CURVES

1. What are the conic sections?

The sections obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone by a

sectional (cutting) plane in different positions relative to the axis of the cone
are called conics or conic sections.

2. What should be the position of section plane with respect to a right

circular cone to get the section as a) circle , b) ellipse c) parabola,
d) Hyperbola , e) Rectangular Hyperbola, f) Triangle.

a) When the section plane is parallel to the base and cuts all the
generators.

b) When the section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all the
generators on one side of the apex.

c) When the section plane is parallel to one of the generators

d) When the section plane cuts both the parts of double cone on one
side of the axis.

e) When the section plane is parallel to axis (or perpendicular to base)

and cuts both the parts of double cone on one side of the axis.

f) If the section plane passing through the apex cuts the cone then the
true shape of the section is a triangle.

3. Define a [Link] focus, directrix, eccentricity, axis and vertex?

The conic may be defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such
a way that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight
line is always constant. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line
is called directrix. Eccentricity is defined as follows.

Distance of the point from the focus

Eccentricity = distance of the point from the directrix

The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is
called axis. The point at which conic cuts its axis is called vertex.

4. What will be the eccentricity in case of a) ellipse, b) Parabola, c)

Hyperbola e) Rectangular Hyperbola

Eccentricity for ellipse is less tha

Eccentricity for parabola is equal to 1

 Eccentricity for hyperbola is greater than 1
‗‗
Eccentricity for Rectangular Hyperbola is √ 2

5. What are the different methods to construct an ellipse?

1) Arcs of circles method.

2) Concentric circles method
3) Oblong method
4) Loop of thread method
5) Trammel method.

6. What are the different methods to construct a parabola?

1) Rectangle method
2) Tangent method.

7. Define Ellipse.

Ellipse is defined as a curve traced out by a point, moving in the same

plane as and in such a way that the sum of its distances from two fixed
points is always the same.

8. Define Hyperbola
Hyperbola is defined as a curve traced out by a point, moving in the same
plane as and in such a way that the difference of its distances from two
fixed points is always the same.

9. What is a rectangular hyperbola and what are the asymptotes?

It is a curve traced out by a point moving in such a way that the product of
its distances from two fixed lines at right angles to each other is a constant.
The two fixed lines are called asymptotes.
Asymptotes are the tangents to the hyperbola at infinite distance
The curve represents the boyle’s law (PV = constant) is an
example for rectangular hyperbola

10. Define Involute.

Involute is a curve traced by an end of a piece of thread when unwound

from a circle or a regular polygon.
18. State the applications of different curves:

Name of the curve Application

In arches, bridges, dams, monuments, man holes,
Ellipse
glands and stuffing boxes.
Parabola Arches, bridges, sound reflectors, light reflectors.
Hyperbola Design of water channels.
Cyucloidal curves Profile of teeth of gear wheels.
Teeth of profile of gear wheels and in some of the
Involute
came.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

1. Explain the use of the following types of lines in Engineering Drawing

(a) Dashed line, (b) hatching line, (c) Chain line (d) Staggered Line.

a) Dashed line: Hidden features of the object are shown by lines made
up of short dashes at approximately equal lengths at about 3mm
spaced at equal distance of 1mm.
b) Hatching line: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading
areas.
c) Chain lines: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading
areas.
d) Staggered Line: When two hidden lines are very close then the
alternate dash and space should be alternated. This arrangement is
called staggered line.

2. State the assumptions made in orthographic projection.

The assumptions are :
i) The observer views the object from a theoretically infinite distance.
ii) The rays of sight meet the principal planes orthogonally.

3. What is a Projection?

The figure or view formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which
these lines meet the plane, is called the projection of the object.

4. What is meant by an orthographic projection?

ORTHO means right angle and ORTHOGRAPHIC means right-angled

drawing. When the projectors are perpendicular to the plane on which the
 projection is obtained is known orthographic projection. In orthographic
projection the observer is imagined to look the object at infinite distance.

5. What are reference planes or principal planes?

The two planes employed for the purpose of orthographic projections are
called reference planes or principal planes. Vertical plane (V.P.) and
horizontal plane (H.P.) are the reference or principal planes.

6. What is a profile plane?

The plane which is perpendicular to both the principle planes, is called

profile plane

7. What is reference line

The line at which the principal planes (HP and VP) intersect is termed as
Reference line and is represented by the letters XY.

8. What is meant by projectors?

The lines drawn from the points on the contour of an object to the plane,
which are perpendicular to it, are called the projectors.

9. Differentiate between the first and third angle of projection.

No. 1st angle projection 3rd angle projection

1. The object is kept in the first The object is assumed to be kept in
quadrant the third quadrant.
2. The object lies between the The plane of projection lies between
observer and the plane of the observer and the object.
projection
3. The plane of projection is The plane of projection is assumed
assumed to be non- to be transparent.
transparent.
4. In this method, when the In this method, when the views are
views are drawn in their drawn in their relative positions, the
relative positions, the plan plan (top view), comes above the
(Top view) comes below the elevation (Front view), left hand side
elevation (Front view), the view is drawn to the left hand side of
view of the object as the elevation (Front view).
observed from the left side is
drawn to the right of elecation
(front view).
5. This method of projection is This method of projection is used in
now recommended by the U.S.A. and also in other countries.
“Bureau of Indian Standards”
from 1991.
10. What are different Types of projections?

i) Pictorial Projection
a) Perspective projection
b) Isometric projection
c) Oblique projection.
ii) Orthographic projection

11. Describe about first-Angle projection method?

When the object is assumed to be placed in the first quadrant i.e. in front
of VP and above HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is
called first angle [Link] this method,the object lies between the
observer and the plane of projection, and the top view is below XY line and
the front view is above the XY line.

12. Describe about Third-Angle projection method?

When the object is assumed to be placed in the third quadrant [Link]

VP and below HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is
called third angle [Link] this method, the plane of projection lies
between the observer and the object. and the top view is above XY line and
the front view is belowe the XY line.

13. What is ground line?

In third angle projection, the line for the ground is called the ground line
(G.L.), which is drawn parallel to XY and below the front view.

14. What is an oblique line?

At straight line inclined to both HP and VP is called as Oblique line.

15. What is an apparent angle with reference to projection of straight

lines?

The angles of inclination of the top and front views of a straight line inclined
to both VP and HP are called apparent angles of inclination. Apparent
angles of inclination are greater than the true angles of inclination.

16. In the projection of straight line, when the top view will have true
length?

If the line is parallel to HP its top view will have its true length.
17 In the projection of straight line, when the front view will have true
length?

If the line is parallel to VP its front view will have its true length.

18. What is a trace of a line?

The point of intersection of a line or extended part of line with a plane is

called its trace on that plane.

19. When a straight line will not have traces?

When it is parallel to both HP and VP.

20. When a straight line will not have HT?

When a line is parallel to HP and inclined to VP,it will not have HT.
It has only VT.

21. When a straight line will not haveVT?

When a line is parallel to VP and inclined to HP,it will not have VT.
It has only HT.

22. Define top view and front view.

Top view (plan) is the projection obtained on the horizontal plane. It is

obtained by looking at the object from directly above.
Front view (Elevation) is the projection obtained on the vertical plane. It is
obtained by looking at the object from a position directly in front.

23. Define side or profile view.

Side( or profile) view is the projection obtained on the profile plane.

24. How to project a straight line:

The projections of a straight line can be drawn if the projections of the two
points forming the two ends of the straight line are shown. The line joining
the top views of the two points will give the top view of the straight line
joining them. The front view of the line is the line joining the front views of
the two end points.