MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

Summary Lecture Note

Department of Mathematics
School of Mathematics and Computing
Kampala International University
February 11, 2026

Course Title: Integral Calculus

Course Code: MAT 1202
Credit Load: 3 Credit Units
Contact Hours: 3 Hours Per Week
Prerequisites: None

Purpose of the Course

This course introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of integral
calculus. Emphasis is placed on understanding the definite integral as a limit of Riemann
sums and as a measure of net accumulation of change. The relationship between differ-
entiation and integration is developed through both parts of the Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus, with applications to science, engineering, and applied mathematics.

Expected Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain the definite integral as both a limit of Riemann sums and a measure of net
accumulation

• Describe and apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

• Find primitives (antiderivatives) of given functions

• Apply integration techniques to solve definite integral problems

• Use integration in applications (area, volume, arc length, etc.)

• Solve basic differential equations

• Understand improper integrals and numerical approximation methods

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

Course Assessment
Assessment Component Percentage
Continuous Assessment Tests 20%
Group and Individual Projects 20%
End-of-Semester Examination 60%
Total 100%

Contents
1 Anti-derivative and Integration 4
1.1 Concept of Anti-derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Indefinite Integral Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Basic Integration Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Properties of Indefinite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Worked Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Exercise Questions (Section 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Definite Integrals and Riemann Sums 5

2.1 Riemann Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Definite Integral as a Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Properties of Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.1 Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.2 Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Worked Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 Signed Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.7 Area Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.8 Exercise Questions (Section 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Techniques of Integration 8
3.1 Substitution Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Trigonometric Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Exercise Questions (Section 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Integration of Rational Functions and Partial Fractions 9

4.1 Partial Fraction Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Exercise Questions (Section 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Applications of Integration 10
5.1 Area Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Volumes of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2.1 Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2.2 Shell Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4 Worked Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5 Exercise Questions (Section 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

6 Improper Integrals and Numerical Approximation 12

6.1 Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1.1 Type 1: Infinite Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1.2 Type 2: Discontinuous Integrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 Numerical Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.1 Trapezoidal Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2.2 Simpson’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3 Exercise Questions (Section 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7 Differential Equations 13
7.1 Separable Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2 Malthus and Logistic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2.1 Malthus Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2.2 Logistic Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.3 Exercise Questions (Section 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

1 Anti-derivative and Integration

1.1 Concept of Anti-derivative
An anti-derivative of a function f (x) is any function F (x) such that:

F ′ (x) = f (x)

The process of finding F (x) is called integration. Anti-derivatives are not unique; if
F (x) is an anti-derivative of f (x), then F (x) + C is also an anti-derivative, where C is
an arbitrary constant.
For f (x) = 3x2 , an anti-derivative is F (x) = x3 + C.

1.2 Indefinite Integral Notation

The indefinite integral of f (x) is denoted by:
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

where F (x) is an anti-derivative of f (x) and C is the constant of integration.

1.3 Basic Integration Rules

R
1. k dx = kx + C
xn+1
R
2. xn dx = n+1
+ C, n ̸= −1
R
3. ex dx = ex + C
1
R
4. x
dx = ln |x| + C
R
5. cos x dx = sin x + C
R
6. sin x dx = − cos x + C
R
7. sec2 x dx = tan x + C
√ 1 dx = sin−1 x + C
R
8. 1−x2

1
dx = tan−1 x + C
R
9. 1+x2

1.4 Properties of Indefinite Integrals

Z Z Z
[f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx
Z Z
cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx where c is a constant

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

1.5 Worked Examples

R
1. (4x3 − 2x + 5) dx = x4 − x2 + 5x + C
R√
x dx = x1/2 dx = 23 x3/2 + C
R
2.

