04

46 CDS Pathfinder

BINARY NUMBERS
In NDA exam, generally 1-2 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on conversion
of binary to decimal and decimal to binary. In the binary system, only two symbols 0 and 1 are
used as digits, called binary digits or bits. Since, in this system only two numbers are used, so its
base or radix is 2.

DECIMAL SYSTEM
In the decimal system, we use 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Since, 10 basic symbols are used
in this system, so its base or radix is 10.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

1. Conversion of Integral Decimal Numbers
Step 1 Take the LCM of the given decimal number taking only 2 as divisor (as the base or radix of
binary number is 2).
Step 2 Write the remainder at each step in bracket as shown in the given example.
Step 3 Repeat this process until we obtain quotient less than the divisor.
e.g. Write ( 21)10 into binary number system.
2 21 5
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
1 0

Step 4 When we obtain 1 as quotient, start writing the number from there to upward direction, as shown
above.
∴ ( 21)10 = (10101) 2
Therefore, 21 of decimal system is equal to (10101) of binary system.
EXAMPLE 1. Conversion of 175 into a binary number is
a. (10101111)2 b. (10010011)2 c. (11000111)2 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 47

Sol. a. EXAMPLE 3. Conversion of (10010) 2 to its equivalent

2 175 decimal number is
2 87 1 a. (18)10 b. (81)10 c. (16)10 d. (34)10
2 43 1 Sol. a. (10010) 2 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
2 21 1
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 18
2 10 1
∴(10010) 2 = (18)10
2 5 0
2. Conversion of Fractional Binary Numbers In
2 2 1
order to convert the binary fractions to decimal
1 0 numbers, we use negative powers of 2 to the right of
∴ (175)10 = (10101111) 2 the binary point.
2. Conversion of Fractional Decimal Numbers
EXAMPLE 4. Find the decimal equivalent to (0.1101) 2 .
Fractional numbers can be converted to binary form by
successive multiplication by 2. In each step, the digit a. (81.25)10 b. (0.8125)10 c. (8.125)10 d. All of these
before the decimal point is being transfered to the binary Sol. b. 1 1 0 1
record and the process is repeated with the remaining
1 1 1 1
fractional number. 2−1 = 2−2 = 2−3 = 2−4 =
2 4 8 16
The last step is reached, if the fractional part is zero 1 1 1 1
or it is terminated, when the desired accuracy is ∴ (0.1101) 2 = × 1+ × 1+ × 0+ ×1
2 4 8 16
attained. The first bit obtained is the most significant
and the last is the least significant. = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625 = 0.8125
Now, (0.1101) 2 = (0.8125)10
EXAMPLE 2. Conversion of 0.638 to binary form is
a. (0.1010101110)2 b. (1111000011)2 Arithmetic Operations
c. (0.1010001101)2 d. None of these of Binary Numbers
The arithmetic operations of binary numbers namely
Sol. c. Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are
0.638 × 2 = 1.276 1 almost similar to those of decimal.
0.276 × 2 = 0.552 0
0.552 × 2 = 1.104 1 Binary Addition
0.104 × 2 = 0.208 0
0.208 × 2 = 0.416 0
The rules of binary addition are
0.416 × 2 = 0.832 0 (i) 0 + 0 = 0 (ii) 0 + 1 = 1
0.832 × 2 = 1.664 1 (iii) 1 + 0 = 1 (iv) 1 + 1 = 10 (one-zero, not ten)
0.664 × 2 = 1.328 1
0.328 × 2 = 0.656 0 Note The last rule is often written as 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1.
0.656 × 2 = 1.312 1
EXAMPLE 5. Add (1101) 2 and the conversion of
Rounding off after 10 bits, the binary result is (53)10 into binary system of numbers. Also find the
(0.638)10 = (0.1010001101) 2 result.
Note The point in front of the binary is referred to as the binary a. (110010)2 b. (100101)2
point.
c. (1110011)2 d. None of these

BINARY TO DECIMAL Sol. d. Let us first convert ( 53)10 into binary system of numbers.

