<br>

82
7. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Sanford and Broadfoot, 1931 first used "Biological Control"
can be defined as in
plant pathology. The biological control the control of
destructive organisms by the use of other [Link] are natural
predators, parasites, or [Link] other words, biological control isth
use of one living organism to control another. Biopesticide is a pcsticidei
ingredient is a virus, fungus, bacterium, protozoan, insect
which the active
Ora natural product derived from microorganisms, plants and animals A

biopesticide kills pests. Pest may be virus, bacterium, fungus, nematode

insect, mite, tick, rodent, wced or bird. There are several biocontrol agents
used to control pest, weed and [Link] are four types af
biocontrol agents:
• Microbial pesticides: They consist of a microorganism as the active
ingredient (baculoviruses, bacteriophages, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
and nematodes)
Macroorganisms: Insects and mites thatare predators or parasitoids of
insects, mites orweeds.
Natural products: Compounds from micro-organisms, algae, marine
crustaceans and higher plants.
.oAnS Semiochemicals_ Behavior modifying chemicals \used in mating
dusruption e.g., sex pheromones.
The major disadvantages ofchemicalpesticides are as follows:
C Extensive pollution ofthe environment;
Serious health hazard due to the presence of their residues in food,
fiber and fodder, milk;
Pests develop resistance to pesticides, about 500 species are resistant
to chemical pesticides;
They kill beneficial insects and useful microorganisms. Only 0.5% are
pests.
Biological magnification in the ecosystem
Incontrast, biopesticides
Are safer to humans and the environment than conventional
pesticides;
Have a narrow target range and a very specific mode of action;
Have limited field persistence and a short shelflife;
Presentno residue problems; often
The agents often are effective in very small quantities and
decompose quickly;
<br>

àNQTAd pest nanagement

(PM)
pesticides
They are ofren chesper than chemical pestieides
Their maor ds AES
Sigs acting:
Have reativey ritcal sphcation times
Use requie denttatOnOt
Developnent ofreiste
BIOCONTROLOFFMICROBIALPLANT PATHOGENS
Pathogenic micTOOgAnists aficing plant health are a majorand
chronic threat to Rrod prCuOION and osystem siability worldwide.
Agricultural production bas intansatied Over the past few decades with heip
of azrochemicals. Howeva inoreasing use of chemical inputs causes
several tegative eifects, ie devepment of pathogen resistance to the
appiied agents aE their An iargaN NNNNmental inmpacts, Furthermore,
thhe groing cOst ot pesthedas Nd consumer demand for pesticide-free
are also
food has led to a sesrch for suhsuutes for these products. There
number of fastidiOUS iess for which chemical solutions are few,
as an
ineffective or nomexisten Brongcalcontrolis thus being considered
alterratve ot a supplemntsl wy of rducing the
use of chemicals in
agTiCuture.
Plants are surOunded by dìvarse types of microorganisms, Some
of which cam to bioogcal control of plant diseases. Microbes
cobute saprophytes, facultative
that contribute to disease conirol are: compatitive can generally
piant syEmbiOnts and fcutative hyperparasites. These
are able to colonize and express
Survive on dead plant material, ut they
biocontroi activities while growngon plant issues.
AGENTS
MILROORGANSMS AS FATHOGENGONTRDL
on a limited number of
Most biocontrol esearch has focusedgenera inchude Bacilus,
bacteria and fungal genera The bacterial
Pseudomonas, andSireptoycesAhe
Burtholderia, Lysobacter, Pantoea Dactylella,
genera nclude Ampelonnres. Coniothrium,
uea!
slloclaiun, Paecilomsces. andIrichoderma.
OXNSDorum and bìnucleate
Rhizoctonia
FuSariaRR
An avFUlent ery similar to plant pathogens but ack
Ke [Link] pviogenetically
deteminants for manyofthe plant hosts from which they
VIrulence
EVE
<br>

84 can be used as biocontrol agents.

