A Practical Manual

For
Fluid Mechanics
and
Machinery

ME – 3103

Semester– (IV)

(Diploma in Mechanical Engineering)

Government Polytechnic, Pune

(An Autonomous institute of Government of Maharashtra)
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

VISION
To develop skilled adaptable, creative, and quality conscious,
Mechanical Engineers to serve the society.

MISSION

1) Providing modern infrastructure and facilities so that students will gain

hands on experience of using various equipments, machinery and software.
2) Developing strong interaction with industries, academic and research
institutes to keep curricula updated.
3) Inculcating quality consciousness, self learning attitude along with safety
and environmental awareness in students.
4) Utilizing resources and expertise to organize training in emerging
technologies for faculty, staff, students and industry employees.
5) Conducting various need based continuing education modular programmes
in partnership with industries.

PROGRAMME EDUCATION OBJECTIVES(PEOs)

A Diploma Mechanical Engineer will be able to
1) Work effectively as a team leader in the industry or peruse higher
education.
2) Perform key role in quality improvement and solve real life problems in
industry with social and environmental context.
3) Adopt latest technologies.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering
specialization to solve the mechanical engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined mechanical

engineering problems using codified standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined

technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs in mechanical engineering.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern

mechanical engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct
standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment:

Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability,
environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles

individually, as a team member or a leader to manage projects and
effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities in
diverse and multidisciplinary fields.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in

updating in the context of technological changes in mechanical
engineering.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1 :- Use latest Mechanical Engineering related software’s for simple

design
drafting and manufacturing.
PSO :2- Use and operate machine, equipment and instruments related to
mechanical
engineering with more emphasis on automobile industry.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering work in the technical education system
is to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. This
Practical manual is designed to help all the students of Government Polytechnic,
Pune . The manual begins by identifying the course outcomes. The students will
become aware about the Refrigeration and Air conditioning.
This manual also provides guidelines to students to effectively facilitate
student-centered activities through each practical by arranging and managing
necessary resources ensuring the achievement of outcomes in the students.
Course outcome-
No. CO Statements
CO 1 Define different characteristics of fluids.
CO 2 Identify patterns of fluid flow.
CO 3 Determine different losses in flow through pipes.
CO 4 Calculate efficiency of different turbines and pumps.
CO 5 Select Suitable Turbines and pumps based on given parameters

Although all care has been taken to check for mistakes in this Practical manual,
yet it is impossible to claim perfection especially as this is the first edition. Any such
errors and suggestions for improvement can be brought to notice and are highly
welcome.

Prof. Sanjay Sudhakar Harip

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Polytechnic, Pune

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Government Polytechnic,
Pune
(An Autonomous institute of Government of Maharashtra)

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms …………………………………….
………………………………………………Enrollment Number
………………………. of III year Odd/Even Semester of
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Government Polytechnic,
Pune .has completed the term work satisfactorily in course Fluid
Mechanics and Machinery (ME 3103) for the academic year
20…….to 20 …..... as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place ………………. Enrollment No……………………

Date:….....................

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of the
Institute

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical- Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs)
1. Define different characteristics of fluids.
2. Identify patterns of fluid flow.
3. Determination of different losses in flow through pipes.
4. Calculate efficiency of different turbines and pumps.
5. Select Suitable Turbines and pumps based on given parameters
S. No. CO CO CO CO CO
Practical Outcome
a. b. c. d. e.
Use of Bourdon’s Pressure gauge and U √ - -
1.
Tube Manometer
Determine coefficient of discharge of
2. rectangular Notch/Orifice. √

Measure the Total Energy available at

3. √
different sections of a pipe layout

Determine coefficient of discharge of

4. √ √
Venturimeter.

Estimate Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ in pipes

5. of three different diameters for four √
different discharges

Determine of loss of head due to sudden

6. enlargement and sudden contraction in √
pipes.

7. Determine the force exerted by a jet on flat

plate √

8. Observe construction, working of Pelton √ √

wheel or Francis turbine.

Find power and efficiency of Pelton wheel √ √

9.
or Francis turbine

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher need to ensure that a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from the
laboratory manual is maintained by every student which s/he has to submit for
assessment to the teacher in the next practical session.
2. There will be two sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to report
other matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed practicals.
3. For difficult practicals if required, teacher could provide the demonstration of the
practical emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve.
4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
5. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit.
6. One or two questions ought to be added in each practical for different batches. For this
teachers can maintain various practical related question banks for each course.
7. If some repetitive information like data sheet, use of software tools etc. has to be
provided for effective attainment of practical outcomes, they can be incorporated in
Appendix.
8. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher ought to
ensure that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must read through the
complete write-up of that practical sheet.
9. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in taking
observations/ readings and performing practical.
10. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously according to the
Government Polytechnic, Pune guidelines
Instructions for Students
1. For incidental writing on the day of each practical session every student should maintain
a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from this laboratory manual which s/he
has to submit for assessment to the teacher in the next practical session.
2. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning it
self of each practical, student need to read through the complete write-up including the
practical related questions and assessment scheme of that practical sheet.
3. Student ought to refer the data books, IS codes, Safety norms, Technical Manuals, etc.
4. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the conduct of
practical.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Content Page
List of Practical and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Date of Date of Dated Rem

performan submi Assess sign. arks
S. No Practical Outcome Page No. ce ssion ment of (if
marks(10) teach any)
er
Use of Bourdon’s Pressure gauge and
1
U Tube Manometer
Determine coefficient of discharge of
2 rectangular Notch/Orifice.

