OPHTHALMOLOGY CHAPTERWISE

(4th Year MBBS)

MKCG Medical College, Berhampur

INDEX
I. Anatomy & Development of Eye -------------------------------------------02
II. Optics, Errors of Refraction & Accommodation ------------------------ 02
III. Diseases of Conjunctiva -------------------------------------------------------02
IV. Diseases of Cornea -------------------------------------------------------------03
V. Diseases of Sclera -------------------------------------------------------------- 03
04
VI. Diseases of Uveal Tract --------------------------------------------------------0304
VII. Diseases of Lens ---------------------------------------------------------------- 05
03
VIII. Glaucoma ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 03
05
IX. Diseases of Vitreous -----------------------------------------------------------0703
X. Diseases of Retina ------------------------------------------------------------- 07
03
XI. Neuro-Ophthalmology ------------------------------------------------------- 08 03
XII. Ocular Motility & Strabismus ----------------------------------------------- 03 08
XIII. Disorders of Eyelids ----------------------------------------------------------- 03
09
XIV. Diseases of Lacrimal Apparatus -------------------------------------------- 09 03
XV. Diseases of Orbit --------------------------------------------------------------- 03
09
XVI. Ocular Pharmacology ----------------------------------------------------------03 09
XVII. Lasers & Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology ----------------------------------10 03
XVIII. Systemic Ophthalmology -----------------------------------------------------10
XIX. Community Ophthalmology -------------------------------------------------10
XX. Miscellaneous Topics ----------------------------------------------------------11

By – Kumar Kundan
 Anatomy & Development of Eye
1. True or False:
 Iris and ciliary epithelium are derived from surface ectoderm. (2023)

Optics, Errors of Refraction & Accommodation

1. Discuss the clinical features, types and treatment of Myopia. (2017 + 2021)
2. Write short notes on
 Presbyopia (2004 + 2022)
 Hypermetropia (2005 + 2007 + 2009)
 Myopia (2006 + 2014)
 Pathological myopia (2016)
 Accommodation (2020)
 Uses of convex lens (2022)
 Sturm’s conoid (2018 Supplie.)
3. Short questions
 Name types of Hypermetropia (2017)
 2 fundus findings in Pathological myopia (2017)
 2 complications of Pathological myopia (2018 + 2019)
 2 types of retinal degenerations in Myopia (2020)
4. True or False
 Convex lens is used for Myopia. (2023)

Diseases of Conjunctiva
1. Describe the signs, symptoms and Mx of Phlyctenular kerato-conjunctivitis. (2004)
2. Classify Conjunctivitis and how do you diagnose and treat Allergic conjunctivitis
(VKC). (2008)
3. A 50-year-old man C/O redness, pain and defective vision. What are the causes of
painful LOV and describe the D/D of ‘Red eye’. (2010 + 2017 + 2021)
4. Discuss the clinical features and MX od Ophthalmia neonatorum. (2020)
5. Write short notes on
 Recurrent pterygium (2010)
 Vernal conjunctivitis (2012)
 Red eye (2013)
 Giant papillary conjunctivitis (2017)
 Ophthalmia neonatorum (2018)
 Phlyctenular conjunctivitis (2022)
 VKC (Spring Catarrh) (2023)
 Follicular conjunctivitis (2018 Supplie.)
6. Short questions
 2 causes of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis (2017)
 2 methods in treating Pterygium to prevent reoccurrence (2017 + 2019)
 2 types of Pterygium surgery (2018)
By – Kumar Kundan
  2 classification systems of Trachoma (2020)
 2 causes of Giant papillary conjunctivitis (2020)
 2 causes of red eye (2018 Supplie.)
7. MCQs
 Arlt’s line is seen in (2023)
a) VKC
b) Pterygium
c) Trachoma
d) Ocular pepmphigoid
 Which of the following is not true of Acute viral conjunctivitis? (2023)
a) Vision is not affected
b) Corneal infiltration is seen
c) Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment
d) Pupil remains unaffected
 Which of the following causes Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis? (2023)
a) Adenovirus
b) Staphylococcus
c) HSV
d) Haemophilus
8. True or False
 Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by enterovirus. (2023)