can be recovered
The mycorrhizal fungi,
such as Pisolithus and Glomus spp.
subsequent infections and some hyperparasites ofof that
can limit which attack root-knot plant
penetrans
pathogens, e.g. Pasteria 1nematodes
is
used as biocontrol agent.
macrOorganisms such as mites,
There are certain nematodecs,
inscct larvae whose activities can reduce pathogen biomass.
annelids, and
Commercially available bacteria include Agrobacterium
radiobacter; Bacillus spp, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas spp and
Commercially available fungi include Ampelomyces
StreptonIyces spp.
quisqualis, Aspergillus flavuS, Candida oleoplhila, Coniothyrimm
minitans, Gliocladium spp, Myrothecium verTucaria, Paecilomvces
lilacinus and Trichoderma spp.
BIOLOGIGAL CONTROL MECHANISMS
Biological controlcan result from many different types of interactions
between organisms. There are various mechanisms of biocontrol of plant
pathogens. These include Hyperparasitism and predation, antibiosis,
competition and induced resistance.
HYPERPARASITISM AND PREDATION
Hyperparasitism, is an interaction in which, the pathogen
is

directly attacked and killed by a specific biocontrol agent. In general,

there
are four major classes of hyperparasites: obligate bacterial pathogens,
hypoviruses, mycoparasites (facultative parasites) and predators.
OBLIGATE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS root-knot
Pasteuria penetrans isan obligate bacterial pathogen of
nematodes that has been used as a biocontrolagent.
HYPOVIRUSES example is the virus
Hypoviruses are hyperparasites. A classical
a chestnut biight
that infects Cryphonectria parasitica, fungus causing capacity or
a reduction in disease-producing
which causes hypovirulence,
the pathogen.
MYCOPARASITISM parasize
one fungus
Mycoparasitism is an interaction in which,hyperparasite and the
another fungus. The parasizing fungus is called
parasized fungus is called hypoparasite. including
pathogens,
several fungal parasites of' plant while others attac
thosethat attack sclerotia(e.g. Coniothyrùn minitans)
<br>

living
hyphae(e.g. Pythiun oligandrum). The causativeagent of 85
be attacked by multiple hyperparasites such powdery
mildew can b such as ACremonium
alternatum, Acrodontium crateriforme, Ampelomyces quisqualis,
oysporunm and Gliocladium virens. Other
Cladosporium hyperparasites
as. Paecilomyces
lilacinus and Dactylella oviparasitica attack plant
such
pathogenic, nematodes during different stages oftheir lifecycles.
PREDATORS
Microbial predator is more general and pathogen non-specific and
efective as biocontrol agents. For example, some species of
less
Trichoderma produceechitinase to parasitize Rhizoctonia solani.
ANTIBI0SIS
Antibiosis is inhibition of one organism by another as a result of
common in soil
Aiffusion of an antibiotic. Antibiotic production is
of antibiotics have been identified.
dwelling bacteria and fungi. A variety
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol
including compounds such as amphisin,
pyoluteorin,
(DAPG), hydrogen cyanide, oomycin A, phenazine,
produced by and
pyrrolnitrin, tensin, tropolone, and cyclic lipopeptides
xanthobaccin produced
oligomycin A, kanosamine, zwittermicin A, and spp.
by Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Stenotrophomonas
inhibit growth of
Several organisms produce antibiotics that
organism, antibiotic produced, pathogen controlled and
pathogens. The
7.1
disease involved is given in the table
Table 7.1: Tlhe antibiotic produced and
disease controled by organism
Pathogen Disease involved
Organism Antibiotic
controlled
Phytophthora Damping off
Bacillus cereus Zwittermicin
medicaginis and P.
UW85 A
aphanidermatum
Pythium Damping off
B. subtilis Mycosubtilin
aphanidermatum
BBG100 Damping off
2, 4-diacetyl- Pythium spp.
Pseudomonas
fluorescens Fl13 phloroglucinol Take-all (wheat or
Gaeumannomyces
P. fluorescens Phenazines barley white head'
graminis var. tritici |
2-79 and 30-84 that is empty of seed)
Agrobacterium Crown gall
Agrobacteriun Agrocin 84
tunefaciens
radiobacter Rhizoctonia solani Root rots
Trichoderma Gliotoxin
virens
<br>