Measure the Total Energy available at

3 different sections of a pipe layout

Determine coefficient of discharge of

4 Venturimeter.

Estimate Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ in

5 pipes of three different diameters for
four different discharges

Determine of loss of head due to

6 sudden enlargement and sudden
contraction in pipes.

Determine the force exerted by a jet

7 on flat plate

Observe construction, working of

8 Pelton wheel or Francis turbine.

Find power and efficiency of Pelton

9
wheel or Francis turbine

Total

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical 0
Use Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge and U-tube Manometer
for measuring pressure
Practical Significance
Across various industries, measuring the pressure of a fluid flow is an important the
engineering industry, e.g. in plant, turbo machine and aircraft construction and in process
engineering. Other fundamental factors such as flow rate or flow velocity can also be
determined based on a pressure measurement only. Direct mass flow measurement is an
important development across industry as it eliminates inaccuracies caused by the physical
properties of the fluid.
Pressure measurement and control is the most used process variable in the process control
industry many segments. Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral
unit are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer is a good example, as it
uses a column of liquid to both measure and indicates pressure. Hence it is necessary to use
Bourdon’s pressure gauge and U-tube Manometer for pressure measurement & procedure of
discharge measurment
Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
PO1 Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
mechanical engineering problems.
PO4 Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern mechanical
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities in diverse and multidisciplinary fields
Relevant Course Outcome(s)
1. Define characteristics of Fluid.
Practical Outcome
 Use Bourdon’s pressure gauge and U-tube Manometer to measure water pressure.
Relative Affective Domain-
 Follow safety practices.
 Practice good housekeeping.
 Practice energy conservation.
 Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
 Maintain tools and equipment.
 Follow ethical Practices.
Minimum Theoretical Background
1. Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object. It
is expressed as force per unit area. The standard SI unit for pressure measurement is the
Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to 1 N/m2 or kg/cm2 .

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

2. The Bourdon pressure gauge used today have a slight elliptical cross-section and the
tube is generally bent into a C-shape or arc length of about 27 degrees. The detailed
diagram of the bourdon tube is shown below.

Figure 1.1
Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge
The pressure input is given to a socket which is soldered to the tube at the base. The other end
or free end of the device is sealed by a tip. This tip is connected to a segmental lever through
an adjustable length link. The segmental lever is suitably pivoted and the spindle holds the
pointer. A hair spring is sometimes used to fasten the spindle of the frame of the instrument to
provide necessary tension for proper meshing of the gear teeth and thereby freeing the system
from the backlash. The tube walls will have a thickness between 0.01 and 0.05 inches.

U Tube Manometer: Pressure measuring devices using liquid columns in vertical or inclined
tubes are called [Link] device indicates the difference between two pressures
(differential pressure), or between a single pressure and atmosphere (gage pressure), when one
side is open to atmosphere.

Figure 1.2
U-tube Manometer

Figure 1.2 (i) It is simplest form the manometer is a U-tube about half filled with liquid. With
both ends of the tube open, the liquid is at the same height in each leg. Figure 1.2 (ii) indicates
when positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down in that leg and up in the

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

other. The difference in height, "h," which is the sum of the readings above and below zero,
indicates the pressure. Fig. 1-2.(iii) When a vacuum is applied to one leg, the liquid rises in
that leg and falls in the other. The difference in height, "h," which is the sum of the readings
above and below zero, indicates the amount of vacuum.

Experimental setup

Figure 1.3 Experimental Set up

Figure 1.4: Measuring Tank for discharge Measurement.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Bourdon pressure gauge Range 0 to 12 bar 1
2 Metering Tube : Special uniform bare
thick walled borosilicate glass tube
Casing : M.S. /Aluminum Casing from
U tube manometer three sides and aluminum cover with 1
transparent acrylic front
Zero adjustment scale
Wall / Stand mounted
3 Measuring Scale/steel rule Range upto 60 cms 1

Precautions to be Followed
1. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump.
2. Please ensure Priming is required for centrifugal pump or not.
3. Handle the U tube manometer with due care.
4. Handle the venurimeter pipes with due care.
5. Handle Stop watch carefully.
Procedure
For Bourdon Tube Pressure gauge
1. Start the pump and water will flow in the pipe line.
2. Record the indicated units on the gauge.
3. Record the magnitude & pressure.
4. Adjust & change the flow control valve to other position and record the reading of
pressure gauge.
For U Tube Manometer
1. Observe the manometer connected to pipe which fluid/water is flowing
2. Remove air from the legs or limbs of U tube mercury manometer.
3. Record height of mercury column in the right and left column with the help of scale.
4. Record the absolute difference
5. Calculate the head in meters of water, meters of liquid and in N/m2.
6. Repeat step 6 to 9 by adjusting flow control valve/flow rates.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Observations and Calculations.

