Fluid Mechanics-II (ME-224)

Teacher/Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Sumair

[Link]. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)

[Link]. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)
PhD Mechanical Engineering (UET Taxila 2023-Contd.)
 Course Outline and CLO-PLO Mapping
• Course Content
1. Turbomachines (turbines and pumps) Before mid-term
2. Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
3. Flow over Immersed Bodies After mid-term
4. Compressible Flow
Assessment
Marks
CLO Statement Domain PLO Components
Explain the fundamental concepts of differential fluid-flow Mid term 25
1 analysis, viscous and compressible flows, and operating C2 1
End term 50
principles of turbomachinery
Apply theories of viscous and compressible flow, as well as
2 C3 2 Quizzes 5/10
turbomachinery principles, to solve engineering problems
Design and analyze viscous and compressible flow
Complex
3 systems, as well as turbomachinery, to meet specified C4 3
Engineering 20/15
performance targets and capacity requirements
Problem (CEP)
 Introduction to Turbomachinery
Turbomachines
• Turbomachines are the
category of machines
which are Pumps (energy
characterized by Turbines (energy
energy interaction with producing devices) consuming devices)
fluid. There are two
broad categories of They extract energy They add energy to
turbomachinery: (1) from the fluid the fluid
turbines and (2) Convert the extracted Convert mechanical
pumps energy into energy into fluid
mechanical energy energy/hydraulic energy

Results in increasing
Results in decreasing hydraulic energy and
hydraulic energy and pressure
fluid pressure
 Introduction to Turbomachinery (Cont’d)

Figure 1: (a) Energy consuming (or absorbing)

devices i.e., pumps and (b) Energy producing
devices i.e., turbines
 Hydraulic Turbines
• Hydraulic turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which
convert hydraulic energy (energy of water) into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is further used to run an electric generator
which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus, the
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through
generator. The electric power which is obtained from the hydraulic
energy is known as Hydroelectric power.
• Note: Please be clear that a turbine doesn't produce electrical
energy, it produces mechanical energy.
Hydraulic Turbines (Cont’d)

Figure 2: Typical power generation at hydraulic dam

 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
Classification of
Hydraulic Turbines

Based on input Based on Based on Based on flow

energy available head direction of flow rate/discharge

Impulse turbines (only KE).

Tangential High discharge
High head flow
For example, Pelton wheel

Medium
Medium head Axial Flow discharge
Reaction turbines (KE+
Pr.E). For example, Francis
and Kaplan turbines
Low head Radial Flow Low discharge

Mixed Flow
 Impulse Turbines
• An impulse turbine is a turbine which runs by the impulse of water.
In an impulse turbine, the water from a dam is made to flow through a
pipeline, and then through guide mechanism and finally through the
nozzle. In such a process, the entire available energy of the water is
converted into kinetic energy by passing it through nozzles. The
water enters the running wheel in the form of a jet (or jets), which
impinges on the buckets, fixed to the outer periphery of the wheel.
• The jet of water impinges on the buckets with a high velocity, and
after flowing over the vanes, leaves with a low velocity; thus,
imparting its energy to the runner.
• The pressure of water, both at entering and leaving the vanes, is
atmospheric. The most common example of an impulse turbine is
Pelton wheel.
 Pelton Wheel Turbine

High head
turbine

Low
discharge
Pelton Impulse
turbine Wheel turbine

Tangential
flow turbine
 Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
• The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse
turbine because 1) the water strikes the bucket along the tangent of
the runner, and 2) The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is
only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine
is atmospheric. This turbine is used for high heads, and low
discharges.
• Fig. 3 shows the layout of a hydroelectric power plant in which the
installed turbine is Pelton wheel. The water from the reservoir flows
through the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The
nozzle increases the kinetic energy of the water before striking the
buckets. At the outlet of the nozzle, the water comes out in the form of
a jet and strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner.
Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)

Figure 3: A typical hydroelectric power plant

using Pelton wheel turbine
 Pelton Wheel Turbine: Construction
• Construction of Pelton Wheel Turbine: The
main components of Pelton turbine are (1)
Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
(spear), (2) Runner and buckets, (3) Casing,
and (4) Braking jet.
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating
Arrangement. The amount of water
striking the buckets (vanes) of the runner is
controlled by providing a spear in the Figure 4: Nozzle with Spear
nozzle as shown in Fig.4 The spear is a arrangement for controlling the
conical needle. When the it is pushed flow rate of water
forward into the nozzle, the amount of
water striking the runner is reduced and
vice versa.
 Pelton Wheel Turbine: Construction
2. Runner with Buckets. Fig.5 shows the runner of a Pelton wheel. It
consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which several evenly
spaced buckets are fixed.
• The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl.
As shown in Fig.6, each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts
by a dividing wall which is known as splitter. The jet of water strikes
on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the
jet comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped
in such a way that the jet is deflected through 160° or 170°. The
buckets are made of cast iron, cast steel bronze or stainless steel
depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.
 Pelton Wheel Turbine: Construction