CONVERSION 2
2
53
26 1
1. Conversion of Integral Binary Numbers For 2 13 0
converting binary number to decimal number, we 2 6 1
start from the least significant bit, i.e. from right, by 2 3 0
multiplying them with the powers of 2 in increasing 1 1
order, i.e. with 20 , 21 , 22 and so on. This process is The required number in binary system is obtained by
repeated until the most significant bit, i.e. left bit has writing the number from left to upward direction, as
been processed. Adding all of them, we get the shown.
required decimal number. ∴ ( 53)10 = (110101) 2
48 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Now, add (1101) 2 and (110101) 2 Sol. b. Firstly, we multiply (1010) 2 and (111) 2
110101 1010
1101 ×111
1000010 1010
Hence, the answer is (1000010) 2. 1010×
1010××
Binary Subtraction 1000110
The rules of binary subtraction are Now, we convert (1000110) 2 to its decimal equivalent
(i) 0 − 0 = 0 (ii) 1 − 0 = 1 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
(iii) 1 − 1 = 0 (iv) 0 − 1 = 1 = 64 + 4 + 2 = (70) 2
∴ X = 70
EXAMPLE 6. Subtract 10001 from 10011.
a. ( 00100)2 b. (11000)2 Binary Division
c. ( 00010)2 d. None of these
The rules of binary division are
Sol. c. 10 0 1 1(19) (i) 1 ÷ 1 = 1 (ii) 0 ÷ 1 = 0
−10 0 0 1(17) (iii) 0 ÷ 0 = Not defined (iv) 1 ÷ 0 = Not defined
0 0 0 10 ( 2)
EXAMPLE 8. Divide (1111) 2 by (11) 2 .
a. (11)2 b. (101)2
Binary Multiplication
c. (10 )2 d. None of these
The rules of binary multiplication are
(i) 0 × 0 = 0 (ii) 0 × 1 = 0 Sol. b. 11 ) 1111 ( 101
(iii) 1 × 0 = 0 (iv) 1 × 1 = 1 11
11
11
EXAMPLE 7. What is the value of X, if
(1010) 2 × (111) 2 = (X)10 ? ×
a. 60 b. 70 c. 75 d. 80

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Binary equivalent of 182 is 6. The decimal number corresponding to the binary
(a) (10110110)2 (b) (111000110)2 number (111000.0101)2 is
(c) (10111001)2 (d) None of these (a) (56.3275)10 (b) (56.3125)10
(c) (57.4375)10 (d) (57.5625)10
2. The number 0.0011 in binary system represents
(a) rational number 3/8 in decimal system 7. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal
(b) rational number 1/8 in decimal system number 18.5625?
(c) rational number 3/16 in decimal system (a) (1000110011
. )2 (b) (1001110001
. )2
(d) rational number 5/16 in decimal system (c) (1001010010
. )2 (d) (1001010011
. )2
3. The binary number corresponding to (13.0625)10 is 8. In the binary addition, where x, y, z are binary
(a) (1011.0010)2 (b) (1110.0101)2 digits
(c) (1101.0001)2 (d) None of these x1 0 1
4. The sum of (1011.01) 2 + (1001.11) 2 is + 1 0 y 1
1 1 z0 0
(a) 111011 (b) 10001 (c) 10000 (d) 10101
the possible values of x, y and z respectively are
5. What is (1111)2 + (1001)2 − (1010)2 equal to? (a) 0, 1 and 0 (b) 1, 1 and 0
(a) (111)2 (b) (1100)2 (c) (1110)2 (d) (1010)2 (c) 0, 0 and 1 (d) 1, 0 and 1
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 49