Diseases of Cornea
1. Describe the symptoms, signs and management of Interstitial keratitis. (2005 + 2007)
2. Classify Keratitis. Describe the aetiology, clinical signs, symptoms and treatment of
Herpes simplex keratitis. (2006 + 2014 + 2016 + 2022)
3. Discuss the various manifestations of Infective keratitis and describe the medical Mx
of Bacterial keratitis. (2010 + 2013)
4. Discuss the aetiology, clinical features and Mx of Corneal ulcer. (2012)
5. A 62-year-old diabetic male came to OPD with C/O redness and photophobia in the
last 3 days in the right eye. There is H/O trauma with vegetative matter. (2023)
i. What are the causes of ‘red eye’?
ii. Describe aetiology and clinical features of Fungal corneal ulcer.
iii. Investigation and treatment of Fungal corneal ulcer.
6. Write short notes on
 Keratometry (2008 + 2009)
 Adherent Leucoma (2008 + 2022)
 Keratoplasty (2012)
 Phlycten (2016 + 2019)
 Fungal corneal ulcer and its signs (2017 + 2018)
 Disciform keratitis (2018 + 2021)
 Hypopyon corneal ulcer (2019)
 Keratoconus (2020)
 Fungal keratitis (2020)
 Keratic precipitates (2021)
By – Kumar Kundan
  Pachymetry (2022)
 Marginal keratitis (2018 Supplie.)
7. Short questions
 2 organisms causing bacterial corneal ulcer (2018)
 2 morphological features of Fungal keratitis (2020)
 2 methods of measuring corneal curvature (2021)
 2 causes of maintenance of corneal transparency (2021)
 Causes of circum-corneal congestion (2022)
 Signs of Fungal keratitis (2018 Supplie.)
 2 causes of Keratic precipitates (2018 Supplie.)
 2 organisms invading the intact corneal epithelium (2018 Supplie.)
8. MCQs
 Corneal thickness is best measured by (2023)
a) Ophthalmometer
b) Lensometer
c) Pachymeter
d) Focimeter
9. True or False
 Keratometry is used to measure corneal curvature. (2023)
 Corticosteroids should be avoided in infective corneal ulcers. (2023)

Diseases of Sclera
1. Write short notes on
 Staphyloma and its types (2021 + 2022)
2. Short questions
 2 differences between Scleritis and Episcleritis (2018)
 2 types of Staphylomas (2019)

Diseases of Uveal Tract

1. Describe clinical features of Acute iridocyclitis and management. (2008)
2. Discuss the D/D of ‘Red eye’ and how do you treat Acute iridocyclitis? (2008)
3. Discuss the aetiology, clinical features and Mx of Anterior uveitis (2011 Supplie.)
4. Write short notes on
 Occlusio pupillae (2007 + 2018)
 Granulomatous uveitis (2010)
 Endophthalmitis (2017 + 2023)
 Seclusio papillae (2019)
 Festooned pupil (2022)
 Sympathetic ophthalmitis (2022)
 Intermediate uveitis (2018 Supplie.)
5. Short questions
 2 causes of Granulomatous uveitis (2017)

By – Kumar Kundan
  2 differences between granulomatous and non-granulomatous uveitis
(2018 + 2019)
 2 types of iris nodules in Granulomatous uveitis (2021)

Diseases of Lens
1. Describe the different varieties of congenital cataracts. How will you manage a case
of Zonular cataract? (2007)
2. Define Cataract. Discuss the process of Mx of a case with Complicated cataract.
(2013)
3. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of Senile cataract and the preferred modern technique
for cataract surgery. (2011 Supplie.)
4. Write short notes on
 IOL (2005 + 2008)
 Complicated cataract
(2005 + 2008 + 2012 + 2014 + 2016 + 2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Zonular cataract (2006 + 2009)
 After cataract (2017 + 2019)
 Morgagnian cataract (2018)
 Newer generation IOLs (2021)
 Congenital cataract (2022)
 Aphakia (2023)
5. Short questions
 2 causes of Congenital cataract (2017 + 2020)
 2 causes of Metabolic cataract (2018)
 4 complications of Cataract surgery (2018 + 2022)
 2 types of Congenital cataract (2019)
 2 findings of Complicated cataract (2021)
 2 advantages of phacoemulsification over manual SICS (2018 Supplie.)
6. MCQs
 Polymorphic lustre is seen in (2023)
a) Complicated cataract
b) Diabetic cataract
c) Post-radiation cataract
d) Congenital cataract

Glaucoma
1. What are the causes of Secondary glaucoma? Describe the Mx of Lens-induced
glaucoma? (2004)
2. Describe the clinical signs, symptoms, diagnostic methods and medical Mx of Chronic
simple glaucoma. (2006 + 2009 + 2016)
3. Classify Glaucoma. Discuss about aetiology, clinical features and Mx of PACG. (2014)
4. 50-year-old male came to OPD with gradual painless LOV in the last 3 years. (2023)