1. Pressure Gauge reading

(a) --------------Kgf/cm2 ------------------N/m2.

(b) --------------kgf/cm2 ------------------N/m2.

(c) --------------Kgf/cm2 ------------------N/m2.

2. U Tube Manometer reading

S1= Specific gravity of liquid flowing through pipe (water) = ----------------

S2= Specific gravity of manometer fluid (mercury) = ---------------

Reading of finding differential head:

Sr. Height of light Height of Pressure Pressure
No liquid the left heavy liquid head in in N/m2
. Limb in the right meters of
Limb water
h1 h2 h P
1

3
Calculation of Manometer reading:
h + h1 S1 = h2S2
h= -------------meters.

Pressure Intensity = (P) =W *H

Where, w= specific weight of water = 9810 N/m2

P = --------- * ------------ P = ------------ N/m2

Results
(a) Pressure intensity for first flow rate

(i)For Bourdon tube pressure Gauge: - -----------------------N/m2

(ii) For Manometer Reading: - -----------------------N/m2

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical Related Questions

1. A different pressure gauges shows following sets of reading (i) 50 psi (ii) 100 kgf/cm2(iii)
15 bar Convert it into N/mm2 & N/m2.
2. Convert the following reading on pressure gauge (i) -30 mm of Hg into KPa (ii) 10 PSI into
bar.
3. Calculate pressure of liquid in a pipe of specific gravity 0.8 with the help of simple
manometer. Manometer contains mercury (take [Link] of Hg =13.6). From common
datum the reading in the left limb is 0.06m & right limb which is open to atmosphere is 0.15
m.
4. Define fluid pressure intensity and pressure head
5. Convert height of 760 mm of mercury into height of water column.
6. Find pressure of flowing water in a pipe at point ‘A’ which is connected to simple U-tube
mercury manometer as shown in Fig.

7. Explain construction and working of Bourden pressure gauge with neat sketch
8. A simple manometer containing mercury is used to measure pressure of water flowing in a
pipeline. The mercury level in the open tube is 60mm higher than that as the left limb tube.
If height of water in the tube is 150mm, determine the pressure in the pipe in terms of head
of water.
9. Compare water and oil of sp. gravity 0.8 on the basis of density and viscosity.
10. The pressure in the tyres of four wheeler was measured as 33. State the unit of the pressure
in this case. Name the device used to measure this pressure

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical 1
Determination of coefficient of discharge of rectangular Notch
Practical Significance
About usage in practical field and hence significance

Minimum Theoretical Background

Definition, Crest/ Sill, nappe, Cd, difference between orifice and notch, types, description of
experimental set up of rectangular notch with relevant figures formula etc.
Figure Experimental Set up

Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Experimental set
up of Rectangular 1
Notch
2 40 Liters. Made of MS with FRP Lining and
Measuring Tank 1
fitted with piezometer tube & scale.
Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins and
3 Stop watch 1
59.99secs,Accuracy: ±3 seconds/day
4 Measuring
Range upto 60 cms 1
Scale/steel rule

Precautions to be followed

1. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of the set up.

2. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank.
3. Handle the hook gauge with due care.
4. Handle the venurimeter pipes with due care.
5. Handle Stop watch carefully.

Procedure

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Observations
Length of Notch = 8 cm, Area of Measuring Tank = 1650 cm2

Sr. Head over notch Measuring Tank level Reading Time

No. (H) t (sec)
(mm) (m) Initial Final Diff (h) Diff (hd)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (m)
1
2
3
4
5

Calculations.
The Theoretical discharge through rectangular Notch,
Qt= 2/3*L*√2g H3/2 m3/sec
Where, L = Length of notch, H = Head over notch, g = Acceleration due to gravity
(9.81m/sec2)
The actual rate of flow, Qa = A x hd / t (m3/sec)
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2 ) = 0.1650 m2
hd = Height of water in collecting tank (difference between final and initial level) ( m)
t = Time taken for the given rise of water level (sec)
Cd= Qa / Qt .
Result Table
Sr. Head over Actual Discharge Theoretical Coefficient of
No. notch (H) m Qa m3/s Discharge Qt m3/s Discharge Cd
1

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Conclusion

Student Activity

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical 2
Determination of coefficient of discharge of rectangular Notch/Orifice
Practical Significance
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for
restricting flow . Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined, depending on
the calculation associated with the orifice plate. It uses the same principle as a Venturi
nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states that there is a relationship between the
pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the pressure
decreases and vice versa.
Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
PO1 Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
mechanical engineering problems.
PO4 Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern mechanical
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities in diverse and multidisciplinary fields
Relevant Course Outcome(s)
CO2 . Identify patterns of fluid flow
Practical Outcome
 Determine of coefficient of discharge of Orifice
Relative Affective Domain-
 Practice good housekeeping.
 Practice energy conservation.
 Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
 Maintain tools and equipment.
Minimum Theoretical Background
1. An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow
(in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate).