86
LYTIC ENZYMES microorganisns also exhibit hyperparasitic : activity,
A variety of wall hydrolases. Chitinase produced
by excreting cell
attacking pathogens C48 inhibited spore germination and germ-tube
C48
plmuthica
by Serratia
Borytis cinerea. Extracellular chitinases prode
elongation in and chitinases prod
marcescens act against Scleroimroljsli,
Serratia Sreptonnyces sp. strain 385 sun
by Paenibacillus
sp. strain 300 and
oxysporum 1. sp. cucunerinum. It has been
also demonstrt
Fusarium synthesized by
Pseudomonas
extracellular chitnase and llaminarinase
that of F solani. The 3-1,3-glucanase
synthe.
stutzeri digest and lyse mycelia
sized bv Paenibacillus sp. stram 300 and
Strepiomyces Sp. strain 385 Ivse
oxYsporum f. sp. cuCumerinum. Burkholdeig
fungal cell walls of E
the integrity of solami.
R.

cepacia synthesizes ß-1,3-glucanase that destroys

S. rolfsii, and Pythium ultimum cell
walls.
COMPETITION
organisms. Iron is
Iron is an essential growth element for all livingon soil pH. In highly
extremely limited in the rhizosphere, depending
aerated soil, iron ispresent in ferric form, which is insoluble
Oxidized and
concentration may be as low as 10 M. This
in water (pH 7.4) and the
microorganisms, which
concentration is too low to support the growth of
10®M.
generally need concentrationsapproaching
bioavailable iron in soil habitats and on plant
The scarcity of
iron-limiting conditions
surfaces increases a furious competition. Under called
compounds
microorganisms produce low-molecular-weight
siderophores to competitively acquire ferric ion. some
produce sederophores,
Almost all microorganisms pascens, Bacillus
representatives are Aerobacter aerogenes, Arthrobacter
Serratia SPp.
polymyxa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P fluorescens, spp.
Streptomyces spp., Penicillium spp. and Rhodotorula abilities to
differ in their
Although various bacterial siderophores essential
pathogenic fungi of this
sequester iron, in general, they deprive
r
element since the fungal siderophores have lower affinity. Some siderophores
strains go one step further and draw iron from heterologous
produced by cohabitingmicroorganisms. strains
Production of siderophore by Pseudomonas fluorescens
inhibits germination of chlamydospores of F oxysporum.
INDUCTION OF HoST RESISTANCE ofplants
Induced resistance exploiting natural defense nachinery
<br>

eod as an alternative, non-ConveHtiOai

approach1for biocontol offplant patihogens. avd sogaty-f
When a plant is iDoculated with
inoculation"), and after a tine pathogss
C'pmey
(*challenge") inoculation, reduced disease symptons
induced plant becomes more resistant than the normal, deveg, is,
Becently, researclhers nrnind
have determined that plams have a plet
for disease resistance whereby systemic acquired resistanes
ysea
induced. SAR is
a
generalized state of enhanced (SAR) n b
nstrated by following an initial immunity to fects
localized injury, it is
nersensitíve response of the plant to local infection,thoyn thas aa
SAR rersres
evlic acid as signaling molecule in plants,
SAR is induced sysSenatiy
afer inoculation with necrotizing pathogens or application of sse
ohemicals (salicylic acid analogsor antagonists) SAR
is accornpanies ty
induction ofpathogenesis related (PR) proteins.
Induced Systemic Resistance (SR) has been indisced by priox
inoculation with pathogens, non-pathogens and nícrobial metabktes
ISR is induced by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. ISR is independtet of
salicylic acid, but involves jasmonic acid and ethylene sígnaling 152 is
Lccompanied by the expression of sets of genes dístinct from the PR 2enes
The induced systemic resistance (ISR) is the resistance indsced irs
leaves of plants by inoculation of roots with non-pathogenic thizobacteria.
The common rhizobacteria include Bacillus subtilis, Bucillus pumilus.
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Serratia marcescens
was first described in
This novel type of induced resistance
non- pathogenic
arabidopsis plants, inoculated with the root-colonízíng
bacteria Pseudomnonas fluorescens; Jeaves of these plant exhibited
resistance against the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringe
p.
demonstrated against
lomato. Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR has also been
viruses in arabidopsis, bean, carnation, cucurnber,
Tungi, bacteria and
radish, tobacco and tomato.
to be a broad, non-specific form of inmunity
ISR is reported one for exanple a bacterta,
Wnereby induction of immunity to pathogen,
to a great variety of pathogens, such as other
ay result in immunity
bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
ingculations with plant-growth-promoting
In several instances. controlling multiple discases caused
effective in
Zobacteria(PGPR)are anthracnose
(Colletotrichum
by different pathogens, including
<br>

