UNIT

2 Structure and Properties of Matter

OVERALL
EXPECTATIONS
• assess the benefits to society and
evaluate the environmental impact
of products and technologies that
apply principles related to the
structure and properties of matter
• investigate the molecular shapes
and physical properties of various
types of matter
• demonstrate an understanding
of atomic structure and chemical
bonding, and how they relate to
the physical properties of ionic,
molecular, covalent network, and
metallic substances

BIG IDEAS
• The nature of the attractive forces
that exist between particles in
a substance determines the
properties of that substance.
• Technological devices that are
based on the principles of atomic
and molecular structures can have
societal benefits and costs.

UNIT TASK PRevIew

In this Unit Task, you will perform a thought experiment in which

you will develop a detailed description of an alternative universe.
At the heart of this universe will be a periodic table, for which the
rules for working with quantum numbers are different than the
accepted rules in our universe.
The Unit Task is described in detail on page 268. As you work
through the unit, look for Unit Task Bookmarks to see how the
section relates to the Unit Task.

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 Focus on STSE

Nanotechnology:
A Tiny Technological Revolution
Nanotechnology is a branch of technology that involves engineering functional systems
at the molecular or atomic scale. A functional system is a series of connected compo-
nents that work together to carry out a specific function. A nanometre is one billionth of
a metre—a human hair is 50 000 to 100 000 as thick. Nanotechnology first emerged in
the 1980s and, since then, has been applied widely to many different fields. For example,
medical scientists are trying to develop tiny cellular-repair nanobots that can be injected
into the human body. Once in the body, these nanobots could repair damaged or sick cells
or kill harmful ones, such as cancer cells. Researchers in the pharmaceutical industry
are experimenting with nanotechnology to produce microscopic needles that can inject
drugs into single cells.
Nanotechnology also plays (or will play) a role in advancing the fields of electronics,
materials science, and biomaterials. Nanotechnology may also be used in the toy, food,
and beverage industries. Some nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, are extraordi-
narily strong, despite their small size. This makes them extremely useful in the manufac-
ture of construction materials used in space vehicles, airplanes, and even new types of
reinforced concrete. Nanochemicals can be added to fabrics and textiles to resist stains
and eliminate unwanted odours. Solar cells, lighting, and chemical imaging all involve
the use of nanomaterials and can be less expensive than those made using conventional
materials. Nanotechnology has many practical applications. You likely own some devices
that were constructed using nanotechnology!
Although there are many exciting potential uses of nanotechnology, this new field is
not without risks. Since nanomaterials are not naturally occurring substances, we cannot
predict their possible negative consequences. For example, researchers Niraj Kumar and
Virginia Walker of Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, made a discovery regarding the
negative effects of nanoparticles on the Arctic ecosystem. They found that silver nanopar-
ticles, which are commonly used as antibacterial agents in fabrics (such as those used in
socks), are toxic to nitrogen-fixing bacteria. When the populations of these bacteria are
reduced, plants do not grow as quickly or as vigorously. It is amazing and concerning that
these silver nanoparticles were found in regions that are largely undisturbed by human
activity. This is one example of why, as we move forward in the field of nanotechnology,
we need to be cautious to minimize any unforeseen negative consequences.
Questions
1. What is unique about nanotechnology, compared with other branches of science?

2. What are some current applications of nanotechnology?

3. What are some areas of research for future uses of nanotechnology?

4. Are technologies always beneficial to society and the environment? Give an

example of another technology that has benefits for and negative impacts on
society and/or the environment.

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 unit 2 Are you ready?

Concepts Skills
• predict the nature of a chemical bond • draw Bohr–Rutherford diagrams and Lewis structures
• outline major historical accomplishments in atomic theory • name substances and write chemical formulas
• describe characteristics of the atom • classify compounds
• describe elements, including isotopes and radioisotopes • understand safety in the laboratory
• identify periodic trends • use IUPAC rules to name compounds
• identify properties of ionic and molecular compounds