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Figure 2. 1: Orifice Meter

2. Vena-contracta
Consider an orifice is fitted with a tank. The liquid particles, in order to flow out through
the orifice, move towards the orifice from all directions. A few of the particles first move
downward, then take a turn to enter into the orifice and then finally flow through it.

Figure 2. 2: Vena Contracta

3. Coefficient of Discharge:-In a orifice meter, the discharge coefficient (also known as

coefficient of discharge) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge,

4. Coefficient of Velocity:-The proportion of real speed of the stream, at vena-contract a, to the

hypothetical speed is known as the coefficient of speed.
Write the equation for coefficient of velocity.

Here, actual velocity is vact, theoretical velocity is vth, gravity is g, and height is h.

5. Coefficient of contraction. It is the ratio between the area of the jet at the vena contracta to
the area of the contracted flow section. Cc = Area at vena contracta/ Area of orifice.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

5. Experimental setup

Figure 2.3 Experimental Set up

Figure 2.4 - Schematic diagram of Orifice

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

5 Orifice Meter Test Orifice meter fitted with on the pipe
Rig Pump: 1HP,Centrifugal Pump DC
1
motor : [Link] Tank : 80 Ltrs.
Made of MS with FRP Lining. Piping : GI/PVC.
6 U Tube mercury It is connected to pipe &orificemeter.
Manometer
40 Liters. Made of MS with FRP Lining and
7 Measuring Tank 1
fitted with piezometer tube & scale.
8 Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins and
Stop watch 1
59.99secs,Accuracy: ±3 seconds/day
9 Measuring
Range upto 60 cms 1
Scale/steel rule

Precautions to be Followed
1. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank.
2. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump.
3. Handle the U tube Manometer tubes with due care.
4. Handle Stop watch carefully.
Procedure
1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2. Adjust the delivery flow control valve
3. Note down manometer heads (h1, h2)
4. Note down time taken for collecting 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (t).
5. Repeat it for different flow rates.
6. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Observations and Calculations.

Manometer Reading Mano Time Actual Theoretical Coefficient

(mm) meter taken Discharge Discharge of
Head to rise Discharge
10 cm
Sr. (t) Qa Qt Cd
No.

h1 h2 hm=h1-h2 m sec m3/s m3/s

3
Size of pipe : Inlet Dia. d1 = 25.2 mm ,
Orifice dia d2 = 12.5 mm,
The actual rate of flow, Qa = A x h / t (m3/sec)
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2 ) = 0.12 m2
h = Height of water (10 cm) in collecting tank ( m)= 0.1m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water (sec)
The Theoretical discharge through orifice meter,
Qt= (a1 a2 √2g H ) / √ (a12 – a2 2 ) m3/sec
Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water
=
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of orifice in m2 , a1 = π/ 4 x (d1)2,

Area of the throat or orifice in m2 , a2= π / 4x (d2)2

Draw graph Qa Vs Qt .
Find Cd value from the graph

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Practical Related Questions

1. Write the procedure of measuring actual discharge ,you used in practical

2. Define Vena Contracta.
3. How to measure X & Y coordinates of jet.
4. Define steady and unsteady flow.
5. Define rate of flow (Discharge). Write continuity equation.
6. State and explain Bernoulli’s theorem
7. Explain working principle, construction of pitot tube.
8. State procedure of measuring local velocity of flowing fluid
Using pitot tube .
9. Find the discharge of water flowing over a rectangular notch of 2·5 m length when the
constant head over the notch is 400 mm. Take Cd = 0·62
10. The head of water over a rectangular notch is 900 mm. The discharge is 0·3 m3/s. Find
the length of the notch when Cd = 0·62.
11. Find the discharge over a triangular notch of angle 60° when the head over the V-notch
is 0·3 m. Take Cd = 0·6.
12. Define orifice and Notch
13. The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 20 mm is 1 m. The actual
discharge through the orifice is 0·85 litres/s. Find the co-efficient of discharge.
14. jet of water issues from a circular orifice of 25 mm diameter, under a constant head of
1metre. It falls 35 mm vertically down and strikes the ground at a distance of 350 mm
from the center of the vena contracta. If the discharge through the jet is 1.35 litres/s
find:(i) Co-efficient of discharge; (ii) Co-efficient of velocity; (iii) Co-efficient of
contraction

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Pr. Determination of coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter

Observations .
Size of pipe : Inlet dia. d1 = 61 mm , Throat dia. d2 = 30.5 mm,
Length of the collecting tank = 0.42 m, Breadth of the collecting tank = 0.40 m

Deflection of mercury Converted Actual Discharge measurement Qa

column of the water
manometer column
Sr. (cm) height (m)
No. H=
HHg= hi hf hdiff Time
Hthroat Hpipe HHg*(13.6-1)
Hp-Ht (cm) (cm) (cm) (sec)
/100
1 3.5 11 22 38 10

2 1.5 13 20 39 10

3 0.5 14 25 47 10

4 -0.5 15 21 45 10

5 -3.5 18 10 39.5 10
Calculations
The actual rate of flow, Qa = A x h / t (m3/sec)
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2 ) = ______m2
h = Height of water in collecting tank ( m)= ______m
t = Time taken for rise of water (10 sec)
The Theoretical discharge through orifice meter,
Qt= (a1 a2 √2g H ) / √ (a12 – a2 2 ) m3/sec
Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of Venturimeter in m2 , a1 = π/ 4 x (d1)2,