By – Kumar Kundan
 i. Enumerate the causes of gradual painless LOV.
ii. Aetiology, clinical features of Chronic simple glaucoma (POAG)
iii. How will you investigate and manage Chronic simple glaucoma (POAG)?
5. Write short notes on
 Glaucomatous optic atrophy (2008)
 Provocative tests (2012)
 Glaucoma (2013)
 Buphthalmos (2017 + 2021 + 2022)
 Tonometry (2018)
 Iris bombe (2020)
 Mx of ACG (2022)
 Phacomorphic glaucoma (2022)
 Anti-glaucoma drugs (2011 Supplie.)
 Gonioscopy (2018 Supplie.)
6. Short questions
 2 names of tonometer used (2017)
 2 types of lens-induced glaucoma (2017)
 2 causes of Optic atrophy (2018)
 Signs of Congenital glaucoma (2018)
 2 clinical findings in Congenital glaucoma (2019)
 2 filed defects in POAG (2020)
 2 corneal findings in Congenital glaucoma (2020)
 2 acute complications of Trabeculectomy (2018 Supplie.)
 2 differences between Phacolytic and Phacomorphic glaucoma
(2018 Supplie.)
7. MCQs
 TOC for Acute ACG (2023)
a) Pilocarpine
b) Laser iridotomy
c) Timolol
d) Trabeculoplasty
 Earliest field defect in POAG (2023)
a) Paracentral glaucoma
b) Ring scotoma
c) Seidel scotoma
d) Arcuate scotoma
 Cells affected in Glaucomatous optic neuropathy are (2023)
a) Amacrine cells
b) Bipolar cells
c) Ganglion cells
d) Rods and cones
 A 60-year-old male presents with coloured halos. On Fincham’s test, the
halos split and then reunite. The most probable diagnosis is (2023)
a) ACG
b) OAG
c) Senile immature cataract
d) Mucopurulent conjunctivitis
By – Kumar Kundan
8. True or False
 Gonioscopy Is also k/a fundoscopy. (2023)
 Coloured halos are seen in advanced OAG. (2023)
 NCT is gold standard for IOP measurement. (2023)
 Atropine is used to relieve pain in Acute ACG. (2023)

Diseases of Vitreous
1. What are the causes of sudden LOV? Discuss the Mx of Vitreous haemorrhage.
(2007 + 2009)
2. Write short notes on
 Vitreal Floaters (2020)
 Synchysis scintillans (2021)
3. Short questions
 2 causes of Vitreous haemorrhage (2018 + 2019 + 2021)

Diseases of Retina
1. What are the causes of sudden loss of vision? Describe the management of Eale’s
disease. (2005)
2. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and stages of Retinoblastoma and Mx. (2012)
3. A 50-year-old diabetic female complains of sudden loss of vision. What are the
causes? What is the treatment of Diabetic retinopathy? (2018)
4. Discuss the fundus picture of Diabetic retinopathy. (2019)
5. What are the causes of night blindness? Describe the clinical features and
complications of Retinitis pigmentosa. (2022)
6. A 25-years-old myopic C/O of sudden LOV for one week. What are the causes? What
is the treatment of Rhegmatogenous RD? (2018 Supplie.)
7. Write short notes on
 Hypertensive retinopathy (2006)
 Diabetic retinopathy (2008 + 2011 Supplie.)
 Retinoscopy (2009)
 Retinoblastoma and its histopathology (2017 + 2021)
 Exudative retinal detachment (2017)
 CSME (2017 + 2019)
 Retinitis pigmentosa (2018)
 Tractional RD (2018)
 Fundus finding in CRVO (2018)
 PDR (2020)
 CRAO (2022)
 Aqueous flare (2022)
 Keith and Wegner regarding of Hypertensive retinopathy (2022)
 Hard exudates (2018 Supplie.)
 Screening of ROP (2018 Supplie.)

By – Kumar Kundan
8. Short questions
 2 fundoscopic findings of Retinitis pigmentosa (2017)
 2 causes and fundus findings in CRVO (2017 + 2021)
 2 causes of cherry red spot (2017 + 2018 + 2019 + 2021)
 2 fundoscopic findings of Diabetic retinopathy (2018)
 2 types of neovascularization of retina (2019)
 2 fundoscopic findings in Hypertensive retinopathy (2019)
 2 types of RD (2019 + 2020)
 2 parameters to call it as CSME (2020)
 2 tell-tale signs of Hypertensive retinopathy (2020 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Name 2 treatment options in PDR (2021)
 Name triad of Retinitis pigmentosa (2021)
 Name 2 types of macular degenerations (2021)
 What is CSR and mention 2 clinical features. (2022)
 Fundus findings of Retinal vasculitis (2018 Supplie.)
 Difference between CRVO and CRAO (2018 Supplie.)

