VELAMMAL.
VIDHYASHRAM
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, [Link] of class XII - B has
successfully completed the project on the topic “ A
study on electromagnetic induction” under the
guidance of [Link] in partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE, New
Delhi for the academic year 2025 – 2026.
Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal
Examiner
Signature of Principal Signature of External
Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
bestowed upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So I
would like to utilize this opportunity to thank all the mentors who have been
there to guide me through this project.
Primarily I would like to thank god almighty for giving me the strength,
knowledge and good health to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank our Principal for his continuous support and our
physics teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped me to patch this
project and make it a success. The suggestions and instructions given by
them served as the major contribution to the completion of this project.
Further, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped
me a lot.
Signature of the student
[Link]
TABLEOFCONTENT
S NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 8
2 AIM 9
3 MATERIALS REQUIRED 10
4 THEORY 11
5 PROCEDURE 14
6 OBSERVATION 15
7 PRECAUTIONS 17
8 SOURCES OF ERROR 18
9 CONCLUSION 19
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22
INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the current is
turned off.
INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a
conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is
called induction.
Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor
when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic
field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils),
heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio
transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where
an emf
is induced when the magnetic flux linking a
conductor
change.
AIM
To study the phenomenon of
Electromagnetic Induction
MATERIALS REQUIRED
An Insulated copper wire
A Galvonameter
A Bar Magnet
THEORY
Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law:
Faraday's law of induction makes
use of
the magnetic flux ΦB through a
region of
space enclosed by a wire loop. The
magnetic flux is defined by a
surface
integral
Fig. 1 Faraday Law
Fig .2 faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction
When the flux changes, an emf is
induced around the loop. This emf
corresponds to the energy per unit
charge required to move it once
around
the [Link] a simple circuit with
resistance 𝑅an emf 𝐸gives rise
to a
current 𝐼
Fig . 3 Lenz Law
Direction of the induced current:
It is possible to find out the
direction of
the electromotive force (emf)
directly
from Faraday's law, without
invoking
Lenz's law. A left hand rule helps
doing
that, as follows
Align the curved fingers of the left
hand
with the loop (yellow line).
Stretch your thumb. The stretched
thumb indicates the direction of n
(brown), the normal to the area
enclosed
by the loop
Find the sign of ΔΦB, the change in flux.
If the change in flux, ΔΦB, is
positive, the
curved fingers show the direction of
the
electromotive force (yellow
arrowheads)
If ΔΦB is negative, the direction of
the
electromotive force is opposite to
the
direction of the curved fingers
(opposite
to the yellow arrowheads
Working And construction:
Current is produced in a conductor
when
it is moved through a magnetic field
because the magnetic lines of force
are
applying a force on the free
electrons in
the conductor and causing them to
move.
This process of generating current
in a
conductor by placing the conductor
in a
changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction
because there is no physical connection.
PROCEDURE
Take a coil of wire having a large
number of turns
Connect the end of the coil to a
Galvonameter
Take a strong bar magnet and
move it's
north pole into the coil and observe
the
changes in the Galvonameter
needle
Repeat earlier steps with the south
pole
of the bar magnet
Now repeat the procedure with the
coil
having a different number of turns
and
variation in the deflection of
Galvonameter needle
OBSERVATIONS
Magnet is moved at certain rate
and
certain voltage is produced.
Magnet is moved at faster rate
and
creating a greater induced
voltage.
Magnet is moved at same speed
through coil that has greater
number
of turn and greater voltage is
induced.
Fig 4. Production of poles in coil
Fig 5 deflection in Galvonameter
Precautions
Coil Construction:
Use coils with a sufficient number of
turns to ensure proper inductance
and effect for the experiment.
Avoid Eddy Currents:
Be aware that eddy currents can be
induced in the iron core, which can
affect the readings, and try to
minimize this effect.
Magnet Strength:
Use a bar magnet strong enough to
produce a noticeable deflection on
the galvanometer, indicating a
significant induced EMF.
Sources Of Error
Coil Placement:
Place the copper coil on an insulating
surface to prevent any unwanted
electrical leakage
Careful Connections:
Perform all connections carefully to
ensure they are secure and proper
Galvanometer Check:
Before beginning an experiment,
ensure the galvanometer shows
zero deflection
Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in
the
mid-nineteenth century,
describes a
very important electro-magnetic
concept.
Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard
to
grasp:
it relates an induced electric
potential
or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that
touch
our lives in many ways:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Link]
Google search engine
[Link]/knowledgecycle
[Link]
Physics NCERT book for class XII
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Faraday law.
Fig 2 : Lenz law
Fig3:inductionlaw
Fig 4: production of poles
Fig 5: Galvonameter deflection