88 spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans

lagenarium), angular leaf tracheiphila). A number of chemical
andbacterial wilt (Erwinia u eeliicitors
PGPR strains
may be produced by the strains upon inoculation,
of SAR and ISR siderophore, lipopolysaccharides, and
including salicylic acid, ethylene. 2.3-
butanediol, jasmonic acid and
Induction of ISR requires wound. Current methods of inducing
a

proven unsatisfactory. Inoculation today is achieved

ISRin plants have by
method ofTindividualyinjecting or wounding:plant
the labor intensive to induce
so
can enter JSR. This method has
that non-pathogenic organisms s
proven to be impractical andInot always effective as required for modern
as

arge scale agriculture.

BIOCONTOL OF INSECT PESTS MICROBIAL
PESTICIDES/MICROBIALINSECTICIDES
Aceording to the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), "biopesticides" are naturally occurring substances that control
pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests
(microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by plants
containing added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants).
The suitable preparation of microorganism used for the control
of
as
pests is called as microbial pesticide. Many microorganisms such
pests.
viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and protozoa kill insect
Characteristics ofan effective microbial pesticide:
cause disease in the pest
The microbial pathogen must be virulent and
population.
Pathogen should not be susceptible to environmental conditions.
of pest.
It should survive long periods oftime until the infection
The pathogen should be selective in action
• Itshould rapidly establish disease in the pest population
It should be non-hazardous to humans.
It should be non-phytotoxic
Various microbial pesticides used are given below:
Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, granulosis viruses,
Viral pesticides:
non-occluded baculoviruses.
B. sphaericus, Bacilta
Daeterial pesticides: Bacillus thuringiensis,
popilliae, Serratia entomophila. Entomophthora,
Mycopesticides: Beauveria spp, Metarhizium,
Normuraea and
Zoophthora radicans (formerly Erynia ra radicans)
Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly Verticillium).
<br>

Protozoalpesticides: Nosema
VIRALPESTICIDES 89

Viral pesticides have been successfully

control of pests. These pesticides are environmentally developed
and usedfor the
of toxicity. These pesticides can also be used safe and avoid
against risk
have become resistant to chemical the pest
pesticides. entomopathogenic strains which
(viruses which Ise
can cause infection to viruses
insects) belonging
Baculoviridae (baculoviruses or or
nuclear polyhedrosis to the family
granuloviruses = GV) and family Reoviridae
=
viruses = NPV and
(cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
viruses or 'CPVs) have been used as safe and effective
Baculoviruses are rod-shaped, pesticides.
double-stranded, DNA viruses
.hich infect and kill a large number of different
invertebrate
especially insects, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, species
Diptera,
Neoplera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera and Homoptera, and prawns.
The nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granuloviruses
are occluded in apolyhedral or (GV)
granular inclusion bodies. The GVs contain
only one nucleocapsid per envelope and are Occluded in a granulin matrix.
NPVscontain either single or multiple nucleocapsids per envelope and are
occluded in a polyhedral inclusion body.
Infection is caused by ingestion of contaminated leaves. Viruses
invade an insect's body via the gut. The affected larvae become sluggish
and stop feeding and die. The larvae hang upside down from the leaves and
twig in a characteristic way hence the common name "caterpillar wilt" or
"tree top" disease. A brownish fluid oozes from them. This is a highly
infective fluid and is readily disseminated amongst the healthy inseet
population. The spread takes place by wind, rain, etc.
viral insecticides is possible only on live
Mass production of are grownon agar
Insects. The virus is spread on the medium and larvae
virus invades an insect's body via the gut and multiplies in
medium. The
5 days. The infected caterpillars
larvae cells. Maximum number reaches in
treated with water, filtered, centrifuged,
are suctioned and then
spray dried. After quality control testing, the preparation
Precipitated and and the pest they control are
viral pesticides
S packaged and sold, The
given in table 7.2