Area of the throat in m2 , a2 = π / 4x (d2)2

Draw graph Qa Vs Qt and find Cd value from the graph

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Pune
A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Experiment 4
Estimate Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ in pipes of three different diameters
for four different discharges
Practical Significance
When fluid is flowing through a pipe, it experiences some resistance due to which
some of the energy of fluid is lost. Magnitude of frictional losses is used to determine power
requirement of pump forcing the fluid through pipe. Hence it is desirable to calculate
friction factor so that technician is able to find out diameter of pipe required to maintain
predetermined amount of flow with desirable pressure. Head loss due to friction depends
upon nature of surface in contact, length of pipe, velocity of flow & diameter of pipe. Hence
determination friction factor is essential to design piping system in industrial & other
application.

Minimum Theoretical Background

1. Frictional Resistance: The fluid flowing in a pipe is subjected the resistance due to
(a)Shear forces between fluid particles & boundary walls of the pipe.
(b)Shear forces amongthe fluid particles resulting from viscosity of fluid. The frictional
resistance causes loss of head (loss of energy).
2. Head loss due to friction : It is the difference of pressure head between two distinct
points.
3. Magnitude of head loss:- Magnitude of frictional losses is used to determine the power
requirement of pumps forcing the fluid through the [Link] Darcy Weisbach has
formulated following equation for the magnitude of head loss

hf =
Where, hf= Head loss due to friction in meters /of liquid column
f= Friction factor (Coefficient of friction)
l= Length of pipe in meters.
v= Velocity of liquid flowing through pipe in m/sec.
d= Diameters of pipe in meters.
g= Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2.
Experimental setup

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A practical Manual of fluid Mechanics and Machinery ( ME3103)

Figure 5. 1 Experimental Set up

Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Experimental Set Pipes (2 Nos.):
up of Darcy’s Material
friction factor Pipe 1- Copper- diameter 128 mm
consist of Pipe 2- Aluminum – diameter 127 mm
Pipe Test Section : Length 2m
Water Circulation Pump : 1HP Centrifugal
1
Pump. DC motor : 1HP
Sump Tank: 100 liter capacity
Control Panel : On / Off Switch,
Mains Indicator etc.
Measuring Tank: area- 2950 cm2. Made of
MS with and fitted with piezometer tube & scale

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with drain valve.

U tube Manometer:
2 Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins and
Stop watch 1
59.99secs,Accuracy: ±3 seconds/day
3 Measuring
Range up to 60 cms 1
Scale/steel rule
Precautions to be Followed
1. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank.
2. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump.
3. Please ensure Priming is required for centrifugal pump or not.
4. Handle the pipe fitting with due care.
5. Handle Stop watch carefully.
6. Handle U tube manometer carefully.
7. Operate various valve slowly.
Procedure
1. Open the valve of centrifugal pump.
2. Close the inlet & outlet valves of Pipe 2 (Aluminum)
3. Open the inlet & outlet valves of Pipe 1 (Copper ) .
4. Start the pump and observe flow of water through Pipe 1 .
5. Open tapping of manometer of pipe 1.
6. Measure the rise in level of water in measuring tank for to calculate the discharge.
7. Measure the height of mercury column in left & as well as right limb of U tube
manometer. The respective level of mercury in each limb is to be noted in the
observation table.
8. Repeat the procedure for 3 discharge condition by operating valve of outlet pipe near
centrifugal pump.
9. Repeat the step 1 to 8 for pipe 2 by allowing flow of water through required pipeline
by opening valves of pipe 2 & closing valves of pipe 1
Observations and Calculations:
(i) Material of pipe: - Pipe 1 ( Copper) and Pipe 2 (Aluminium)
(ii) Area of Measuring tank= Wx B = 0.2950 m2,
(iii) Specific gravity of fluid in pipe = s1 = 1 (for water).
(iv) Specific gravity of fluid in manometer = s2 = 13.6 (for mercury).
3. Reading Table
Length hf = Rise in Time to
Diameter of
[Link]. of pipe Manometer Reading ( ) height of collect the
pipe x

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water in water in
measuring measuring
x1 x2 x= x1- x2
tank tank (t)
H
m m of
m m m m water m sec
0.0127 2
1
(Aluminium) 0.036 0.03 0.032 30
2
0.074 0.06 0.071 30
3
0.109 0.1 0.052 30
2
1

Calculation:
Actual loss of head due to friction (hf) in meters of water column
( )
hf = x. = ----------------m of water,

Whrer x= manometer reading in meter

s1= Specific gravity of water
s2= Specific gravity of mercury

Actual Discharge = Q= =

(Q) = = --- =

𝒎𝟑
= ----------------
𝒔𝒆𝒄
Velocity of flow= v= (Q/A) m/sec

Now

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hf =

Friction factor= f =

4. Result Table
Diameter of Length hf = x
( ) Discharge Velocity Darcy’s
pipe of pipe (Q)=
𝑾𝒙𝑩𝒙𝑯 (v)= Q/A friction
𝒕 factor f
[Link].

m m m of water m3/sec m/sec

1 0.0128 2
2 (Copper)
3
1 0.0127 2
2 (Aluminium)
3

Results
For given value pipe 1 and 2.
The average value of Darcy’s friction factor are found to be f1= ------------- f2= -------------
Conclusions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Practical Related Questions

1) State the effect of Viscosity of fluid flowing through the pipe on friction loss?
2) State the effect of temperature of liquid on friction losses?
Will the horizontal or vertical position of pipes affect the friction losses? Explain

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Experiment 5
Determination of loss of head due to sudden enlargement and sudden
contraction in pipes.