Neuro-Ophthalmology
1. 35-year-old female came to OPD with chief C/O sudden painless onset of defective
vision in right eye in the last 1 day. (2023)
i. Enumerate the causes of sudden painless onset of defective vision.
ii. Clinical features of Optic neuritis.
iii. How do you manage a case of Optic neuritis?
2. Write short notes on
 Papillitis (2006)
 Papilledema (2014 + 2018 + 2019 + 2022)
 Marcus Gunn pupil (2019)
 RAPD (2020)
 Optic atrophy (2018 Supplie.)
3. Short questions
 2 differences between Papilledema and Papillitis (2017)
 2 causes of Papilledema (2020)
 2 causes of optic disc oedema (2018 Supplie.)
4. True or False
 Pupillary reflex is normal in cortical blindness. (2023)

Ocular Motility & Strabismus

1. Write short notes on
 Congenital esotropia (2018)
 Paralytic squint (2021 + 2022)
 Toxic amblyopia (2022)
 Amblyopia (2018 Supplie.)
By – Kumar Kundan
2. Short questions
 2 causes of Paralytic squint (2018)
 Common complications of Squint surgery (2018 Supplie.)

Diseases of Eyelids
1. Write short notes on
 Entropion (2004 + 2020 + 2022 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Ptosis (2008 + 2023)
 Trichiasis (2017)
 Ectropion (2018)
 Ulcerative blepharitis (2021)
2. Short questions
 2 causes of Acquired ptosis (2017)
 2 types of Blepharitis (2017 + 2020)
 2 causes of Rubeosis (2021)
 Name 2 surgeries for correction of Entropion (2021)

Diseases of Lacrimal Apparatus

1. Describe the causes of watering from the eye. How will you manage a case of
Dacryocystitis? (2004)
2. A 45-year-old female came to OPD with chief C/O watering and swelling inferior to
medial canthus of left eye. (2023)
i. What are the causes of Epiphora?
ii. Name the test to evaluate the watering eye.
iii. Aetiology, clinical features of Chronic dacryocystitis and its Mx.
3. Write short notes on
 Precorneal tear film (2017 + 2020)
 Chronic dacryocystitis (2017 + 2020)
 Congenital dacryocystitis (2018 Supplie.)

Diseases of Orbit
1. Short questions
 2 causes of Axial proptosis (2017)

Ocular Pharmacology
1. Write short notes on
 Pilocarpine (2022)
 Cycloplegics (2011 Supplie.)

By – Kumar Kundan
2. Short questions
 2 complications of prolonged use of topical steroids (2018)
 2 uses of Atropine (2019)
 Name 2 Beta-blockers (2020)
 2 indications for intra-vitreal anti-VEGF injections (2020)
 Name 2 CAIs (2021)
 Name 2 visco-elastic substances (2021)
 Name 2 types of dyes used in ophthalmology (2021)
 What are the dyes used for staining cornea and bulbar conjunctiva (2022)

Lasers & Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology

1. Short questions
 2 indications of pan-retinal photocoagulation (2018 Supplie.)

Systemic Ophthalmology
1. Write short notes on
 Bitot’s spots (2019)
 Night blindness (2020)
2. Short questions
 Name 2 manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency (2017)
 2 causes of night blindness (2019)
 Mention 2 colour vision tests (2022)
 2 causes of sudden LOV in a diabetic individual (2018 Supplie.)
3. MCQs
 A child of weight 8 kg has Bitot’s spots in both eyes. Which is the most
appropriate schedule of vitamin A for the child? (2023)
a) 2 lakh units Jm on days 0, 14
b) 1 lakh units Im on days 0, 14
c) 2 lakh units Im on days 0, 1, 14
d) 1 lakh units Jm on days 0, 1, 14

Community Ophthalmology
1. Write briefly about prevalence of blindness in India, causes of blindness and
Blindness control programme. (2008)
2. Write short notes on
 School health survey (2005)
 Vision 2020 (2010 + 2013 + 2016 + 2017 + 2020)
 Eye bank (2013 + 2021)
 NPCB (2014 + 2019 + 2011 Supplie.)
3. Short questions
By – Kumar Kundan
  2 duties of ophthalmic assistants in conducting camps (2017)
 2 functions of Eye banking (2018)
 2 objectives of NPCB (2020 + 2018 Supplie.)

Miscellaneous Topics
1. A 23-years-old male C/O redness and discharge in right eye for 1 day. What are the
causes and its treatment? (2018)
2. A 55-year-old man C/O sudden LOV in one eye. Discuss the D/D. (2019)
3. A 45-years-old female presented with sudden blurred vision and redness in one eye.
What are the causes and treatment approaches? (2018 Supplie.)
4. Write short notes on
 Pinhole (2008 + 2021)
 Leukocoria (2010)
 Low visual aids (2021)
 Amaurosis fugax (2022)
5. Short questions
 2 absolute C/I of evisceration (2017)
 2 absolute indications for Enucleation (2018 + 2019)
 2 causes of Leukocoria (2020)
 Name 2 conditions where Mydriasis is seen (2021)
 Lagophthalmos (2022)
 Clinical features of 3rd cranial nerve palsy (2022)
 Acute complications of Peribulbar anaesthesia (2018 Supplie.)

By – Kumar Kundan