Figure 5: Runner of a
typical Pelton wheel with
buckets along its periphery
 Pelton Wheel Turbine:Construction

Figure 6: A typical double hemispherical bucket of Pelton wheel Bucket with splitter
 Pelton Wheel Turbine:Construction

Figure 7: A view from the bottom of a running Pelton wheel showing the splitting and
turning of water. Jet is entering from left and wheel is turning towards right
 Pelton Wheel Turbine:Construction
3. Casing. Fig. 8 shows a Pelton turbine with a casing. The function of
the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge
water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard against accidents. It is made
of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel
does not perform any hydraulic function.
4. Braking Jet. When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the
spear in the forward direction, the amount of water striking the runner
reduces to zero. But the runner doesn’t stop at once rather it keeps on
revolving due to inertia for sufficient time. To stop the runner in a short
time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the
back of the vanes. This jet of water is called braking jet.
Pelton Wheel Turbine: Construction

Figure 8: A typical Pelton wheel with casing and braking jet

 Overall Energy (Power) Transfer in Pelton Turbine

Phyd Dam/reservoir

Pnozzle=Phyd At nozzle outlet

Prunner< Pnozzle At runner/wheel

Shaft Power<Prunner At turbine shaft

Velocity Triangles and Work Done for Pelton Wheel
• As mentioned earlier, the jet of water coming out of the nozzle strikes
the bucket at its splitter. The splitter then splits the jet into two parts.
One part of the jet, passing through the inside surface of one portion of
the vane, leaves it at its extreme edge. Same happens on the other
portion of the jet and vane as shown in Fig. 9.
• The splitter is the inlet tip and outer edge of the bucket is the outlet
tip of the bucket. Therefore, the inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the
splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the
bucket.
 Velocity Triangles and Work Done for Pelton Wheel
(Cont’d)

𝛟 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝛉 = 𝜶 = 𝟎°

Figure 9: Velocity triangles for Pelton wheel

turbine
Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton Wheel
(Cont’d)
Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton
Wheel (Cont’d)
 Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton Wheel
(Cont’d)
• The mass of water striking the blades is ρaV1 . 'a' is the area of the jet
which is given as
Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton Wheel
(Cont’d)

Or
Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)
 Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)

• The condition for maximum hydraulic efficiency: Thus, we see that

hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel will be maximum when the
velocity of the wheel is one half of the velocity of the water jet at
inlet.
Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton Wheel
(Cont’d)
 Efficiencies of Pelton Wheel
• Hydraulic Efficiency: It is the ratio of work done per second on the
wheel to the kinetic energy of the jet per second. We have just seen it as
or

• Mechanical Efficiency: It has been observed that all the energy

supplied to the wheel does not come out as useful work. A part of it is
dissipated in overcoming friction of bearings and other moving parts.
Thus, the mechanical efficiency is the ratio of actual work available at
the turbine (S.P) to the energy imparted to the wheel.
S.P
ηm = or
Work Done Per Second on the wheel
 Efficiencies of Pelton Wheel
• Overall Efficiency: It is a measure of the performance of a turbine,
and is the ratio of actual power produced by the turbine (S.P) to the
energy actually supplied to the turbine, i.e.
Important Points to be remembered for Pelton wheel
▪ The velocity of the jet at inlet is given by
Where Cv is the coefficient of velocity=0.985 if not given
▪ The velocity of the wheel (u) is given by
Where S.R is the speed ratio, taken as 0.46 if not given

𝐮 = 𝐒. 𝐑 𝟐𝐠𝐇
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 meters per
second with a jet of water flowing at the rate of 700 liters/s under a
head of 30 meters. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
160°. Calculate (i) the power given by water to the runner (work done
per second by the water on the runner blades) and (ii) the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity as 0.98. [Ans:
(i)186.97 kW (ii) 94.54%]
• Problem 2: A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m
and is running at 1000 r.p.m. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700
m. If the side clearance angle is 15° and discharge through nozzle is
0.1 m3/s, find: (i) Power available at the inlet of the nozzle, and (ii)
Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. [Ans: (i) 686.7 kW, (ii) 97.18%]
Thanks for Listening