Practical Significance
Minor losses are the losses of head due to large number of pipe fittings such as bends, elbows, joints,
valves, sudden expansion and contraction in pipe diameter. In a pipeline these fittings cause localized
energy losses (pressure head) due to their shape and these losses are classified as minor losses. The
knowledge of data of such transformation allows the determination of the necessary power needed
and dimension needed for the transportation of the fluid between two points.

Minimum Theoretical Background

1. Minor losses: These are the losses of head due to large number of pipe fitting such as bends,
elbows, joints, valves, sudden expansion and contraction in pipe diameter. In pipe fitting these losses
are also occurred at entry & exit of pipe. These causes localized energy losses due to their shape and
are classified as minor losses. Minor losses are usually neglected, as they are insignificant if they are
less than 5% of the frictional losses.
2. Loss of head due to sudden expansion: This is energy loss due to sudden enlargement. Sudden
enlargement in diameter of pipe results in formation of eddies by the flowing fluid at the corners of
enlarged pipe. Because of eddies formation, loss of head takes place. Mathematically it is written as
this results in loss of head which is equal to

He = (𝑉1− 𝑉2)22𝑔

3. Loss of head due to sudden contraction: This is energy loss due to sudden contraction. It does
not takes place due to sudden contraction but due to sudden enlargement which takes place just after vena
contracta. Mathematically it is written as

He = 0.5 𝑉22𝑔

4. Loss of head due to bend or elbow in pipe: This is energy loss due to bend or elbow. When bend
or elbow is provided in the pipe, there is change in the direction of velocity of liquid. Due to this
liquid separates from wall of bend and formation of eddies takes place.

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Mathematically it is written as
Hb = 𝑘 𝑉22𝑔

Where, k= Coefficient of bend or elbow.

Experimental setup

Figure 5.1 Experimental Set up

Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

Experimental Set The apparatus consists of: 1
1 up for minor  A Centrifugal pump with 1/2 HP Motor M.S. Sump
frictional losses Tank 80 Ltr. to collect the water.
 M.S. Measuring Tank 30 Ltr fitted with piezometer
tube to measure the discharge.
 G.I. pipe of internal dia 25mm and Gunmetal ISI mark
Control Valve and regulating valves are used to circulate
water.
 Bye-pass line is also used to regulate the discharge.
 Large bend made up of G.I.
 Sudden enlargement from 25mm dia to 32mm dia.
 Sudden contraction from 32mm dia to 25mm.
 Gunmetal gate valve of 25mm dia. A U tube
manometer is connected to pet cock through plastic

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tubing to measure head difference. The tanks are well

Stop watch Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins and 59.99secs,Accuracy: 1

2 ±3 seconds/day

Measuring Range upto 60 cms 1

3 Scale/steel rule

Precautions to be Followed
1. Handle the pipe fitting like elbow, bend etc. with due care.
2. Observe that bubbles are not present in the plastic tube connected to manometer.
3. Open the delivery valve of centrifugal pump, to avoid development of sudden pressure.
4. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump.
5. Please ensure priming is required for centrifugal pump or not.
6. Handle Stop watch carefully.

Procedure
a. Open the delivery valve of centrifugal pump.
b. Carry out priming of pump if necessary.
c. Adjust inlet & outlet valve such that ‘sudden enlargement arrangement’ of pipe is only
connected.
d. Connect point 1 and 2 on the given pipe circuit to the manometers limbs
e. Start the pump which allows water to flow through Storage tank.
f. Adjust the discharge by control valve stop valve and ensure steady flow in system.
g. Note the difference of levels of the mercury columns.
h. Collect water in a measuring tank to measure the actual discharge for 30 seconds (or suitable for
set up)
i. Use stop watch to measure time ‘T’.
j. Drain the water collected in the measuring tank after each observation.
k. Adjust inlet & outlet valve such that ‘sudden contraction arrangement’ of pipe is only
connected.
l. Repeat the step 4 to 7 for when ‘sudden contraction arrangement’ is connected in system.

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Observations and Calculations.