9. If (10x 010)2 − (11 y1)2 = (10z11)2, then what are 17. A number in binary system is 110001. It is equal
the possible values of the binary digits x, y, z to which one of the following numbers in decimal
respectively? system? e 2013 II
(a) 0, 0, 1 (b) 0, 1, 0 (a) 45 (b) 46
(c) 1, 1, 0 (d) 0, 0, 0 (c) 48 (d) 49
10. If x = (1101)2 and y = (110)2, then what is the 18. The number 83 is written in the binary system
value of x 2 − y 2? as e 2013 II
(a) 100110 (b) 101101
(a) (1000101)2 (b) (10000101)2 (c) 1010011 (d) 110110
(c) (10001101)2 (d) (10010101)2
19. The number 251 in decimal system is expressed
11. What is the value of in binary system by e 2014 I
(0.101)(11) 2 + (0.011)(11) 2 (a) 11110111 (b) 11111011
2 2
2 − (0.101)(01) 2 (0.011)(01) 2 + (0.011)(10) 2
(c) 11111101 (d) 11111110
(0.101)(10)
2 2 2 2
(a) (0.001)2 (b) (0.01)2
20. What is the sum of the two numbers (11110)2 and
(c) (0.1)2 (d) (1)2 (1010)2? e 2014 I
(a) (101000)2 (b) (110000)2
(c) (100100)2 (d) (101100)2
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 21. What is (1001)2 equal to? e 2014 I
12. The number 292 in decimal system is expressed (a) (5)10 (b) (9)10
in binary system by e 2012 I (c) (17 )10 (d) (11)10
(a) 100001010 (b) 100010001
(c) 100100100 (d) 10101000
22. If (11101011)2 is converted to decimal system,
then the resulting number is e 2015 I
13. What is the decimal number representation of (a) 235 (b) 175
the binary number (11101.001)2? e 2012 I (c) 160 (d) 126
(a) 30.125 (b) 29.025
23. The decimal number (127. 25)10, when converted
(c) 29.125 (d) 28.025
to binary number, takes the form e 2015 I
14. The decimal number ( 57. 375)10, when converted (a) (111111111
. )2
to binary number takes the form e 2012 II (b) (1111110.01)2
(a) (111001011
. )2 (b) (100111110
. )2 (c) (111011111
. )2
(c) (110011101
. )2 (d) (111011011
. )2 (d) (111111101
. )2

15. The decimal representation of the number 24. What is (1000000001)2 − ( 0.0101)2 equal to?
e 2015 II
(1011)2 in binary system is e 2012 II (a) ( 512.6775)10 (b) ( 512.6875)10
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 11 (c) ( 512.6975)10 (d) ( 512.0909)10
16. The binary representation of the decimal number 25. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal
45 is e 2013 I number 0.3125? e 2016 I
(a) 110011 (b) 101010 (a) 0.0111 (b) 0.1010
(c) 1101101 (d) 101101 (c) 0.0101 (d) 0.1101

ANSWERS
1 a 2 c 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 b 9 b 10 b
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 d 16 d 17 d 18 c 19 b 20 a
21 b 22 a 23 d 24 b 25 c
50 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 1
1. (a) 2 182 = 32 + 16 + 8 + +
4 16
2 91 0
= 56 + 0.25 + 0.0625 = (563125
. )
2 45 1 10

2 22 1 7. (c) For integer part of 18.5625 i.e. ( 18)

10
2 11 0 2 18
2 5 1 2 9 0
2 2 1 2 4 1
1 0 2 2 0
∴ ( 182) = ( 10110110) 1 0
10 2

2. (c) (. 0011) = 0 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 +1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4 For fractional part of 185625
. i.e. (.5625)
10
2
Binary
1 1 3
= + = 05625
. × 2 = 1125
. 1
8 16 16
0.125 × 2 = 2.250 0
3. (c) For integer part of ( 13. 0625)
10 0.250 × 2 = 0500
. 2
i.e. ( 13)
10
0500
. × 2 = 10. 1
∴ ( 13) = ( 1101) ∴ ( 185625
. ) = ( 10010.10010)
10 2 10 2

2 13 8. (b) ( x 101) = x × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 +1 × 20 = 8x + 5
2

2 6 1 ( 10 y 1) = 1 × 23 + 0 + y × 21 +1 × 20 = 9 + 2 y
2
2 3 0 ( 11z 00) = 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + z × 22 + 0 + 0 = 24 + 4z
2

