature &
pressure
In the body fluid all variables are constant, so that
osmoalrity & osmolality are equal
Osmolarity of the ECF (plasma) = 280-300 mosm/L
Na+ & its anions are responsible for most of this
osmolarity.
Osmolarity of the ICF = 280-300 mosm/L
K+ & its anions are responsible for most of this
osmolarity.
Osomtic pressure: is the pressure that prevent
osmosis
Tonicity
This term is used when describing the osmolarity of a
solution relative to the osmolarity of the plasma.
So that there are 3 types of solution:
1. Isotonic : with osmolarity similar to plasma.
2. Hypotonic : with osmolarity lower than plasma.
3. Hypertonic: with osmolarity higher than plasma.
Effect of different types of solutions on cells
Effect of I.V infusion of different types of solution on
volumes & osmolarities of body fluid compartments
SOLUTION ECF OSMOSIS ICF
VOLUME OSMOLARITY VOLUME OSMOLARITY
The same The same The same
Isotonic ↑ X
Hypotonic ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓
Hypertonic ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
I.V infusion of an isotonic solution: ↑ the volume
of ECF with no effect on its osmolarity, and no
effect on volume & osmolarity of ICF
I.V infusion of an hypotonic solution: ↑ the
volumes of ECF & ICF and ↓osmolaries of ECF &
ICF
I.V infusion of an hypertonic solution: ↑ the
volume & osmolarity of ECF and ↓ volume of ICF
while its osmolarity will ↑
Calculation of osmolarity
By using molarity
Number of osmoles = number of moles X number of
particles liberated by single molecule
Calculate the osmolarity of 0.9 % NaCl solution and
mention the effect of this solution on volume & osmolarity
of ICF after its infusion on plasma (molecular weight of
NaCl = 58.5)
Answer:
0.9% NaCl = 0.9 g/dl, (x 10) = 9 g/L
Molarity =[con.c g/L]/ MWt of NaCl = 9/58.5 =
0.154mol/L, (x 1000) = 154 mmol/L
Osmolarity = 154 x 2 = 308 mosm/L
Isotonic, has no effect on ICF
In spite of their high osomlarity than plasma this solution
regarded as isotonic because the dissociation of NaCl inside
the body is not complete as ideal solution (about 93%)
So that osmolarity of 0.9% NaCl in plasma is actually less
than 308 , that's why it is isotonoc
Homework
• Calculate the osmolarity of 5% glucose solution.
If one liter of this solution is infused
intravenously, mention the immediate and the
later effects on the cells (molecular weight of
glucose 180)
Fluid and Solute Exchange Across
Capillaries
Fluid exchange
between ICF & ECF
occur by osmosis.
Whereas between
plasma &
interstitium occur
by starlings forces.
Starling's forces
There are 4 primary forces that control fluid
exchange at the capillaries which include:
1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure:
Pressure acting on the lateral wall of the blood
vessel (blood pressure).
For filtration (from plasma to ISF)
35 mmHg at the arteriolar end of capillaries.
15 mmHg at the veniolar end of capillaries.
2. Capillary oncotic pressure:
The osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins.
Exerted mainly by albumin.
For absorption (from ISF to plasma).
25mmHg through out the capillaries because
the proteins are not filtered
The interstitial fluid
hydrostatic & oncotic
pressures are of low
magnitude, they cancel
each other and they
negligible.
The net pressure (HP-OP):
1. At the arteriolar end =
35-25 = +10mmHg
(filtration).
2. At the veniolar end= 15- 35
25 = -10 (absorption) 10
Plasma is filtered at the arteriolar end to the
interstitial spaces carrying nutrient to the
surrounding cells & then absorbed back at the
veniolar end carrying waste products.
90% of fluid filtered is absorbed at the veniolar
end the remaining 10% is absorbed by the
lymphatic vessels.
Disturbance of this balance result in
accumulation of fluid interstitial spaces
causing edema.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid
in the interstitial space.
Mechanisms:
1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
(HP):
CAUSED BY:
A. Heart failure: result in
generalized edema
B. Venous obstruction: result in
localized edema
2. Oncotic pressure:
CAUSED BY:
A. Malnutrition: result in
generalized edema.
B. Malabsorption: result in
generalized edema.
C. Chronic liver disease: result
in generalized edema
D. Renal failure: result in
generalized edema
3. Lmyphatic obstruction:
CAUSED BY:
A. Filaria worms: result in
localized edema
(elephantiasis).
B. Surgical removal of
lymph nodes: result in
localized edema.
Burns
4. Capillaries permeability:
• CAUSED BY:
A. Inflammation: result in
localized edema.
B. Burns: result in localized
Allergy
edema.
C. Allergy: involves release of
histamine which ↑
permeability & result in
generalized or localized
edema.
Types of edema
1. Pitting edema:
In which firm pressure by
the thumb leaves a mark on
the skin.
2. Non pitting edema:
In which firm pressure by
the thumb does not leaves a
mark on the skin.
Water balance
To maintain constant water content of the body,
water loss should always = water intake
Abnormalities of this balance between water
intake & output can cause disturbances in
volume & osmolarity of body fluid
compartment.
Input = output
Normal daily water intake:
The average water intake is about 2.5 L/day
Normal daily water output:
The average water loss is about 2.5 L/day
The above values vary greatly in different
physiological & pathological conditions.
Examples of physiological conditions:
1. Type of work: heavy work ↑ sweating.
2. Exercise: strenuous exercise ↑ sweating & causes
hyperventilation which ↑ insensible water loss in
expired air.
3. Degree of water intake: high intake ↑ the urine
volume and vice versa.
4. Variation in body temperature & environmental
temperature.
Examples of pathological conditions:
1. Abnormal water intake through:
↑ metabolism (fever & hyperthyroidism).
↑ drinking (psychologic polydypsia).
Excess intravenous fluids (fluid overload)
1. Abnormal water loss through:
Diarrhea.
Polyuria (diabetes mellitus).
Excessive sweating (heat exhaustion).
Thank You
محاوالت
هدف هدف
مسؤلية
هدف همة
تفكير
ان القدره الكامنه في االنسان ذات طبيعة متجدده فال
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ال يوجد ما يمنعك من الوصول الى القمه في مجالك
سواك.
تحمل املسؤوليه الكامله في كل نواحي حياتك وتوقف عن
لوم االخرين و اختالق االعذار.
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قوته.