Reading of calculation of minor losses
Discharge Measurement reading
(a) Measuring tank Dimension= Width W1 = 75 cm = 0.75 m, Breadth, B = 22 cm = 0.22 m
(b) Height of water observed in auxiliary tube H1= 10 cm. = 0.1 m
(c) Time required for collecting water = ________ seconds

(d) For Sudden enlargement:

Diameter of pipe at entry, d1 = 12.7 mm (half inch)= 0.0127m
Diameter of pipe at enlargement, d2 = 25.4 mm (1 inch) = 0.0254m

(e) For Sudden Contraction:

Diameter of pipe at entry, d1 = 25.4 (1 inch) mm = 0.0254 m
Diameter of pipe at contraction, d2 = 19.05 mm (3/4 inch) = 0.01905 m

A BATCH

Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manometer Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of Reading Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe meters of to Rise of He =
H1 H2 Hhg= water 10 cm (V1−V2)2/2𝑔
(H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank
mm mm cm cm m m T
Inlet Exit sec
Sudden 12.7 25.4 10 22 17
1
Enlargement 12.7 25.4 21 37 15
12.7 25.4 20 41 13
Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manometer Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of Reading Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe meters of to Rise of Hc =
H1 H2 Hhg= water 10 cm 0.5*V22/2𝑔
(H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank
mm mm cm cm m m T
Inlet Exit sec
Sudden 25.4 19.0 20 24 18
2
Contraction 25.4 19.0 24 26 11
25.4 19.0 32 37 9

B BATCH

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Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manometer Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of Reading Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe meters of to Rise of He =
H1 H2 Hhg= water 10 cm (V1−V2)2/2𝑔
(H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank
mm mm cm cm m m T
Inlet Exit sec
Sudden 12.7 25.4 23 34 0.11 1.386 18
1
Enlargement 12.7 25.4 20 34 0.14 1.764 16
12.7 25.4 18 35 0.17 2.142 14
Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manometer Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of Reading Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe meters of to Rise of Hc =
H1 H2 Hhg= water 10 cm 0.5*V22/2𝑔
(H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank
mm mm cm cm m m T
Inlet Exit sec
Sudden 25.4 19.0 31 35 0.04 0.504 12
2
Contraction 25.4 19.0 28 36 0.06 0.756 10
25.4 19.0 30 40 0.1 1.26 8

C BATCH

Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manomet Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of er Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe Reading meters of to Rise of He =
H H2 Hhg= water 10 cm (V1−V2)2/2𝑔
1 (H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank
mm mm c cm m m T
m
Inlet Exit sec
12.7 25.4
Sudden
1 12.7 25.4
Enlargement
12.7 25.4
Sr. Nature of Inlet & Exit Manomet Pressure Actual Head Time Theoretical
No. pipe fitting diameter of er Difference Lost in required Head Loss
pipe Reading meters of to Rise of Hc =
H1 H2 Hhg= water 10 cm 0.5*V22/2𝑔
(H2-H1) column water
/100 height H= level of
Meters of Hhg(13.6-1) Measuring
Hg Tank

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mm mm cm cm m m T
Inlet Exit sec
25.4 19.05 24 30 0.04 0.504 12
Sudden
2
Contraction
25.4 19.05 24 32 0.08 1.008 9

25.4 19.05 24 36 0.12 1.512 7

Sample Calculation:-
Calculation of Discharge Measurement reading.
Actual Discharge = Qact=Volume of Water collected/Time = W1*B* H1/ t
Qact =𝑉𝑡= --------= --𝒎𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄 -----------m3/sec
Case I- Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
Velocity of water at entry = V1= Q/A1 = π4 𝑥 d12
= ------------m/sec
Velocity of water at Outlet V2= Q/A2 = π4 𝑥 d22
= ------------m/sec
Theoretical loss of head due to sudden enlargement: He
He = (V1−V2)22𝑔
= -------------------- m of water
𝑘=𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Case II- Loss of head due to sudden Contraction

1. Velocity of water at entry V1= Q/A1 = π4 𝑥 d32

= ------------m/sec
2. Velocity of water at Outlet V2= Q/A42= π4 𝑥 d42

= ------------m/sec
3. Theoretical loss of head due to sudden Contraction: Hc
Hc = 0.5 V222𝑔
= -------------------- m of water 𝑘=𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Result
Case I- For sudden enlargement
Actual Loss of head = ------------------ m of water
Theoretical Loss of head = ------------------ m of water
Average Coefficient of Minor loss due to sudden enlargement= k=
Case II For sudden Contraction
Actual Loss of head = ------------------ m of water
Theoretical Loss of head = ------------------ m of water
Average Coefficient of Minor loss due to sudden contraction = k =

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Conclusions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Practical Related Questions
1. State the significance of compound pipe’ ? State its use.
2. Compare pipes in series & pipes in parallel
3. Suggest the method to minimize water hammer
4. For two cases of flow in a sudden contraction in the pipe line & flow in a sudden expansion of
pipe line , draw the flow pattern, Hydraulic gradient line (HGL) & Total energy line(TEL)
5. A horizontal pipe 150 mm in diameter is joined by sudden enlargement to a 225 mm diameter
pipe. Water is flowing through it at the rate of 0·05 m3/s. FindLoss of head due to abrupt expansion

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Practical 6
Determine the force exerted by a jet on flat plate

Observations and Calculations.