2 1 1 ∴ 8x + 5 + 9 + 2 y = 24 + 4z ⇒ 8x + 2 y = 4z + 10
As x , y and z can take values 0 and 1 only
For fractional part of ( 13. 0625) i.e. (. 0625)
10 10 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1, z = 0
Binary
0. 0625 × 2 = 0.125 0 9. (b) ( 10x 010) − ( 11y 1) = ( 10z 11)
2 2 2
0.125 × 2 = 0.25 0
⇒ ( 25 × 1 + 0 + x × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0)
0.25 × 2 = 0.5 0
0.5 × 2 = 1.0 1 − ( 23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + y × 21 + 1 × 20 )
∴ (13.0625) = (1101.0001) = 24 × 1 + 0 + 22 × z + 21 × 1 + 20
10 2
⇒ (34 + 8x ) − ( 13 + 2 y ) = 19 + 4z
4. (d) 1 0 1 1.0 1
⇒ 2 + 8x − 2 y = 4z
+ 1 0 0 1.1 1
1 0 1 0 1. 0 0 ∴ x = 0, y = 1 and z = 0

5. (c) ( 1111) = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 +1 × 20 = 15 10. (b) Given, x = ( 1101) = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20

2
2

( 1001) = 1 × 23 + 0 + 0 + 1 × 20 = 9 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
2
( 1010) = 1 × 23 + 0 + 1 × 21 + 0 = 10 and y = ( 110) = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 4 + 2 = 6
2 2
∴ 15 + 9 − 10 = 14 ∴ x 2 − y 2 = ( 13)2 − ( 6)2 = 169 − 36 = 133
Now,
2 14 Now, 2 133
2 7 0 2 66 1
2 3 1 2 33 0
1 1 2 16 1
2 8 0
∴ ( 14) = ( 1110)
10 2
2 4 0
6. (b) ( 111000.0101) = 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22
2 2 2 0
+ 0 × 21 + 0 × 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4 1 0
∴ 133 = ( 10000101)
2
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 51

11. (d) ( 11) = 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 3 18. (c) 19. (b)

2

( 10) = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 = 2
1 0 20. (a)
2
11110
and ( 01) = 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 1
2
+1010
Thus, the given expression can be written as
101000
[( 0.101 ) ]3 + [( 0.011) ]3
2 2
[( 0.101) ]2 − ( 0.101) ( 0.011) + [( 0.011) ]2 21. (b) ( 1001)
2 2 2 2 2
 a3 + b3  = ( 23 × 1 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 0 + 20 × 1)
= ( 0.101) + ( 0.011) = ( 1) Q a 2 − ab + b 2 = a + b  10
2 2 2
  = (8 + 1) = ( 9)
10 10

12. (c) 22. (a) ( 11101011) = (?)

2 10

13. (c) ( 11101. 001) = 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 = [1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24

7 6
2
−1 −2 −3
×2 + 0×2 0
+ 0× 2 + 1× 2 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 ]
10
1 = [ 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1]
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 10
8
= ( 235)
1 233 10
= 29 + = = ( 29.125)
8 8 10 23. (d) ( 127. 25) = (?)
10 2

14. (a) For integer part of 57.375 i.e. (57)

10 2 127
2 57 2 63 1
2 28 1
2 31 1
2 14 0
2 15 1
2 7 0
2 3 1 2 7 1

1 1 2 3 1
∴ (57) = ( 111001) 1 1
10 2

For after decimal part of 57.375 Here, 0. 25 × 2 = 050

. , carry = 0
i.e. (0.375) and . × 2 = 1.00, carry = 0
050
10
Now, Binary ∴ ( 127. 25) = ( 1111111. 01)
10 2
0375
. × 2 = 0.75 0
0.75 × 2 = 1.5 1 24. (b) ( 1000000001) − ( 0.0101)
2 2
0.5 × 2 = 1.0 1 = ( 29 + 20 ) − ( 1 × 2− 2 + 1 × 2− 4 )
= ( 0.011)
= (512 + 1) −  +
( 0.375) 1 1
10 2 
∴ (57.375) = ( 111001011
. )  4 16 
10 2
5
15. (d) ( 1011) = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
3 2 = 513 − = 513 − 03125
.
2 16
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 = (512.6875)
10
16. (d)
25. (c) 0.3125 × 2 = 0.625, carry = 0
17. (d) ( 110001) = 1 × 25 + 1 × 24
2
0.625 × 2 = 125
. , carry = 1
+ 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
0.25 × 2 = 0.50, carry = 0
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = ( 49)
10 0.50 × 2 = 100
. , carry = 1
So, the required decimal number is 49.
∴ ( 03125
. ) = ( 0.0101)
10 2