LOGIC
LOGIC
• the science of formal reasoning and
systematic inference
• foundation of making arguments
• requires act of reasoning
• enhance critical thinking skills
SIMPLE STATEMENTS
Proposition- declarative sentence that
is answerable by true or false
Can be represented by any variable or
lowercase such as p, q, or r
SIMPLE STATEMENTS
Which of the following simple statements
is considered to be proposition?
a. Ross is a Filipino.
b. Close the door
c. Is it raining?
d. n + 3 = 5
SIMPLE STATEMENTS
p:Today is Tuesday
q: It is raining
r: I am wearing my sandals
THESE SENTENCES ARE ALL SIMPLE
STATEMENTS
• Jose is happy.
• Dogs like bones.
• Children fight a lot.
• Keith likes bananas on his porridge.
• The man standing by the door is a doctor.
• The President liked to have complete silence
during his many long, tedious speeches
about the virtues of democratic
government.
COMPOUND STATEMENTS
- Constructed from one or smaller
statements by the application of a
statement connective
THESE SENTENCES ARE ALL COMPOUND
• Jose and Maria like cats.
• John likes cats and snakes.
• Harvey thinks that the earth is flat.
• If there are flying saucers, then fish live in
trees.
• Jose, Maria and Harvey like lobster and
Big Macs.
p:Today is Tuesday
COMPOUND q: It is raining
r: I am wearing my
sandals
STATEMENT SYMBOL
CONNECTIVE
EXAMPLES STATEM TYPE OF
ENT STATEMENT
not ~ or ¬ Today is NOT Tuesday ~p Negation
and ∧ Today is Tuesday AND it is p∧q Conjunction
raining
or v It is raining OR I am wearing q vr Disjunction
my sandals
if…, → If it is raining, then I am q→r Conditional
then… wearing my sandals
…if and ↔ I am wearing my sandals if and r↔q Biconditional
only if only if it is raining
LOGICAL OPERATIONS AND
TRUTH-TABLE
TRUTH-VALUE
❑ Simple Statement
• either true (T) or (False)
❑ Compound Statement
• depends on the truth-value of simple statements and its
connectives
TRUTH TABLE
• Shows the truth-value of a compound statement for all
possible truth-values of its simple statements
NEGATION
• it is like identifying its complement
COMMON TERMS
• not
• it is not the case that
• no
• never
• none
• nowhere
• no one
• no means
TRUTH TABLE OF NEGATION
p: Today is Tuesday
~p: Today is NOT Tuesday
p ~p
T F
F T
• Negating the statement ~p, would be~ (~p) or simply p.
CONJUNCTION
• Statement uses connective “AND”/ “∧” for compound
statements
COMMON TERMS
• but
• still
• while
• yet
• where as
• despite
• although
• however
• nonetheless
• moreover
• in spite of
• furthermore
CONJUNCTION
p q p∧q
Today is Tuesday It is raining Today is Tuesday
AND it is raining
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
NOTE: For the truth-value of the statement under conjunction to be
true, all propositions must be true. And if at least of the one
proposition is false, the statement is false.
DISJUNCTION
• Statement uses connective “OR”/ “V” for compound
statements
COMMON TERMS
• else
• either
• or…
DISJUNCTION
p q pVq
Today is Tuesday It is raining Today is Tuesday
or it is raining
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
NOTE: For the truth-value of the statement under disjunction to
be TRUE, at least one/all proposition is true.
CONDITIONAL
•
PREMISE CONCLUSION
For In view of The facts are therefore It must be In conclusion
As indicated
Since Assuming that hence Then Proves that
by
On the
Because As shown by supposition so thus Entails that
that
Granted that
In as much as consequently For this reason Indicates that
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
q r q→r
It is raining I am wearing my If it is raining, then
sandals I am wearing my
sandals
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
NOTE: The only way to have a FALSE value under conditional
statement is when the conclusion is false having true premise.
BICONDITIONAL
• Statement uses connective “IF AND ONLY IF…,THEN…”/
“↔” for compound statements
COMMON TERMS
• Provided that and only provided that
• When and only when
• Just in case
• Granted that and only granted that
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
r q r↔q
I am wearing my It is raining I am wearing my
sandals sandals if and only
if it is raining
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
NOTE: For the truth-value of the statement under biconditional to be
TRUE, truth-value of the propositions must be the same.
TAUTOLOGIES AND FALLACIES
3 Classes of Compound Sentences
1. Tautology- all truth value on the last entry of the truth
table are all TRUE.
2. Contradiction- all truth value on the last entry of the truth
table are all FALSE.
3. Contingency- neither tautology nor contradiction
TAUTOLOGIES AND FALLACIES
TAUTOLOGY
p ~p p V ~p
T F T
F T T
CONTRADICTION
p ~p p ∧ ~p
T F F
F T F
CONTINGENCY
p ~p p → ~p
T F F
F T T