Discharge Measurement reading
(a) Measuring tank Dimension= Width W1 = 25 cm= 0.25 m, Breadth, B = 30 cm = 0.30 m
(b) Time Considered for collecting water = ------ -- sec
(c) Height of water observed in auxiliary tube H1= 50 cm.= 0.5
(d) Diameter of Nozzle = 10 mm = 0.01 m

Time Jet Theoretical

required to Balancing
Velocity Force Error %
collect Discharge
Actual (Fth-
[Link]. water in Q Mass
Force V= Q/A Fth = ρ.a.V2 Fa)/Fa
measuring (m)
tank (t) Fa=mg
sec m3/sec Kg N m/sec N %
A batch
1 132 0.00028 0.1 0.981 3.619 1.028 0.048
2 93 0.0004 0.2 1.962 5.137 2.072 0.056
3 71 0.00053 0.35 3.434 6.728 3.553 0.035
B batch
1 120 0.00031 0.125 1.226 3.981 1.244 0.015
2 84 0.00045 0.25 2.453 5.687 2.539 0.035
3 66 0.00057 0.4 3.924 7.238 4.113 0.048
C batch
1 107 0.00035 0.15 1.472 4.465 1.565 0.063
2 76 0.00049 0.3 2.943 6.286 3.102 0.054
3 60 0.00063 0.5 4.905 7.962 4.976 0.014

Calculation of Discharge Measurement reading.

Volume of Water collected in the tank V= W1*B* H1 = V= ------------ cm3= ----------- m3

Time (t) = ------------minutes = ----------------seconds
Discharge = Q= Volume of Water collected/Time = Q= 𝑉/𝑡= ----------= --------𝒎𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄

Jet Velocity= = 𝑄/𝐴𝑛𝑜 m/s

Theoretical Force = 𝐹𝑇ℎ = 𝜌𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑉2 N

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Mass density of water= ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Results
Error in Balancing = Error=𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒−𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 100=------%

Conclusions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Practical 7
Observe construction, working and find power and efficiency of Pelton wheel.

Equivalent brake drum diameter D = 340 mm

Area of Measuring Tank = 235 mm x 95 mm

Sr. No. Gate Pressure Measuring Tank level Reading Load applied Speed of
Opening Gauge on turbine turbine
(p) N
Initial Final hdiff Time Dead Spring
Weight Weight
W S

Kg/cm2 cm cm m Sec kg kg RPM

1 3.5 25 56 60 0 0 1470
2 3.5 25 50 60 4 0 1250
3 3.5 25 50 60 8 0 1100
Full
4 3.5 25 50 60 12 0 930
5 3.5 20 45 60 16 0 780
6 3.5 30 55 60 20 0 630
7 3.8 20 42 60 0 0 1380
8 3.8 30 53 60 4 0 1240
9 3.8 15 38 60 8 0 1090
Half
10 3.8 20 43 60 12 0 950
11 3.8 20 43 60 16 0 830
12 3.8 25 48 60 20 0 680

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Practical 8
Observe construction, working and find power and efficiency of centrifugal
pump

Observations and Calculations

1. Cross sectional area of rectangular measuring tank

A = L X B = 0.8 x 0.8 m2

2. Efficiency of electric motor used = 90%

(Assume it 90% if, not indicated on motor)

Electronic energy meter constant (EMC) K = 3000 imp/Kwh (1 Kwh. = 3600KJ)
3000 imp: 3600KJ
Therefore, Energy supplied in KJ/sec = n x 3600/ (T2 x3000)

Reading to calculate the discharge and efficiency.

[Link] Suction Pressure Delivery Pressure Rise Time of No of Time

Pressure Head at Pressure Head at in water Blinks or taken for
(P1) inlet (P2) inlet water collection Revolution the blinks
H1=p1/w H2=p2/w level in tank T1 (n) or
(-ve for in revolution
vacuum) tank T2
H
2
mm of =P1x13.6/ Kg/cm =P1x M Seconds
Sec
Hg 1000 10m
1. -325 0.3 0.1 18 25 53
2. -255 0.5 0.1 19 25 54
3. -100 0.7 0.1 19 25 54
4. -100 1 0.1 24 25 57
5. -85 1.2 0.1 28 25 59
6. -315 1.3 0.1 35 25 60

(a)The input power to the pump.

Input power = Energy supplied in KJ/sec x efficiency of electric motor.

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= n x 3600/ (T2 x3000) x 0.9

(b) Volume of water collected in measuring tank. V
V = cross section area of tank x Rise in level of water in tank
V =A X H = ……………….
= ………………………….. m3
Discharge (Q) = (Volume of water collected)/ (Time of water collection)
= V/ T1
= …………/……………
Q = ……………………. m3 /sec.
(c) Manometric Head = (Hm)
Hm= Pressure head at outlet of pump - Pressure head at outlet of pump
Hm =H2 – (- H1) = H2+ H1 = ………………… m

(d) The output power from the pump.

O/P power = wQHm/1000 = ……………….Kw
(e) Overall efficiency of Centrifugal pump = Output power/ Input power x100 %

Result

The result obtained on the basis of calculations

[Link] I/P Power Discharge Q Manometric O/P power Overall
Head Hm efficiency
Kw m3/sec m Kw (Ƞo)%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Add graph)

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Practical 8
Observe construction working & find power and efficiency of Reciprocating
pump
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Qwertyuiop
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zxcvbnm

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