BACTERIALPESTICIDES properties. These

insecticidal
pathogens have groups: a. endospore
Many bacterial ddivided into to
insect pathogenic bacteria are
<br>

90 species and b. non-endospore foorning

forming Bucillus and Closridiun
Enierobacter, Proteus and Serratia. Of
species of Pseulomonas, the
potential bacterial pesticides,
only three Bacillus species B. thuringiensis,
developed into commercial microbial
B.
popilliae and B. moritai have
insecticides.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
The Bacills thhringiensis was discovered 1901 in Japan hu
Table 7.2: Viral pesticides

VIRUS VIRUS PEST TRADE NAME CROPS

CLASS
Baculovirus Heliothis Elcartm (Sandoz Inc Cotton and
USA), Biotrol VHZ other over
heliothis 30
(Nutrilite Products crops
NPVs Inc. USA) and
(subgrou Viron/H (International
pA of Minerals Chemical
Baculovi [Link])
ridae) Gypsy moth Gypsy moth Gypcheck (The Hardwood
baculovirus (Lymantria Environmenta forest trees
dispar ) Protection Agency,
U.S.A.)
Sawfly European sawfly Polyvirocide (Indian Forest or tree
baculovirus (Neodiprion Farm Bureau plantations
sertiferis, Cooperative
[Link]) and Association)
other sawflies
Brassica NPV Trichoplusia Biotrol-VTN (Nutrilite Brassica
Products Inc. USA)
Cotton NPVSpodoptera Biotrol-VSE (Nutrilite Cotton
litura Products Inc. USA)
Apple, pears
GVS CpGV (Cydia Codling moth CYD-X (Certis USA)
(subgrou pomonella (Cydia and
P B of granulosis pomonella) vegetables
Baculovivirus)
ridae)
CPVs CPV of pine Matsukemin (Chugai Pine,
Thaumetopoea
(Reoviru sppruce,ete
pityocampa Kumiai Chem., Japan)
ses)
Dendrolimus
spectabilis
<br>

Ishiwata. He isolated the bacillus

bacillus from
Sotto discased
(Bombyx mori) larvae.
»
He
named it “sottokin 91
of silkworm
deathof bacteria in Japanese. In 1911, Ermst "which means
*
*sudden
organism from diseased Mediterranean flour Berlinerisolated a similar
moth caterpillars
kuelniella) from the province of of Thuringia,
TI (Ephestia
Germany
bacterium Bacillus ihringiensis (Bt). and named the
PROPERTIES
Dacillus thuringiensis 1s a
Gram positive, aerobic, and
forming bacterium. endospore
Racillus thringiensis is found in
soils, plant surfaces, insect cadavers
and in grain storage dusts.
Fach sporulating cell of Bacillus thuringiensis
produces adjacent to
the spore a crystalprotein called parasporal body.
The insecticidal crystal protein (Cry protein) is a toxin and is called as
delta endotoxin.
Cry
protein toxins have specific activities against species oftheorders
Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera (flies and mosquitoes),
Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenopiera (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies)
and nematodes.
The crystal toxin is insoluble in water or inorganic solvents, but
soluble in alkaline solvents
The shape of the crystal protein is bipyramidal, cuboid, flat or
iregular.
are found on
The cry protein is encoded by cry gene. The cry genes
plasmids in most strains of Bacillus thuringiensis.
cell and their
The presence of parasporal crystals in the sporulated was available
insecticidal activity has been the unique character that
for differentiating Bt from its closely related species.
INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS
crystal proteins are formed during sporulation
The insecticidal
protein crystal are protoxins and are activated by the insect
Process. Bt glycoprotein in
to
midgut proteases yield the toxic fragment. The toxin is
accounts for more than 30 percent of the dry
iature. The crystal protein
sporangium. The morphology of the crystal proteins
weight ofthe matured
The phase contrast and electron microscopic
S nighly complex. different forms like bipyramidal, cuboidal, flat,
ODServations show
irregular, and spherical.
cry proteins;
There are four types of gene, of crystal is bipyramidal,
Cry I: It is encoded by
cy -l shape
<br>