Concepts Review 8. Predict whether compounds with the following

1. Predict whether the chemical bonds in the following properties are ionic or molecular, based on the given
substances are ionic or covalent: K/U T/I information: K/U T/I
(a) KCl (a) insoluble in water
(b) SF6 (b) low melting point
(c) LiBr (c) high boiling point
(d) N2O4 (d) solid at SATP
(e) RbS (e) forms an electrolyte in water
(f) brittle
2. Construct a timeline or a graphic organizer that
illustrates the major historical accomplishments in 9. Describe the structure of a solid ionic compound using
atomic theory by Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. the terms “crystalline” and “formula unit.” K/U
K/U C 10. Ionic and molecular compounds have certain
3. Use the Dalton model of the atom to explain the law of characteristic properties. Summarize these by copying
conservation of mass in chemical reactions. K/U Table 1 into your notebook and completing it. K/U C
4. What are the major components of the atom? K/U Table 1

5. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons Ionic Molecular

in each of the following entities: K/U T/I Characteristic compounds compounds
(a) a neutral atom with atomic number 5 and
Classes of elements involved?
mass number 11
(b) a neutral atom with atomic number 25 and Melting point (high/low)?
mass number 54 State at SATP (solid, liquid, gas)?
(c) a neutral atom with atomic number 25 and
mass number 55 Electrolyte (yes/no)?
(d) an ion with atomic number 17, mass number 35, 11. Distinguish between the following terms: scientific
and a charge of 21 model, scientific law, and scientific theory. K/U
6. Explain the difference between isotopes and 12. Define the following terms, and state the trends for
radioisotopes of an element. K/U each on the periodic table: K/U
7. (a) What are periodic trends? (a) atomic radius
(b) Name two properties that exhibit periodic (b) ionization energy
behaviour and discuss their trends. K/U (c) electron affinity
(d) electronegativity

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 13. Copy the periodic table in Figure 1 into your notebook, Skills Review
and identify the following groups: alkali metals, alkaline 19. Draw a Bohr–Rutherford diagram for each of the
earth metals, transition metals, halogens, noble gases, following elements: K/U T/I C
lanthanides, and actinides. K/U C (a) H (d) K
1 18 (b) C (e) Na
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 (c) P
2 Group 20. Draw the structural formula for each of the following
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 molecular compounds: K/U T/I C
4 (a) H2O (d) C2H4
5 (b) CH4 (e) NH3
6 (c) CO2
7
21. Give the IUPAC name for the following
6
compounds: K/U T/I
Period (a) CBr4 (d) SF6
7
(b) ClO2 (e) N2O4
Figure 1
(c) N2O
22. In a graphic organizer, show the steps involved in
14. What information is included in the WHMIS symbol drawing the Lewis structure of
for a chemical? K/U
(a) an ionic compound
15. What does MSDS stand for? What information is (b) a covalent compound K/U T/I C
included in an MSDS? K/U
23. Draw Lewis structures showing the formation of the
16. What is meant by the term “stable octet”? Explain following compounds, and state whether each is ionic
how the octet rule works when drawing Lewis or covalent. K/U T/I C
structures. K/U T/I A
(a) sodium fluoride (c) aluminum oxide
17. State the similarities and differences between the (b) hydrogen sulfide (d) methane
Bohr–Rutherford diagrams of the atoms in each pair
below. Explain their relative location on the periodic 24. Write the IUPAC name for each of the following
table based on these similarities and differences. K/U C compounds: K/U T/I
(a) lithium and potassium (a) CaCl2 (f) (NH4)2S
(b) magnesium and sulfur (b) Fe(NO3)2 (g) Cu(ClO2)2
(c) CO (h) NaClO
18. Copy Table 2 into your notebook and complete it. K/U C
(d) CaSO3 (i) HgS
(e) NH4NO3 (j) Ca(C2H3O2)2
Table 2
25. Design and create a poster that clearly states and
Are electrons Lewis
illustrates an important safety rule in your chemistry
lost or gained symbol classroom. K/U T/I C
Element Lewis when ion of ion Charge
name Symbol symbol forms? formation on ion
magnesium CAREER PATHWAYS Preview

Br Throughout this unit you will see Career Links. Go to the Nelson
Science website to find information about careers related to
sulfur
Structure and Properties of Matter. On the Chapter Summary page
Na at the end of each chapter you will find a Career Pathways feature
that shows you the educational requirements of the careers. There
tin are also some career-related questions for you to research.
P

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