Arduino Uno

Source: Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Arduino Uno is a series of open-source microcontroller board based on a diverse range
of microcontrollers (MCU). It was initially developed and released by Arduino company in 2010.[2]
[3]
The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 digital
I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB
cable or a barrel connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts, such as a rectangular 9-
volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as the Arduino Nano board, and the same headers as
the Leonardo board.[5][6] The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark a major redesign of the Arduino
hardware and software.[7] The Uno board was the successor of the Duemilanove release and was the
9th version in a series of USB-based Arduino boards.[8] Version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE for the Arduino
Uno board has now evolved to newer releases.[4] The ATmega328 on the board comes
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer.[3]

While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol,[1] it differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use a FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.[9]
 Arduino Uno R3 SMD board with ATmega328P MCU in SMD package

Developer [Link]

Manufacturer Many

Type Single-board microcontroller[1]

Availability Uno R4 webpage

Operating None, with bootloader

system (default), FreeRTOS

CPU  Atmel AVR (8-bit)

 ARM Cortex-M0+ (32-bit)

 ARM Cortex-M3 (32-bit)

 Intel Quark (x86) (32-bit)

Memory SRAM

Storage Flash, EEPROM

Website [Link]

History

e Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time,
the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller, at a cost that was a considerable expense for
many students. In 2003, Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's
thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for
work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low-cost tools for creating
digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with
an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing, and library functions to easily program
the microcontroller.[10] In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David
Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of
continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino.
Early Arduino boards used the FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip and an ATmega168.[10] The Uno differed
from all preceding boards by featuring the ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

In June 2023, Arduino released two new flavors of the Uno; R4 Minima and R4 Wifi. These mark a
departure from previous boards as they use Renesas RA4M1 ARM Cortex M4 microcontroller, and
the R4 Wifi a Espressif ESP32-S3-MINI co-processor. These versions are form factor, pin and power
compatible with version R1 to R3, so should be largely be able to be drop in replacements. [11]

Arduino RS232 serial board - a predecessor with

ATmega8 MCU

Technical specifications

Uno R1 to R3

Microcontroller (MCU):[12]

 IC: Microchip ATmega328P (8-bit AVR core)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz (on Uno R1 to R3 boards), though IC supports 20 MHz
maximum at 5 Volts
 Flash memory: 32 KB, of which 0.5 KB used by the bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 USART peripherals: 1 (Arduino software default configures USART as a 8N1 UART)
 SPI peripherals: 1
 I²C peripherals: 1
 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts (on Uno R1 to R3 boards), though IC supports 1.8 to 5.5
Volts (some 3rd-party Uno variations support 3.3V)

Board:

 Digital I/O Pins: 14

 PWM Pins: 6 (Pin # 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11)[13]
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Size: 68.6 mm x 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g
  ICSP Header: Yes

General pin functions:

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it is using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can
be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF
pin voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on
the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the
board.[9]
 Special pin functions
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, under
software control (using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions). They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the recommended operating condition and has an
internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA must not be
exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6 analog
inputs, labeled A0 through A5; each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By
default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though it is possible to change the upper end of the
range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.[9]

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL serial
chip.

 External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

 PWM (pulse-width modulation): pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite() function.

 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK). These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.

 TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.

 AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.[9]

Communication:

The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.
However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.[9]