3. x2 dx = 2 ln |x| + C
R

R
4. (3 cos x − 2 sin x) dx = 3 sin x + 2 cos x + C

1.6 Exercise Questions (Section 1)

1. Find (3x4 − 2x2 + x1 ) dx
R

2. If f ′ (x) = 4x3 − 3x2 + 2 and f (1) = 3, find f (x)

3. Find anti-derivatives of:

(a) 5x
(b) 7x2
(c) 10x3
(d) x2 + 3x
(e) 6x4
(f) x−3
(g) 2x2 + 5x + 1

4. Explain why the constant of integration is necessary.

2 Definite Integrals and Riemann Sums

2.1 Riemann Sums
Given f (x) on [a, b], partition into n subintervals:

b−a
∆x = , xi = a + i∆x
n
The Riemann sum is: n
X
Rn = f (x∗i )∆x
i=1

where x∗i
is a sample
R 2 point in [xi−1 , xi ].
Approximate 0 x2 dx using n = 4 and right endpoints.
Solution:
∆x = 0.5, x∗i = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2
R4 = (0.25 + 1 + 2.25 + 4) × 0.5 = 3.75

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

5 y

1
x
0.5 1 1.5 2
R2
Figure 1: Riemann sum approximation for 0
x2 dx with n = 4 right endpoints

2.2 Definite Integral as a Limit

Z b n
X
f (x) dx = lim f (x∗i )∆x
a n→∞
i=1

2.3 Properties of Definite Integrals

Rb Rb Rb
1. a
[f (x) ± g(x)] dx = a f (x) dx ± a g(x) dx
Rb Rb
2. a
kf (x) dx = k a f (x) dx
Ra
3. a
f (x) dx = 0
Rb Ra
4. a
f (x) dx = − b f (x) dx
Rb Rc Rb
5. a
f (x) dx = a
f (x) dx + c
f (x) dx where a < c < b

2.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

2.4.1 Part 1
If F ′ (x) = f (x), then: Z x
d
f (t) dt = f (x)
dx a

2.4.2 Part 2
If f is continuous on [a, b], then:
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F is any anti-derivative of f .

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

2.5 Worked Examples

R4
1. Evaluate 1
(3x2 + 2x) dx:
Z 4
4
(3x2 + 2x) dx = x3 + x2 1 = (64 + 16) − (1 + 1) = 78

1

Rπ
2. Evaluate 0
cos x dx:
Z π
cos x dx = [sin x]π0 = 0 − 0 = 0
0

d
R x2
3. Find dx 0
sin t dt:
Z x2
d
sin t dt = sin(x2 ) · 2x = 2x sin(x2 )
dx 0

2.6 Signed Area

When f (x) takes negative values, the definite integral gives signed area (positive above
x-axis, negative
R 2 below).
Evaluate −1 (x − 1) dx.
Solution:
Z 2  2 2  
x 1 3
(x − 1) dx = −x = (2 − 2) − +1 =−
−1 2 −1 2 2

2 y

1
x
−1 1 2
−1

−2

Figure 2: Signed area: red area is negative, green area is positive

2.7 Area Between Curves

For f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b]:
Z b
A= [f (x) − g(x)] dx
a

Area between y = x2 and y = x from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution: Z 1  2 1
2 x x3 1 1 1
A= (x − x ) dx = − = − =
0 2 3 0 2 3 6

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

y
1
y=x

0.5

y = x2 x
0.5 1

Figure 3: Area between y = x2 and y = x

2.8 Exercise Questions (Section 2)

R3
1. Evaluate 1 (2x+ x1 ) dx using the limit of Riemann sums with right endpoints (n = 4)
R5 R5 R3
2. Given 0 f (x) dx = 10 and 3 f (x) dx = 4, find 0 f (x) dx

3. Evaluate:
R4
(a) 0 x dx
R2
(b) 1 (x2 + 1) dx
R0
(c) −2 (2x + 1) dx
R3
(d) 0 (2x + 1) dx
R4
(e) 1 (x2 − 3) dx
R2
(f) −1 x2 dx

4. Explain the meaning of a negative value of a definite integral.

3 Techniques of Integration
3.1 Substitution Rule
If u = g(x), then: Z Z
′
f (g(x))g (x) dx = f (u) du
R 2
Evaluate 2xex dx.
Solution: Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx:
Z Z
x2 2
2xe dx = eu du = eu + C = ex + C