active against lepidopteras

bar
hatterties)
(Rtsad oded by y2 gene, shpe of erystat
tive nganst lepidopteran
(motha
larveeklles
at buttetties)ant dipteran gene, andnosquitoe
tikeoted hycy slhae of eryatl is flat rhombekd
Teguta moleculat
ass iN 73 kDamdisis active nganst eoteipteran
(RtteN) larvae and adul%,
enoled by cy
tixmass
ene, nhue of orystalis bipyrmidal
is in the range of 74 to l35 kDa And iin Active against
oular
diteran larvac(lacklies and osquitoes)
NODROEACTION
They
These cystals dissolve ndor alkalino condition,
contents of
souble in water under neutralor acidie Ondithon, The midgut
the crvstal
the catevpillar lavac (postN) ar0 alkaline, On inpostion,
by the
dissolves in the midgut luid and gotN digonted purticularly protein
protentic enzyme presont in he midgut luid. This digested
attacks the cemeating substaveN whiclh ore present in the gut wall.
costal holps contiouous diflusion of
thus loosening the epithelial gut wall wicl highly
iquid fiom the gut into the blood makinp tho blood of he insect
aikaine and leading to gut paralysis,
(OMMERTIALLY USED DT SUBSPECIES
a mix of'proteins,
Bach strainofthis tbacterium produces dillorent
insect larve.
and speificallykills one or a lew related species of
torpest control.
Commertially available bacterial tornulations
thurngiensis subsp. Kurstaki:lopidopteran lurvao (noths
Baclltus
and buttertlies) Diptorun larvao (Blacklies
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Zvwcllenss:
and mosquitoes) sm dlego:
Bacillus thurngiensis subsp.
Morrisonl / tenebrlonis /
Coleoptern (Beetles) larvae and adults
NSKCTS CONTROLLED BY BT Biobit, Dipcl,
tharìngiensis subsp. Kurstaki ('lrado names
SBuciilus innported
MVP, Steward, Thuricide, otc.): looper, tobucco
wornm (cabbugo
Vegetable inseets: Cabbnge tomato Und
cabbagevworm, diamondbacok moth, ete.),
hornworm,
<br>

Fieldand forage crop insects: European

caterpillar and.
Ialfalfa webworm. corn 93
borer, alfalfa
Fruit crop insects: Leafroller and achemon
Tree and shrub insects: Tent sphinx.
leafroiler, red-humped caterpillar,
caterpillar, fali
wcbworm,
spiny elm caterpillar,
spruce budworm, pine budworm western
and Pine butterfly.
twingiensis subsp. sraeliensis (Trade names
Masguito Dunks, Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.; Vectobac,
Mosquito, black fly and fungus gnat.
Rxils thuringienSIS Sübsp. MorrisOni/ tenebrionis/ san diego (Trae
naneSFIrdent, M-One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor. etc.):
Colorado potato beetle, elm
leaf beetle and cottowood leaf
beetie.
FRODUCTION
Entamopathogenic bacteria are either produced by fermentation
ytro process) or in Iiving insect larvae (In vívo process).Two types of
Smentstion mnethods are used for the production of Bacillus
ringiensis: .Surface or semisolid and 2. Submerged.
In surface fermentation, the Bacillus thuringiensis spores are
acabated on a semisolid medium containing wheat bran (1800 parts).
periite (I200 parts), water (500 parts), soya been meal (200 parts).
dExtruse (1200 parts), Iime (12 parts), NaCI(3 parts) and calcium chioride
{ part). Air, tenperature (30C) and relatíive humidity (95%) are
cotrolled. The bran is harvested after 48 hrs. The product is harvested,
millei. passed through screens, characterized and mixed with stabilizing
sgent and packed as ust or granular formulation.
In submerged fermentation, the Bacillus thuringiensis spores
cor
0culated in a liquid medium containing beet molasses (1.86%). carbonate
SAep lqOr (I.7%). cottonseed flour (I.4%) and calcium
{2.194). Fermentation conditions such as air, temperature (30C) and
for 30 hrs. After sporulation of
FEtve humidity (95%) are controlledfine screen, centrifuged and the
passed through
eteta the broth is
tCE ES RExed with stabilizing agent and
packed as powder or liquid
Eormulation.
for the large scale
cuiture methods are yet not availabie Bacillus
rtfCal
Bacillus nonilliae In vivo, production of popilliae
rodcton of Japnese beetle larvae (Popillajaponicaj. The
ed out in thirt instar incubated in soil seeded with rye to feed
aTe niected wihsnones and daYS, pulverized,
iaryae are harvested atter 20
ave The infecte
<br>

