Transformations of Functions
Transformations of Functions
In general, it is quite difficult to take the graphs of f (x) and g(x) and
produce the graph of f (g(x)). If one of the functions f and g is linear,
however, there is a simple graphical procedure for graphing the
composition.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 1 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Transformations of Functions
In general, it is quite difficult to take the graphs of f (x) and g(x) and
produce the graph of f (g(x)). If one of the functions f and g is linear,
however, there is a simple graphical procedure for graphing the
composition.
Transformations, c > 0
Equation How to transform graph of y = f (x) to obtain
graph of equation
y = f (x) + c shift c units upward
y = f (x) − c shift c units downward
y = f (x + c) shift c units to left
y = f (x − c) shift c units to right
y = −f (x) reflect about x-axis
y = f (−x) reflect about y-axis
y = cf (x) vertically stretch away from x-axis by a factor of
c
y = f (cx) vertically shrink toward x-axis by a factor of c
MAT 1001 Calculus I 1 / 16
Transformations of Functions SECT
Suppose c > 0.
y
y=ƒ+c
y=f(x+c) c y =ƒ y=f(x-c)
c c
0 c x
y=ƒ-c
MAT 1001 Calculus I 2 / 16
SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS ◆ 39
Transformations of Functions
Suppose c > 1.
y
y=cƒ
(c>1)
y=f(_x)
y=ƒ
y= 1c ƒ
x 0 x
y=_ƒ
MAT 1001 Calculus I 3 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 1
√ √
Given√the graph of y = x, use transformations
√ to graph y = x − 2,
√ √
y = x − 2, y = − x, y = 2 x and y = −x
Solution.
√
The graph of the square root function y = x is:
y
0
4 x
-2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 4 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 5 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 5 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 5 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
0 x
2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 6 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
0 x
2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 6 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
2
0 x
2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 6 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x-axis:
0
x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 7 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x-axis:
0
x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 7 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x-axis:
a
0
x
a
MAT 1001 Calculus I 7 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
0
x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 8 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
0
x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 8 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
2a
a
0
x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 8 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y-axis:
MAT 1001 Calculus I 9 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y-axis:
MAT 1001 Calculus I 9 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y-axis:
a a
MAT 1001 Calculus I 9 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 2
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
This means we obtain the de-
sired graph by starting with the
1
parabola y = x2 and shifting 3
-3 0 x units to the left and then 1 unit
upward.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 10 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 2
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
This means we obtain the de-
sired graph by starting with the
1
parabola y = x2 and shifting 3
-3 0 x units to the left and then 1 unit
upward.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 10 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 2
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
This means we obtain the de-
sired graph by starting with the
1
parabola y = x2 and shifting 3
-3 0 x units to the left and then 1 unit
upward.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 10 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 3
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
We first graph the parabola y =
x2 −1 by shifting the parabola y =
x2 downward 1 unit. We see that
1 the graph lies below the x−axis
when −1 < x < 1, so we reflect
that part of the graph about the
-1 0 1 x x−axis to obtain the graph of y =
|x2 − 1|.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 11 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 3
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
We first graph the parabola y =
x2 −1 by shifting the parabola y =
x2 downward 1 unit. We see that
1 the graph lies below the x−axis
when −1 < x < 1, so we reflect
that part of the graph about the
-1 0 1 x x−axis to obtain the graph of y =
|x2 − 1|.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 11 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 3
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
We first graph the parabola y =
x2 −1 by shifting the parabola y =
x2 downward 1 unit. We see that
1 the graph lies below the x−axis
when −1 < x < 1, so we reflect
that part of the graph about the
-1 0 1 x x−axis to obtain the graph of y =
|x2 − 1|.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 11 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 4
Sketch the graph of the function y = 3 − 2x .
MAT 1001 Calculus I 12 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 4
Sketch the graph of the function y = 3 − 2x .
Solution.
First we reflect the graph of y = 2x about the x-axis to get the graph of
y = −2x . Then we shift the graph of y = −2x upward three units to
obtain the graph of y = 3 − 2x .
MAT 1001 Calculus I 12 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
x
2
0 x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 13 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
x
2
0 x
MAT 1001 Calculus I 13 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
3
x
-2 +3
2
0 x
x
-2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 13 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 5
1
Graph the function y = e−x − 1 and state the domain and range.
2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 14 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 5
1
Graph the function y = e−x − 1 and state the domain and range.
2
Solution.
We start with the graph of y = ex and reflect about the y-axis to get the
graph of y = e−x . Then we compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2
1
to obtain the graph of y = e−x . Finally, we shift the graph downward one
2
unit to get the desired graph. The domain is R and the range is (−1, ∞).
MAT 1001 Calculus I 14 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 5
1
Graph the function y = e−x − 1 and state the domain and range.
2
Solution.
We start with the graph of y = ex and reflect about the y-axis to get the
graph of y = e−x . Then we compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2
1
to obtain the graph of y = e−x . Finally, we shift the graph downward one
2
unit to get the desired graph. The domain is R and the range is (−1, ∞).
MAT 1001 Calculus I 14 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
x
e
x
0
MAT 1001 Calculus I 15 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
x
e
x
0
MAT 1001 Calculus I 15 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Solution (cont.)
y
1
-
2
1
-x
e -1
2
0 x
-1
MAT 1001 Calculus I 15 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 6
Sketch the graph of the function y = ln(x − 2) − 1.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 16 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 6
Sketch the graph of the function y = ln(x − 2) − 1.
Solution.
y
lnx We start with the graph of
y = ln x as given in Fig-
ure ??. Using the trans-
formations, we shift it two
units to the right to get
0 x the graph of y = ln(x − 2)
and then we shift it one
unit downward to get the
graph of y = ln(x − 2) −
1.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 16 / 16
Transformations of Functions
Example 6
Sketch the graph of the function y = ln(x − 2) − 1.
Solution.
y
lnx We start with the graph of
ln(x-2)
y = ln x as given in Fig-
ure ??. Using the trans-
ln(x-2)-1 formations, we shift it two
units to the right to get
0 2 3 x the graph of y = ln(x − 2)
and then we shift it one
-1 unit downward to get the
graph of y = ln(x − 2) −
1.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 16 / 16