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

3.2 Integration by Parts

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
R
Evaluate xex dx.
Solution: Let u = x, dv = ex dx, then du = dx, v = ex :
Z Z
xe dx = xe − ex dx = xex − ex + C
x x

3.3 Trigonometric Substitutions

√
• For a2 − x2 : Let x = a sin θ
√
• For a2 + x2 : Let x = a tan θ
√
• For x2 − a2 : Let x = a sec θ
R dx
Evaluate √1−x 2.
Solution: Let x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ:
Z Z Z
dx cos θ dθ
√ = p = dθ = θ + C = sin−1 x + C
1 − x2 2
1 − sin θ
R dx
Evaluate x2 +4 .
Solution: Let x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ:
2 sec2 θ dθ sec2 θ dθ
Z Z Z
dx 1 1 −1 x
 
= = = θ + C = tan +C
x2 + 4 4 tan2 θ + 4 2 sec2 θ 2 2 2

3.4 Exercise Questions (Section 3)

√ x
R
1. Evaluate 1−x2
dx
R
2. Evaluate x2 ln x dx
√ dx
R
3. Evaluate x2 −9

4 Integration of Rational Functions and Partial Frac-

tions
4.1 Partial Fraction Decomposition
P (x)
For Q(x)
where deg(P ) < deg(Q), decompose into simpler fractions.
R 3x+5
Evaluate (x+1)(x−2) dx.
Solution:
3x + 5 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x − 2) x+1 x−2
Multiply through by (x + 1)(x − 2):

3x + 5 = A(x − 2) + B(x + 1)

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

Solving: A = − 23 , B = 11
3
Z  
2/3 11/3 2 11
− + dx = − ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 2| + C
x+1 x−2 3 3

4.2 Exercise Questions (Section 4)

2x+3
R
1. Evaluate (x−1)(x+2)
dx
x2
R
2. Evaluate x2 −1
dx

5 Applications of Integration
5.1 Area Between Curves
Z b
A= [f (x) − g(x)] dx where f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b]
a

5.2 Volumes of Revolution

5.2.1 Disk Method
Z b
V =π [R(x)]2 dx
a
√
Volume from revolving y = x from x = 0 to x = 4 about x-axis.
Solution: Z 4 Z 4  2 4
√ 2 x
V =π ( x) dx = π x dx = π = 8π
0 0 2 0

8
z

y
2

−2
2
x
4

√
Figure 4: Solid of revolution: y = x revolved about x-axis

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

5.2.2 Shell Method

Z b
V = 2π xf (x) dx
a

Volume from revolving y = x2 from x = 0 to x = 2 about y-axis (shell method).

Solution:
Z 2 Z 2  4 2
2 3 x
V = 2π x · x dx = 2π x dx = 2π = 8π
0 0 4 0

5.3 Arc Length

Z bp
L= 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a
3/2
Length of y = x from x = 0 to x = 4.
Solution: f ′ (x) = 23 x1/2 :
Z 4r
9
L= 1 + x dx
0 4
9 9
Let u = 1 + 4
x, then du = 4
dx:

4 10 √
Z
4 2 10 8 √
L= u du = · u3/2 1 = (10 10 − 1)
9 1 9 3 27

y
8

4 d s
ent
lem
2 e
gth
en x
r cl
A 1 2 3 4

Figure 5: Arc length of a curve

5.4 Worked Examples

1. Area between y = sin x and y = cos x from x = 0 to x = π/4:
Z π/4 √
A= (cos x − sin x) dx = [sin x + cos x]π/4
0 = 2−1
0

2. Length of curve y = ln(sec x) from x = 0 to x = π/4:

f ′ (x) = tan x
Z π/4 p Z π/4 √
L= 2
1 + tan x dx = sec x dx = [ln | sec x + tan x|]π/4
0 = ln( 2 + 1)
0 0

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

5.5 Exercise Questions (Section 5)

1. Find area bounded by y = x2 and y = 2x − x2
√
2. Find volume when region bounded by y = x, x = 4, y = 0 is revolved about
x-axis
x3 1
3. Find length of curve y = 3
+ 4x
from x = 1 to x = 2

