Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes
Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes (Folder Style Notes)
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LIFE PROCESSES
- Life processes: Activities that help living organisms stay alive.
- Examples: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion
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1. NUTRITION
Definition
- Process of intake, digestion, absorption, and use of food.
Why Nutrition?
- Provides energy, supports growth and repair
Types of Nutrients
- Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
- Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals
Types of Nutrition
- Autotrophic (e.g., plants): Makes own food
- Photoautotrophs (light energy)
- Chemoautotrophs (chemical energy)
- Heterotrophic (e.g., animals): Depends on others
- Holozoic: Ingestion & digestion inside (humans)
- Saprotrophic: External digestion (fungi)
- Parasitic: Lives on/in host (e.g., lice)
Photosynthesis
Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes
- Green plants make food using sunlight, CO, and HO
- Equation: 6CO + 6HO + sunlight CHO + 6O
- Location: Chloroplast (has chlorophyll)
Photosynthesis Steps
1. Light reaction: Splits water O + H
2. Dark reaction: CO Glucose
Importance
- Provides food
- Maintains atmospheric O & CO balance
Nutrition in Humans
- Digestive Organs: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus
- Glands: Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas
- Digestion: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion
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2. RESPIRATION
Definition
- Breakdown of glucose to release energy (ATP)
Where?
- Mitochondria
Types
- Aerobic: With oxygen More energy (CO + HO)
- Anaerobic: Without oxygen Less energy (Lactic acid/Alcohol)
Steps
Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes
1. Glucose Pyruvate (cytoplasm)
2. Pyruvate
- Aerobic: CO + HO (mitochondria)
- Anaerobic: Lactic acid or alcohol + CO
Exchange of Gases
- Plants: Diffusion via stomata
- Insects: Spiracles + tracheae
- Humans:
- Organs: Nostrils Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
- Alveoli: Gas exchange site
- Controlled by: Diaphragm + rib muscles
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3. TRANSPORTATION
In Humans
- Organs: Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
- Heart: 4 chambers, double circulation
- Blood Components:
- RBC: Oxygen transport (haemoglobin)
- WBC: Immunity
- Platelets: Clotting
- Plasma: Nutrient/waste transport
- Vessels:
- Arteries: Carry blood away from heart
- Veins: Carry blood toward heart
- Capillaries: Exchange materials
Lymph
- Yellowish fluid
Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes
- Transports fats
- Supports immunity
In Plants
- Xylem: Water + minerals (root leaf)
- Phloem: Food (bidirectional)
Transport Mechanisms
- Root Pressure
- Capillary Action
- Adhesion-Cohesion
- Transpiration Pull
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4. EXCRETION
In Humans
- Organs: Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra
- Functional Unit: Nephron
- Steps:
1. Filtration (Glomerulus)
2. Reabsorption (Tubules)
3. Urine formation (mainly urea + water)
In Plants
- Gaseous wastes: Via stomata/lenticels
- Solid wastes: Stored in bark/leaves/gums/resins
- Excess water lost via transpiration
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Class X Biology - Chapter 6: Life Processes
KEY TERMS
- Peristalsis: Movement of food in gut
- Emulsification: Bile breaks fat droplets
- Villi: Absorb digested food
- Stomata: Leaf pores for gases
- Lenticels: Stem pores for gases
- Transpiration: Water loss through leaves
- Osmoregulation: Water/salt balance in body
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DIAGRAMS TO STUDY
1. Human Digestive System
2. Human Respiratory System
3. Human Circulatory System
4. Human Excretory System
5. Photosynthesis Equation
6. Nephron Structure
7. Xylem vs Phloem Table
8. Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration Table
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End of Life Processes Notes