izing gent and the surry s

dried and
packed as dry

The greatest use of Bt invoves the kurstaki strairn USedasa

rs
oontro caterpillrs on vegetable crops. in addition, Bt is sedd in spraytit
in agriculture
s s
ired thrugh overhead irrigation systems
EAropean cormn bores.
bores. To control mosquito
larvae
oatsoRS DOntaining the israelensis strain are placed into the staning
eof osguito breeding sites. For these applications, Bt
Samulated as graules or solid, slow-Telcase rings or brickettes usuaiy is
De. Use of Bt israeiensis strain for control of toinercase
fungus gnat larvæ
oes
drenching the soil.
ADNANTAGES
Non toxác to other animals. humanbeing and plants
Seifpropagating
any search their prey
Host Specific
DSANANTAGES
Btis suseptible to degradation by sunlight
Dvesops resistance

Saort spetrum

PLANTINCORPORATED-PROTECTANTS (PIPS)
Ps2re pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic
i t as been added to the plant. For example, the cry genes
SERTSSe tor rysai proteins can be introduce into the plants own
AICHAErial. Then the plant, manufactures the substance that destroys
tie pest.
SuE 196, a wide sange of crop plants gene
have been genetically
SAZTIEErei to cotain the elta-endotoxín from Bactlus
Waw
nnSis. TheA "Bt cops" are now avaílable comercially
13SA and in ohex countrie including india, They include "Bt corn:
pO, "ssi" BB e1on "Bt bringal" and "Bt soybean". SuC p
cry to
gkaiiy engÍneered to express part of the active
sNÍKsUES, SOthiey kili inseAs that feed on the crops.
BACIHISE SPHAERICUS
<br>

Daeillus sphaericus is a 95
rod-shaped, strictly aerobic. Gram
positive tbacterium.
It
is used as a mosquito larVicide.
as Only certain strains
such 1593, 2362,
the bacteria
ofmosquitoes.
2297 and IAB59 are toxic to
These strains are usedl insecticide against certain Culex
as
and
Anopheles species of mosquitoes. During sporulation, these mosquito
of the bacteria form crystals
strainsof
toxic containingtwo different proteins
rO
tooether are toxic to certain species of mosquito larvae when they
are ingested.
B4CILLUS POPILLIAE
Bacillus popilliae isa Gram-positive soil bacterium which attacks
only the Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica). The beetles cause
damage to large number of crops and ornamental plants.
When the beetle larvae are infected, they turn white because of alI
the bacterial spores (endospores) that develop in the insects' hemolymph
(blood equivalent). Thus, the disease the bacteria cause is called "milky
disease",
Spores of Bacillus popilliae infect larvae (grubs) of Japanese
beetles, eventually kiling the larvae and preventing their development into
adult beetles. In 1948, spores of B. popilliae became the first microbial
agent registered as a pesticide active ingredient.
SERR4TIA ENTOMOPHILA
grass
Serratia entomophila is used to control the New Zealand
grub (Costelytra zealandica).
FUNGI
are attacked by entamopathogenic
Natural populations of insects
general; fungi are slow to killtheir hosts. The fungal mycelium
fungi In
may eventually cause suffocation by
usually invades all body tissues and pathogens have a relatively
blocking the tracheal system. Some fungal
range (e.g., Beaveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae)
broad host
are more narrowly adapted to specific hosts like aphids (e.g.,
while others
and Aschersonia spp.), muscoid flies (e.g..
Erynia radicans (e.g., Lagenidium gigamteun,
Entomophthora muscae), mosquito larvae
Tolypocladium spp.), or Lepidoptera (e.g., Nomuraea rileyi and
and
Paecilomyces spp.). a fungus that grows naturally in soils
Beaveria bassiana is
as a parasite on various insect species,
throughout the world and acts
white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the
causing
<br>

