Module 4 : ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTALS B.
Sc
(SET – 1)
Part A (30 x 2= 60 Mark)
1. Draw the structure of Silicon atom to show electron distribution. (Atomic No of si Z-14)
Ans. Structure of Silicon atom. Atomic No. Z=14
K L M ----- orbits
2 8 4 ----- electronss
2. Draw the Symbol of Schottky diode and name its important use.
Ans. It is widely used in Logic circuit
for fast switching.
3. What are the Types of currents flowing in a Semiconductor when a potential difference is
applied across it?
Ans. Type of current flowing in a semiconductor are :-
1) Electric current – electron flow towards positive terminal
2) Hole current – Holes flow towards negative terminal
4. Write two uses of Zener diode.
Ans. Uses of Zener diode :-
1) Voltage Regulator
2) Peak Clipper
5. What are the advantages of Bridge Rectifier?
Ans. Advantages of Bridge Rectifier :-
1) Efficiency is high (81.2%)
2) Ripple factor is less (0.48)
3) PIV is less when compared to CT Full Wave Rectifier.
4) Transformer size is smaller.
6. Draw the symbol of SCR and name its terminals.
Ans. Its Terminals are:-
1) Anode
2) Cathode
3) Gate
7. Write two applications of SCR.
Ans. Applications of SCR are :-
1) Light Dimmer
2) Heater Controller
8. Which is most heavily doped region in a transistor and why?
Ans. Most heavily doped region in a transistor is Emitter. Emitter is heavily doped to supply
required amount of charge carriers.
9. State the biasing rules of a transistor.
Ans. Biasing Rule of a transistor:-
1) Emitter – base junction is always forward biased.
2) Collector – base junction is always reverse biased.
10. Write two methods to prevent Thermal runaway in transistor.
Ans. Methods to prevent thermal runaway :-
1) By using stabilized circuit collector current can be controlled to be within safe valve.
2) By using heat sinks on collector, to dissipate heat
11. What is class C amplifier? Where is it used?
Ans. Class C amplifiers are used as high power RF amplifiers because of high efficiency. Efficiency
of Class C amplifier is about 85 to 90%.
12. Write two uses of OP-Amp.
Ans. 1) Integrator
2) Differentiator
13. Define current gain Beta of a transistor.
Ans. Current gain β (Beta) is defined as the ratio of collector current to base current.
β dc = IC/IB (or) β ac = Δ IC / Δ IB
14. Write two characteristics of Common collector or Emitter Follower.
Ans. i) Input Impedance is high
ii) Output Impedance is low
15. How LED are protected against high reverse voltage?
Ans. It can be protected by connecting diode in series.
16. Write two important characteristics of op-amp.
Ans. Characteristics of an OP AMP :-
1) Input resistance is very high, Output resistance is very low
2) Bandwidth is very large
17. What are the commonly used base material in the manufacturing of PCB?
Ans. Commonly used material:-
1) Epoxy resin impregnated fibre glass cloth
2) Epoxy resin impregnated paper
18. How is Torque synchro energised?
Ans. In torque synchro, the rotor of torque Transmitter (TX) and rotor of Torque Receiver (TR) both
are energised with 26V 400Hz AC supply. Rotors act like primary and Stators act like
secondary of Transformer.
19. Which are the Chemicals most commonly used to etch away unwanted copper in PCB?
Ans. The most used chemical are Ferric Chloride and Ammonium per sulphate
20. What are the Soldering methods used in the manufacture of PCB?
Ans. The soldering methods used for bulk soldering are:
1) Flow Soldering
2) Reflow Soldering
21. Name four Linear components.
Ans. They are :-
1) Resistor
2) Capacitor
3) Inductor
4) Transformer
22. What are the advantages of Integrated circuits?
Ans. Advantages :-
1) Extremely small size
2) High reliability
3) Small weight
23. Draw the Symbol of NPN transistor and mark its terminals.
Ans.
24. What is the functions of varistor?
Ans. Varistor is a semiconductor device used to clip high voltage spikes to protect electronic
equipment. It is called transient suppressor and is used as line filtering device.