6 Improper Integrals and Numerical Approximation

6.1 Improper Integrals
6.1.1 Type 1: Infinite Interval
Z ∞ Z t
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a t→∞ a
R∞ dx
Evaluate 1 x2
.
Solution: t
Z ∞   
dx 1 1
= lim − = lim − + 1 = 1
1 x2 t→∞ x 1 t→∞ t

6.1.2 Type 2: Discontinuous Integrand

Z b Z b Z t
f (x) dx = lim+ f (x) dx or lim f (x) dx
a t→a t t→b− a

6.2 Numerical Approximation

6.2.1 Trapezoidal Rule
Z b
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
a 2

6.2.2 Simpson’s Rule

Z b
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + · · · + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
a 3
R1 2
Estimate 0 e−x dx with n = 4 using Trapezoidal Rule.

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

y
1

0.5
Trapezoidal approximation

x
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
R1 2
Figure 6: Trapezoidal Rule approximation for 0
e−x dx with n = 4

6.3 Exercise Questions (Section 6)

R∞ dx
1. Evaluate 0 1+x2
R1 dx
2. Approximate 0 1+x2
using Simpson’s Rule with n = 4

3. Determine convergence:
R∞
(a) 0 e−x dx
R∞
(b) 1 dxx

7 Differential Equations
7.1 Separable Equations
Z Z
dy dy
= g(x)h(y) ⇒ = g(x) dx
dx h(y)
dy
Solve dx = ky.
Solution: Z Z
dy
= k dx ⇒ ln |y| = kx + C ⇒ y = Aekx
y

7.2 Malthus and Logistic Equations

7.2.1 Malthus Equation
dP
= kP ⇒ P (t) = P0 ekt
dt

7.2.2 Logistic Equation

 
dP P M
= kP 1− ⇒ P (t) =  
dt M 1+ M −P0
e−kt
P0

dP
Solve dt
= 0.05P (1000 − P ) with P (0) = 100.

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

Solution:
1000 1000
P (t) = 1000−100

=
1+ 100
e−0.05t 1 + 9e−0.05t

1,000 P (t)

750

500
Logistic Growth
250 Malthusian Growth
Carrying Capacity t
20 40 60 80 100

Figure 7: Comparison of Malthusian and Logistic growth models

7.3 Exercise Questions (Section 7)

dy y
1. Solve dx
= x
with y(1) = 2
dP
2. Solve dt
= 0.05P (1000 − P ) with P (0) = 100

Final Exam Practice Questions

Rx√
1. A curve is defined by y = 0
t3 + 1 dt.
dy
(a) Find dx
(b) Find the length of this curve from x = 0 to x = 2
(c) The region under this curve from x = 0 to x = 2 is revolved about the x-axis.
Find the volume of the solid generated.

2. Evaluate:
R 3
(a) x x+2x+1
2 +1 dx
R π/2 3
(b) 0 sin x cos2 x dx
R∞
(c) 1 lnx2x dx

3. Solve the initial value problem:

dy 3x2 + 2x
= , y(1) = 2
dx y

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Kampala International University MAT 1202: Integral Calculus

Appendix: Useful Formulas

Integration Formulas

xn+1
Z
xn dx = + C, n ̸= −1
n+1
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
ex dx = ex + C
Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z
1
√ dx = sin−1 x + C
1 − x 2
Z
1
dx = tan−1 x + C
1 + x2

Trigonometric Identities

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x
cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x

Volumes and Areas

Z b
Disk: V = π [R(x)]2 dx
a
Z b
Washer: V = π ([R(x)]2 − [r(x)]2 ) dx
a
Z b
Shell: V = 2π xf (x) dx
a
Z bp
Arc Length: L = 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
a

Recommended Reading
• Hille, E., & Salas, S. Calculus of One and Several Variables. John Wiley & Sons.
• Larson, R., & Edwards, B. H. (2010). Calculus (9th ed.). Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning.

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