96
entomopathogenic fungi. It is being used
control a number of pests such as termiies, whitfiy
Mycotrol" (Mycotech Corp. U.S.A) Racer
BioGuard Rich" (Plantrich Chemicals and Bioletilzexs 1s4. t
commercial preparations of B. hassiana
thrips, mealybugs, leathoppers, weevils, and
agronomic, vegetable, and orchard crops.
Mycoinsecticides based on Metarhizium. onisopliuw yar
are used to control locusts and grasshoppers insects.
Two prs
available commercially: Green Muscle in Afica 2Nd (iren Car
Australia.
A commercial preparation Priority" (1. Stanes
Limited. India) containing Isaria fumosorosea
(ormerly Puecilos
fumosoroseus ) is active against whítefies, thríps, spiáer mtes,
diamondback moth in ornamentalsand vegetables.
arghisa
PROTOZOA
Most entomopathic protozga cause chrOnÍc as
weaken, but do not kill their host. Due to this, there is nfins
litle iteres in g

organisms as biocontrol agents. One notable exception is

locustae, a microsporidian that has been mass-producedand rarketei Nose
control of grasshoppersunder the trade name "Hopper Stopper". ix
MICROBIALHERBICIDES
A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted. Plant pataogets
can be used to control weeds in a similar way
to chemicalhestickes. Te
suitable preparation of microorganism used for the control
as
of weds
called microbial herbicide or bioherbicide. Fungí end bacieria
usually used as microbial herbicides. When the active ingredient 2
fungus, the product is called a mycoherbicide.
sed s2
A number of microorganisns (bacteria, viruses and fungi)
132
Tew insects (e.g., parasitic wasps and the painted lady butterfiy) bave
evaluated as bioherbicides.
In general the only category that has yiiei
commercial examples is fungi(mycoherbicides). Commecialy
azlzi
examples of mycoherbicides anda bacterial herbicides is given
Ihe fust to be registered was Phytophthora palmivora{Ds
bet
which induced selective disease on
The Collectotrichum
milkweed víne.
gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynonE
(COHeg0®) is used to control coffee weed
in riceor northern j
<br>

(Aeschymomene virginica) in soybeans.

This fungus
weekstoachieve control, and to work at allthe erop 97
requires several
humid. must
weathervery be misted or
eplvtophthora palmvora the
e (Devine' ) is used for the control
stranglervine (Morrenia odorata) in! Florida.
The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.
sp. cuscutae
r control dodder (Cuscata spp.) in soybeans in china.(LuBao)is
usedfor the
The Chondrostereum purpureum (ChontrolTM =
aspen and otherr hardwoods EcoclearTM)
usedforthe control alders, in rights ofway and
is
forests.
The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae
(CampericoTM)
for:r the control lturf grass
is used (Poa annua) in golf courses.
Alternaria cassiae is also a myco-herbicide. It showed
promise in
aonirolling sicklepod in several crops. Two other developmental myco
herbicides are: Puccinia canaliculata and Xanthomonas campestis for
control ofyellow nutsedge and annual bluegrass, respectively.
In Canada, Phoma macrostoma is being developed as a
bioherbicide to control broad leaved weeds like dandelion, Canada thistle.
and clover. The fungus naturally infects Canada thistle causing plants to
turn white, without chlorophyll, the plants die.
Attempts to control water hyacinth in India were made by the
application ofAlternaria eichhorniae.
Mycoherbicides can be applied in many ways, for example, as
or a or powder
aerial sprays, through cut and paste application, in granule
weed
applied to the soil. When applied as a granule to soilupbefore
come white.
emergence, the fungus causes the emerging thistles to