4.

Turning Effects
Moment of force is measure of its turning effect
In equilibrium
1. No resultant force
2. No resultant moment
Moment = Force x perperdicular distance from pivot
Unit: Nm
To achieve high stability
- Lower centre of gravity
- Wider base

5. Force and Matter

Δp = ρgΔh

• Where:
o Δp = change in pressure in pascals (Pa)
▪ Where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
o ρ = density of the liquid in kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m 3)
o g = gravitational field strength on Earth in newtons per kilogram (N/kg)
o Δh = change in height of the column in metres (m)
6. Energy Stores and transfers
Energy store Energy transfer
Kinetic energy Electrical
Gravitational potential energy Thermal
Chemical energy Radiation
Elastic (strain) enery Mechanical (sound)
Nuclear energy
Internal energy
Electrostatic energy

Kinetic energy ½ × m × v2

Gravitational potential energy: mgh

7. Energy Resources
Solar Cells
o Convert light energy from Sun to electrical energy

Renewability Renewable
Availability Available when the sun is present
Reliability Not reliable
Scale Require large land
Environmental impact No pollution
Cost Costly to set up, cheap in using sun
Wind power
o Convert energy from wind to electrical energy
Renewability Renewable
Availability Available when the wind is present
Reliability Not reliable
Scale Require large land
Environmental impact No pollution
Cost Expensive
Wave power
o Wind energy transferred to sea waves by friction between wind and water
o Wave energy converted to electrical energy using turbines
Renewability Renewable
Availability Available when the waves is present
Reliability Not reliable
Scale Require large land
Environmental impact No pollution
Cost Expensive

Hydropower
o Water stored behind the dam is released to turning turbines which make
generators spin
Renewability Renewable
Availability Requires river and damns
Reliability Highly reliable
Scale Require large land
Environmental impact No pollution
Cost Expensive

Biomass Fuel
o Burns biomass fuels to generate electricity
Renewability Renewable
Availability Requires biofuels
Reliability Highly reliable
Scale Not required large land
Environmental impact No pollution, but can lead to respiratory
and other health problem
Cost Expensive than petrol
Examples Animal, wood, biogas

Fossil Fuels
o Burn Fossil fuels to generate electricity
Renewability Non renewable
Availability Available in many areas
Reliability Highly reliable, but long start up time
Scale Doesn’t require large land
Environmental impact Produce carbon dioxide which leads to
greenhouse gas and cause global
warming
Cost Less expensive
Example Oil, coal, gas (hydrocarbons)
Nuclear Fuels
o Nuclear fission generate electricity
Renewability Non renewable
Availability Uranium is very common metal found all
over the world but nuclear fission
requires uranium 235 which is
comparatively rare
Reliability Highly reliable, but long start up time
Scale Doesn’t require large land
Environmental impact Disposal of radioactive wastes may
affect environment. Underwater
contanmination may occur
Cost Expensive to build, cheap to use
Example Uranium, Plutonium
Geothermal energy
o Hot rocks under shallow depths below the earth’s surface. Water pumped
into rocks and boils, high-pressure steam returns to the surface and
generates electricity.
Renewability Renewable
Availability Available in few places on earth only
Reliability Reliable
Scale Doesn’t require large land
Environmental impact Release small amount of sulphur
dioxide and carbon dioxide.
Cost Expensive to build, cheap to use

Tidal energy
o As tides goes in and out, water passes through turbine and dam
Renewability Renewable
Availability Available only when river meets see
Reliability Reliable
Scale Doesn’t require large land
Environmental impact Destroy wet lands, block shipping routes
Cost Expensive to build, cheap to use
Energy that doesn’t require sunlight: Geothermal, nuclear fission, tidal
Energy released in sun by nuclear fusion.