25. Write two applications of photo diode.
Ans. Application of photo diode :-
1) Light detection
2) High speed switching
26. What is the function of Resolver synchro System?
Ans. Function of resolver synchro system It converts polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates and
vice versa.
27. Where is Differential Synchro System used?
Ans. It is used when required to find out the different between two angles and sum of two angles.
28. How much is the barrier potential for silicon junction and germanium junction?
Ans. Barrier potential for Germanium = 0.3V ; Silicon = 0.7V
29. What are the components which cannot be fabricated in an IC?
Ans. The components which cannot be fabricated in an IC are :-
1) Transformer
2) Large Inductor
3) Large capacitor
30. Why Schottky diode is Suitable for high-speed switching?
Ans. Schottky diode is suitable for high speed switching because it has no depletion layer or stored
charges. Anode is made of metal and cathode is made of N-type semiconductor. There is no PN
junction and Junction capacitance is absent.
Part B (4 x10=40 Marks)
31. (b) Draw and explain the working of a Bridge Rectifier and explain its advantages.
Working:
During positive half cycle A becomes positive and B becomes negative. Diodes D2 and D3
are forward biased and they conduct and charge the capacitor C to peak value. During
negative half cycle A becomes negative and B becomes positive. D1 and D4 are forward
biased and they conduct and charge the capacitor to peak valve. The pulsating DC is
smoothened by filter capacitor and steady DC output is given to load.
Advantages:
1. High efficiency because full wave is rectified 81.2%
2. Ripple factor is less 0.48
3. Smaller transformers are required because full voltage of secondary is rectified.
4. PIV is shared by two diodes. Therefore it is suitable for high voltage application. Less
PIV per diode.
5. Centre tap transformers are not required.
6. Load current is shared by two groups of diodes. D, D4 88 D3 diodes.
7. Voltage Regulation is better.
32. (a) Draw common Emitter amplifier circuit and explain its characteristics and uses.
Ans. COMMON EMMITER
Signal input is given to base and output is collected from collector. Emitter is common to both
input and output. Therefore it is called common Emitter amplifier.
Emitter base junction (EB) is forward biased and collector base junction (CB) is reverse
biased. NPN transistor is used in the circuit.
Characteristics:
1) Input resistance is moderately low.
2) Output resistance is moderately high
3) Current gain B is high
4) Voltage gain is high
5) Power gain is highest
6) There is phase reversal between input and output signals
USES: This circuit is most widely used because of high current gain, voltage
gain and power gain.
33. (a) What is ESDS component? Explain the precaution to be observed while handling ESDS
devices.
Ans. Precautions of ESDS devices
1) Always connect a ground between Test Equipment and the circuit
2) Ensure test voltage do not exceed maximum alternate voltage
3) The ohm meter should not give 1 amp for testing transistor (use RX100 range)
4) Use low voltage soldering iron and heat sink to connect or disconnect diode and
resistors.
5) Do not pry components off of a circuit board.
6) Power must be removed from circuit before replacing components.
7) Keep exposed portions of lead as shot as possible to prevent shorting.
8) Were wrist straps.
9) Do not touch the ESDS component with bare hands.
34. (a) Draw and explain the operation of Torque synchro system.
Ans.
Synchro system consists of a Transmitter located at the source of measurement (sensors) and
receiver is used to position indicator in the cockpit.
Torque Synchro consists of a torque Transmitter TX and Torque Receiver TR. Both elements
are electrically similar. Each consists of 3 stator coils S1, S2, S3 placed at 120" apart and a
single rotor is placed with in stator core.
TX and RX rotors are connected in parallel and energized with 26V AC 400 Hz. Rotors act
like primary and stators act like secondary of transformer.
When both the rotors are at same angular position, the induced voltage in the stators of TX
and TR are equal and no current flows between them. The system is at Null.
When TX rotor is turned by an angle by sensor (input shaft), the voltage induced in stators are
not equal. Current flows between them and the resultant field produces a torque on TR rotor
and turns the output shaft by the same angle as that of TX rotor. When both rotors are at the
same angle, the system is at null again, the output shaft moves the indicator on the
indicating instrument.
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